FAR 1105 History of Architecture 1 PDF Introduction

FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 An Introduction to the History of Architecture and the Built Environment PREPARED BY : AR. JOSELITO LORETO L. BERSAMINA JR., UAP INSTRUCTOR 1ST SEM A.Y.2024 - 2025...

FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 An Introduction to the History of Architecture and the Built Environment PREPARED BY : AR. JOSELITO LORETO L. BERSAMINA JR., UAP INSTRUCTOR 1ST SEM A.Y.2024 - 2025 FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION THANK YOU PREHISTORIC WORLD *for educational purposes only*  Neolithic: the “new” Stone Age (8,000 – 2300 BCE), which marked the beginnings of monumental (extremely large) architecture  corbeled vault: a vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet in an arch  post and lintel: one of the earliest methods of architectural construction in which two posts (sometimes called “uprights”) support a lintel (horizontal beam which rests across the top) *for educational purposes only*  megalith: a large stone used in the construction of a prehistoric structure  Cromlech: a circle of megaliths, as at Stonehenge *for educational purposes only* *for educational purposes only* Great stone tower built into the settlement wall, Jericho, ca. 8000-7000 BCE Neolithic Jericho was protected by 5-foot-thick walls and at least one stone tower 30 feet high and 33 feet in diameter. An outstanding achievement that marks the beginning of monumental architecture. *for educational purposes only* Corbeled vault of the main chamber in the passage grave, Newgrange, Ireland, ca. 3200-2500 BCE The Newgrange passage grave is an early example of corbeled vaulting. The huge stones (megaliths) of the dome of the main burial chamber beneath the tumulus are held in place by their own weight. *for educational purposes only* *for educational purposes only*  Aerial view of ruins of Hagar Qim, Malta, ca. 3200- 2500 BCE One of the earliest stone temples in the world is on the island of Malta. The 5,000-year-old structure is remarkably sophisticated for its date, especially in the combination of rectilinear and curved forms. *for educational purposes only*  Stonehenge (3100-2000 BC) Wiltshire, England *for educational purposes only* *for educational purposes only*  Aerial view (looking northwest) of Stonehenge, Salisbury Plain, England, ca. 2550-1600 BCE. Circle is 97’ in diameter; trilithons 24’ high. The circles of trilithons at Stonehenge probably functioned as an astronomical observatory and solar calendar. The sun rises over its “heel stone” at the summer solstice. Some of the megaliths weigh 50 tons. *for educational purposes only*  Neolithic architecture  Post and lintel construction  Megaliths are 21 to 24 feet tall, including height of lintel, and buried four feet in the ground  Solar and lunar orientation  Stones dragged from far away to this site  Circle of megaliths embrace structure, enclosing it *for educational purposes only*  Inside circle of megaliths is a larger horseshoe-shaped group of megaliths which frame an “Altar Stone”  Horseshoe-shaped stones face midsummer sunrise over “Heel Stone”  “Altar Stone” is a green sandstone taken from a mine in Wales, over 200 miles away  Heaviest stones 50 tons apiece, hauled by sledges (sleds)  Tools for building: ropes, levers, rollers, axes  Built in several phases over hundreds of years on a sacred site on Salisbury Plain *for educational purposes only* *for educational purposes only* Several Phases (stages) of Construction *for educational purposes only*  Plan of Stonehenge in 2004. Trilithon lintels omitted for clarity. Holes that no longer, or never, contained stones are shown as open circles. Stones visible today are shown coloured. *for educational purposes only* The lintels (horizontal monoliths) were fitted to one another using a woodworking method, the “tongue-and-groove joint” *for educational purposes only* *for educational purposes only*  Each stone had clearly been worked with the final visual effect in mind; the pillars widen slightly towards the top, in order that their perspective remains constant when viewed from the ground. The lintel stones curve slightly to continue the circular appearance of the earlier monument. The inward-facing surfaces of the stones are smoother and more finely worked than the outer surfaces. *for educational purposes only* bluestones Open end Facing East trilithons Sarsen stones Lintels Stonehenge *for educational purposes only*  were probably prototypes of the Pyramids in Egypt and of the beehive huts in Wales, Cornwall, Scotland , and Ireland *for educational purposes only* BEEHIVE *for HUT educational purposes only*  Consisted of wooden huts built on piles in the water for protection against attack *for educational purposes only* *for educational purposes only* *for educational purposes only* INFLUENCES IN ARCHITECTURE Source: GEOGRAPHY OPTIONAL AIM & OBJECTIVES https://ensembleias.com/programs/geography-optional/ Source: On Engineering Geology https://guardian.ng/opinion/on-engineering-geology/ Source: Adapting to climate change: what will the Earth look like in 2030? https://www.iberdrola.com/environment/climate-change-mitigation-and-adaptation Geography The study of the systems and processes involved in the world's weather, mountains, seas, lakes, etc. and of the ways in which countries and people organize life within an area. Includes the topography of the place where to construct a building. Surveyor evaluates a location first before building. Geology The study of the rocks and similar substances that make up the earth's surface Climate The general weather conditions usually found in a particular place. Source: RELIGION, CULTURE AND SOCIETY https://www.uclan.ac.uk/courses/ma_religion_culture_society.php Source: pinterest.com. Pacific Archipelago Combatives. Filipino warrior Lapu Lapu kills Spanish conquistador Magellan. https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/561964859735067192/ Source: Campus Life. Free Speech: USU Students Invited to Pizza and Politics https://www.usu.edu/today/story/free-speech-usu-students-invited-to-pizza-and-politics Religion The belief in and worship of a god or gods, or any such system of belief and worship (Deals to the community that constructing a building that may seem offensive is a no-no). History Connected with studying or representing things from the past Social & Political Relating to activities in which you meet and spend time with other people The activities of the government, members of law-making organizations, or people who try to influence the way a country is governed geographical geological climate religion historical social & political Source: The Evolution of the Philippine Architecture http://www.heritagefestival.com.ph/philarc.php  geological geographical climate religion historical social & political Source: Museo ni Emilio Aguinaldo (Emilio Aguinaldo Shrine) https://explora.ph/attraction/83/museo-ni-emilio-aguinaldo-emilio-aguinaldo-shrine References: History of Architecture by Sir Banister Fletcher 8 Factors that Affect an Architectural Design by Dandre Douglas https://www.poppolling.com/8-factors-that-affect-an-architectural- design/ Cambridge Dictionary https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/geology  Introduction The Historical Timeline of Architecture Egyptian Byzantine Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C: PRE-HISTORIC Revival Modern history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN Indian Chinese & Japanese ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Pre-historic The Historical Timeline of Architecture Pre-Historic PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Pre-historic Humans spread from Africa into Southern Europe, Asia Could not settle far north due to the cold climate From Siberia by foot into North America From Southeast Asia by boat into Australia Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting & food gathering By 9000 BC, farming and agriculture was practiced Fertile soil and plentiful food Animal domestication for work, milk, wool People wanted to settle down, live in communities PRE-HISTORIC First villages in the Middle East, South America, Central history of architecture NEAR EAST America, India and China INFLUENCES EGYPTIAN GREEK HISTORY ROMAN Direct human ancestors evolved in Africa from 2.3 million EARLY CHRISTIAN years ago - Homo habilis, Homo erectus, homo sapiens, BYZANTINE homo sapiens sapiens ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC Some people needed not farm, so they spent time on INDIAN other work - pot-making, metal-working, art and… CHINESE & JAPANESE architecture! FILIPINO The success of the human race was largely due to the RELIGION development of tools – made of stone, wood, bone No organized religion The dead are treated with respect - burial rituals and monuments  Pre-historic ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER EXAMPLES MATERIALS Animal skins, wooden frames, animal bones CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Existing or excavated caves Megalithic, most evident in France, England and Ireland PRE-HISTORIC MENHIR history of architecture NEAR EAST A single, large upright monolith EGYPTIAN Serves a religious purpose GREEK Sometimes arranged in parallel rows, reaching several ROMAN miles and consisting of thousands of stones EARLY CHRISTIAN DECORATION BYZANTINE Caves paintings in Africa, France and Spain ROMANESQUE Sculpture GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Carnac, France  Pre-historic DOLMEN TUMULUS or PASSAGE GRAVE Tomb of standing stones usually capped with a large Dominant tomb type horizontal slab Corridor inside leading to an underground chamber CROMLECH Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE Stonehenge, England (2800 – 1500 BC) ROMANESQUE Most spectacular and imposing of monolithic monuments GOTHIC Outer ring, inner ring, innermost horseshoe-shaped ring RENAISSANCE with open end facing east 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN Largest stones weigh 45 to 50 tons, came from Wales 200 km away ISLAMIC Stones transported by sea or river then hauled on land INDIAN with sledges and rollers by hundreds of people, raised CHINESE & JAPANESE upright into pits, capped with lintels FILIPINO Genuine architecture - it defines exterior space A solar observatory - designed to mark the sun's path during sunrise on Midsummer Day  Pre-historic PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS Mostly had one room The development of more complex civilizations led to division of the room into smaller ones for eating, sleeping, socializing In places where no industrial revolution has occurred to transform building methods and increase population density, houses show little difference from primitive ones Wigwam or Tepee conical tent with wooden poles as framework Covered with rush mats and an animal skin door Hogan - primitive Indian structure of joined logs PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN Natural or Artificial Caves Igloo - Innuit (Eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed EARLY CHRISTIAN snow blocks built up spirally BYZANTINE Nigerian hut - with mud walls and roof of palm leaves ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE Beehive Hut FILIPINO Trullo - dry walled rough stone shelter with corbelled roof Iraqi mudhif - covered with split reed mats, built on a reed platform to prevent settlement Sumatran house - for several families, built of timber and palm leaves, the fenced pen underneath is for livestock  Near East The Historical Timeline of Architecture Pre-Historic PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Near East Mesopotamian Empire under King Sargon of Agade Mesopotamian Empire under King Hammurabi Mesopotamian Assyrian Empire City-states of Ur, Babylon, Agade, Ashur and Damascus under King Ashurbanipal 2334 BC, King Sargon of Agade formed the first major Persian Empire empire under King Darius I 1792 BC, next by King Hammurabi Instituted laws to keep order Invention of writing - pictograms or cuneiform records on clay tablets IA BA TOL CT Assyrian AN A RIA ASHUR Based in Ashur, biggest empire under King Ashurbanipal DAMASCUS PERSIA – conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt AGADE ME BABYLON S OP UR MEMPHIS OT PERSEPOLIS A MIA EGYPT THEBES PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST INFLUENCES EGYPTIAN GREEK HISTORY ROMAN Persian Started as villages on the flat land between Tigris and EARLY CHRISTIAN Euphrates rivers - “Mesopotamia” Begun by Cyrus the Great from 559 to 529 BC BYZANTINE Turned into city-states with populations of thousands Covered Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Eastern Mediterranean, ROMANESQUE Bactria, Indus Valley and North Africa GOTHIC Each city-state surrounded by a wall and dominated by a Darius I had provinces ruled by a satrap, who guarded RENAISSANCE large temple the roads, collected taxes and controlled the army 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Society of kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, priests Local peoples were allowed to keep their religions and 20TH C MODERN Fought and traded with each other customs Sometimes would conquer each other and form an Capital moved from Susa to Persepolis ISLAMIC empire Network of roads linking the royal court to other parts of INDIAN the empire – from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia CHINESE & JAPANESE Traded raw materials, carpets and spices FILIPINO Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Greece Ended with the defeat of Darius III to Alexander the Great of Macedonia  Near East RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Each city-state worshipped their own god for protection People aimed to make peace with their wrathful god MATERIALS Only materials readily available was clay, soil, reeds, rushes Bricks made of mud and chopped straw, sun-dried or kiln-fired Timber, copper, tin, lead gold, silver imported DECORATION Colossal winged-bulls guarding chief portals Polychrome glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green Murals of decorative continuous stone GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN Fertile Crescent: ISLAMIC Marshlands with few natural advantages aside from INDIAN water and soil CHINESE & JAPANESE Import materials like hardwood and metals FILIPINO Also: Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula Mountains and plateaux from west to east  Near East EXAMPLES PALACES Kings celebrated their victories, wealth and power by ZIGGURATS building large palaces Religious buildings built next to temples On top was a small temple Palace Platform at Persepolis Ruins still exist 50 years to build People from all over the empire were involved in its PRE-HISTORIC construction history of architecture NEAR EAST Development: Variety of architectural styles EGYPTIAN Archaic ziggurat GREEK Two or Three-staged ziggurat parts: audience halls, reception halls, storerooms for ROMAN Seven-staged ziggurat during the Assyrian period tributes and valuables, military quarters, apadana – tallest EARLY CHRISTIAN building, with 36 columns of 20m height BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN DWELLINGS CHINESE & JAPANESE Known as Megaron FILIPINO Entrance at end rather than on the long sides Portico - colonnaded space forming an entrance or Ziggurat at Ur vestibule, with a roof supported on one side by columns 2000 BC Suited to climate of Anatolian plateau  Egyptian The Historical Timeline of Architecture Egyptian Pre-Historic PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  Egyptian HISTORY Wealthy country despite the desert - every year, Nile would overflow, leaving the land fertile for growing crops Nile River was a trade route Gold from Nubia in the south Two kingdoms, Lower and Upper Egypt, combined by King Menes in 3100 BC Many small towns, but royal cities at Memphis and Thebes A single kingdom for most of its existence - unified under SYRIA the centralized omnipotent authority of the pharaoh (king) GIZA MEMPHIS EGYPT KARNAK THEBES NUBIA PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST INFLUENCES EGYPTIAN GREEK Pharaohs: GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE ROMAN Seen as gods dwelling on earth Narrow stretch of fertile and arable land along the Nile EARLY CHRISTIAN Beyond riverbanks, barren desert and rugged cliffs Sole masters of the country and its inhabitants BYZANTINE prevented attack from invaders Builders and leaders ROMANESQUE Mediterranean and Red seas Initiated the design, financing, quarrying and transporting GOTHIC of materials, organization of labor and construction itself RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Society: 20TH C MODERN Divided into groups, by order of importance: senior priests, officials, noblemen, and army commanders ISLAMIC Most ordinary Egyptians were farmers INDIAN Architects, engineers, theologians, masons, sculptors, CHINESE & JAPANESE painters, laborers, peasants, prisoners FILIPINO Weaving, glass-making, pottery, metal, jewelry and furniture Astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, music and writing literature and history written on papyrus and stone tablets  Egyptian RELIGION ROOF & OPENINGS Cult of many gods representing nature: sun, moon, stars, Roof was not an important consideration animals Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat No windows Spaces were lit by skylights, roof slits, clerestories After death, a persons soul went on to enjoy eternal life in kingdom of the God Osiris - imagined this kingdom as a perfect version of Egypt Pharaohs were buried, bringing with them the things they might need in the afterlife, even living people Wished for a fine burial, embalmment and funeral rites, and a permanent tomb or "eternal dwelling" WALL Batter wall - diminishing in width towards the top for Dead body had to be preserved to house the spirit stability PRE-HISTORIC Remove insides, dry out the body, filled with linen, Thickness: 9 to 24m at temples history of architecture NEAR EAST masked and bandaged Unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for EGYPTIAN hieroglyphics GREEK ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROMAN DECORATIONS EARLY CHRISTIAN DESCRIPTION Mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was BYZANTINE Afterlife - life and house on earth is temporary, the tomb inspired by reeds ROMANESQUE is permanent Torus moulding GOTHIC For sustenance and eternal enjoyment of the deceased RENAISSANCE Religion is the dominant element in Egyptian architecture 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN MATERIALS Stone was abundant in variety and quantity ISLAMIC Used for monuments and religious buildings INDIAN Durability of stone is why monuments still exist to this CHINESE & JAPANESE day FILIPINO Other materials, metals and timber were imported Mud bricks: for houses, palaces (reeds, papyrus, palm branch ribs, plastered over with clay)  Egyptian Hieroglyphics were pictorial representations of religion, Common ornaments: history and daily life Derived from the practice of scratching pictures on mud- plaster walls PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST Common capitals used were the lotus, papyrus, palm EGYPTIAN which echoed indigenous Egyptian plants, and were GREEK symbols of fertility as well ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN The shaft represented bundle of stems BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Avenue of sphinxes: rows of monsters (body of lion, head of man, hawk, ram) leading to monuments  Egyptian EXAMPLES PYRAMIDS massive funerary structure of stone or brick MASTABAS Rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered side, covering a burial chamber below ground First type of Egyptian tomb Developed from small and inconspicuous to huge an imposing Came in complexes: Offering chapel (north or east side) PRE-HISTORIC Mortuary chapel history of architecture NEAR EAST Raised and enclosed causeway leading to west EGYPTIAN Valley building for embalmment and internment rites GREEK ROMAN Immense use of labor and materials, built in layers, like EARLY CHRISTIAN steps BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Parts: 20TH C MODERN Stairway with 2 doors: one for ritual, second was a false door for spirits ISLAMIC Column Hall INDIAN Offering Chapel CHINESE & JAPANESE Serdab (contains statue of deceased) FILIPINO Offering room with Stelae (stone with name of deceased inscribed) Offering table Sarcophagus – Egyptian coffin  Egyptian Pyramids at Gizeh Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara Most magnificent of pyramids World's first large-scale monument in stone Equilateral sides face cardinal points Designed by Imhotep Forms a world-famous building group Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) Pyramid of Chephren (Khafra or Khafre) Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura) PRE-HISTORIC The Great Sphinx shows King Chepren as a man-lion history of architecture NEAR EAST protecting his country EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE Bent Pyramid at Seneferu FILIPINO  Egyptian ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS TEMPLES Built along hillside For nobility, not royalty MORTUARY TEMPLES worship/ in honor of pharaohs CULT TEMPLES worship/ in honor of god Parts: Entrance pylon Large outer court open to sky (hypaethral court) Hypostyle hall Sanctuary surrounded by passages Chapels/chambers used in connection with the temple service PRE-HISTORIC Tombs at Beni Hasan history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN Temple of Khons Typical temple: pylons, court, hypostyle hall, sanctuary, ISLAMIC chapels all enclosed by high girdle wall INDIAN Avenue of sphinxes and obelisks fronting pylons CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Tombs of the Kings, Thebes  Egyptian Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak, Thebes Grandest temple and the work of many kings Great Temple of Abu-Simbel Example of rock-cut temple Constructed by Rameses II Entrance forecourt leads to imposing pylon with 4 rock- cut colossal statues of Rameses sitting over 20 m high PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE Temple of Ammon, Luxor ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Mammisi Temple Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri Became the prototype of the Greek Doric temples  Egyptian PYLONS DWELLINGS monumental gateway to the temple consisting of slanting Made of crude brick walls flanking the entrance portal One or two storey high Flat roof deck Temple of Isis, Philae 3 parts: Reception suite on north side - central hall or living room with high ceiling and clerestory Service quarters Private quarters FORTRESSES Mostly found on west bank of Nile or on islands Close communications with other fortresses Fortress of Buhen Headquarters & largest fortified town near Nubia From here they could trade and invade lands to the south PRE-HISTORIC history of architecture NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN OBELISKS EARLY CHRISTIAN upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped BYZANTINE pyramidion on top ROMANESQUE sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis GOTHIC usually came in pairs fronting temple entrances RENAISSANCE height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL four sides feature hieroglyphics 20TH C MODERN Obelisk, Piazza of S. Giovanni ISLAMIC originally from Temple of Ammon, Karnak INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO  UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN COLLEGE OF FINE ARTS, ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 - 2025 FAR 1105 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 TOPIC OUTLINE PERSIAN PERIOD (538 - 333 B.C.) Persia dominated Western Asia and sought further extension of power in Greece and Egypt initiated by Cyprus and Cambyses (his son) who extended the Persian conquest to Egypt. The impression produced by the marvelous buildings at Memphis and Thebes caused the introduction of columns into Persian architecture though grotesque form which was seen in their halls at Susa and Persepolis. Under Alexander the Great, Western Asia became a Greek province. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER: I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS: 1) MESOPOTAMIA (BABYLONIA & ASSYRIA): a) Massive b) Military and commanding c) Non-columnar d) Simple 2) PERSIA a) Columnar with great hypostyle halls b) Commanding c) Formal and monumental II. IMPORTANT FEATURES: 1) SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION A. BABYLONIAN & ASSYRIAN 1. Combination of ARCH & VAULTS a) Parts of an arch i. Spandrel/ radius ii. Keystone iii. Voussoirs iv. Impost (supports the arch) v. Piers vi. Plinth 2. VAULT - arcuated covering, barrel vault (designed for external and internal effect) a) Foundation - elevated platform of crude bricks or stones. 30’-50’ (9.00m - 15.00m) B. PERSIAN: 1. Columnar - post and lintel 2. Foundation - broad platforms, partly cut in the rock and partly structural 2) WALLS: A. BABYLONIAN: 1. Bricks faced with dried colored glazed bricks 2. Use of polychrome glazed tiles 3. White washed or painted B. ASSYRIAN: 1. Bricks faced with alabaster and limestone with low BAS RELIEF* which record the military and sport exploits.  UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN COLLEGE OF FINE ARTS, ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 - 2025 a) BAS RELIEF - in sculpture, any work where the projection from a supporting background is shallow. Source: britannica.com Sample picture of a bas relief sculpture 2. External walls were plainly treated sometimes with vertical projections and processes or with half columns or half cylinder, the top of them were battlemented crestings (a parapet having a series of indentations which are raised portions known as MERIONS). Sample figure of a battlement C. PERSIAN: 1. Double mud brick walls for stability 2. Burned, colored glazed tiles for facing 3) PLANS: A. BABYLONIAN & ASSYRIAN: 1. Rooms were grouped around a quadrangle 2. Corridor in appearance 3. Vaulted apartments B. PERSIAN: a) Predominance of square rooms and lavish use of columns  UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN COLLEGE OF FINE ARTS, ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 - 2025 4) OPENINGS: A. BABYLONIAN & ASSYRIAN a) Spanned with semi-circular arcs b) At palaces, entrances, the arches were enhanced by decorative archivolts (mouldings on the face of an arc following the contour even to projecting members) c) Windows were not used, lights were admitted thru doors or pipe halls. B. PERSIAN: a) Windows below ceiling levels b) Doors and windows surround the platform 5) ROOFS: A. BABYLONIAN & ASSYRIAN a) They were flat, rendered with waterproofing by use of bitumen. b) They have battlemented crestings to conceal the roof, except where domes protruded. c) Early dwellings used palm logs with parched clay. B. PERSIAN a) Flat timber roof b) Roof were covered with turf terrace 6) MOULDINGS: A. BABYLONIAN & ASSYRIAN a) No characteristic mouldings nor architraves, nor capitals. B. PERSIAN a) Use of mouldings 7) ORNAMENTS A. BABYLONIAN & ASSYRIAN a) Ceramic decoration in the form of: i. Colored glazed bricks ii. Colored terra-cotta cones inserted into the clay walls b) Sculptural decorations in the form of statues and bas relief c) Chiseled alabaster slab, more refined than that of the Egyptians, (refined lines and details) d) Motifs were: i. Hunting scenes ii. Battles iii. Deities (mythological subjects) e) Palace gates were adorned with “portal guardians” set into deep jambs (colossal monsters with bodies of eagles and human heads with strong countenance) f) Rosettes. Guilloche, palmette, lotus flower. B. PERSIAN a) Colored glazed ceramics, woven fabrics and gilding. b) Lion motif c) Procession of arches d) Bodyguard of the kings e) Palace decoration - sculpture, bas relief f) Entrances of palaces and towns flanked by colossal king-headed, winged bullgenti, similar to those of Assyria.  UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN COLLEGE OF FINE ARTS, ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 - 2025 8) COLUMNS A. BABYLONIANS & ASSYRIANS: a) No columns B. PERSIANS a) The capital was usually a double-bull or double unicorn one. b) Beneath the capital are recurring vertical scroll c) Slender body shaft with flutings d) High molded base ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES & EXAMPLES 1. BABYLONIAN:  ZIGGURATS - A high pyramidal staged tower, of which the angles are oriented to the cardinal points, it formed an important element in the ancient Mesopotamian temple complexes. The number of stages rose from one to seven in the course of time, and in the Assyrian version, the stages developed into a continuous inclined ramp, circulating the four sides. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ZIGGURAT: 1. ARCHAIC - One flat top rectangular mound carrying the upper temples. 2. TWO OR MORE STAGE TYPE - Rectangular in plan with three steep single flight stairways located at the longer side of the plan. 3. SEVEN STAGES SQUARE BASED ZIGGURAT - Developed by the Assyrians, its main features was the continuous ramp that circulate the sides in turn and the topmost is the temple.  TEMPLES - The central feature is the cella or sanctuary, with the altar and a niche and a central offering table for the burning of sacrifices. It developed into a tripartite plan, having subsidiary rooms on either side of the cella. EXAMPLES: 1. ERIDU CITY - First significant example of Mesopotamian and Sumerian architecture.  UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN COLLEGE OF FINE ARTS, ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 - 2025 2. WHITE TEMPLE, WARKA (URUK) - Dedicated to Anu (a sky god), maybe the origin of the ziggurat. 4.5m length hall span on a 13m high podium (archaic type).  UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN COLLEGE OF FINE ARTS, ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 - 2025 3. ZIGGURAT AND PRECINCT AT UR - With three great temples on a rectangular platform on oval- shaped walled city 62m x 43m x 21m high (four stages type) 4. TEMPLE COMPLEX, ISCHALL - Without ziggurat 5. TEMPLE OVAL AT KHAFAJE - A special sanctity was associated with the temple for it was dug down to virgin soil. 6. TEPE GAWRA 7. ROYAL CEMETERY AT UR - Vaulted domed ceiling 8. PALACE AT MARI - Multi-functioned rooms and apartments 9. ZIGGURAT AT BURSIPPA. NIMRUD - Rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar, a seven-staged pyramid, 272’ (82.93m) square and 160’ ( 48.8m). 10. CITY OF BABYLON - a) With the palace of Nebuchadnezzar and its famous hanging gardens approximately with 200 square miles area. b) Hanging Gardens c) Temple of Marduk (Baal) - this temple is adjacent to the great terraced tower of Babel d) Tower of Babel 2. ASSYRIAN: - the palaces were the most important buildings (introduced polychromy and use of continuous decorative friezes of stones) EXAMPLES: 1. CITY OF ASHUR - Restored by Tukulti-Ninurta 2. CITY OF NIMRUD - Ashurnasirpal II a) PALACE OF KING ASHURNASIRPAL II b) PALACE OF SHALMANANEZER II 3. TEMPLE OF EZIDA, NIMRUD 4. CITY OF NINEVEH a) PALACE OF KING SENNECHERIB b) PALACE OF KING ESARHADDON c) PALACE OF ASHURNASIRPAL 5. CITY OF KHORSABAD a) PALACE OF SARGON - Occupied 23 acres of land and 700 rooms, it stood 50 ft above the plain and on a sun dried brick platform. It has three distinct group of apartments namely: i. SERAGLIO or palace proper - King’s residence state halls, men’s apartments and reception courts.  UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST CALOOCAN COLLEGE OF FINE ARTS, ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN 1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 - 2025 ii. Harem - private family apartments iii. Khan - service chamber iv. There was also the usual observatory temple of the ziggurat. 3. PERSIAN: - Palaces and tombs projects light and airy magnificence. EXAMPLES: 1. PALACES 7 TOMBS AT SUSA & PERSEPOLIS - adopted certain features from the Assyrian. a) PLATFORM PALACE AT PERSEPOLIS - made of stones and a remarkable structure 1500 ft x 1000 ft in extent and 40 ft above plane. b) HALL OF THE HUNDRED COLUMNS by DARIUS c) PALACE OF DARIUS d) PALACE OF XERXES e) TOMB OF DARIUS f) TOMB OF CYRUS 2. PROGYLAE - monumental entrances by Xerxes, flanked by sphinx and massive piers. XERXES I - (born c. 519 bce—died 465, Persepolis, Iran) was a Persian king (486–465 bce), the son and successor of Darius I. He is best known for his massive invasion of Greece from across the Hellespont (480 bce), a campaign marked by the battles of Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea. His ultimate defeat spelled the beginning of the decline of the Achaemenian Empire. Source: britannica.com Xerxes I Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/135459901264835161/ Image Source: Mesopotamia slideshare.net/rociobautista/mesopotamia-27422323 Image Source: https://slideplayer.com/slide/9785948/ Image Source: Abraham’s Journey https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/76983474861859621/  Geographical Influence An ancient region in western Asia between the TIGRIS and the EUPHRATES rivers, comprising the land of the Sumer and Akkad and occupied successively by Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians and Persians now part of Iraq. Image Source https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Tigris_River,_Diyarbakir.jpg  Geological Influence Due to floods and rains, it resulted in the conversion of its earthen into clay to produce brick in Assyria and Babylon Due to rare experience of rain in Persia, they use timber and colored limestone. Image Source: Image Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bas- allenfotowild.com/Iran/Nasqhe-Rostam-Achaemenid-tombs relief_of_Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u_at_the_procession_stre et_of_Babylon,_Iraq.jpg  Climatic Influence Mesopotamia experienced floods and heavy rains which have resulted in the building of “Ziggurats” in Persia, they have dry & hot climate which resulted in building open type temples. Image Source: The Ancient Ziggurat, Iran https://www.dreamstime.com/ancient-ziggurat-chogha-zanbil-iran-chogha-zanbil- ancient-elamite-complex-khuzestan-province-iran-one-image105155982 Religious Influence MESOPOTAMIANS were superstitious, believers of symbolism and also believers of genies and demons. PERSIANS were believers of Image Source: https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&c ad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwie_Zi9qMnNAhWFNJQKHd2YCsgQjRwIBw&url=https:/ww. good and evil. tes.com/lessons/aep16-mxTeDW9g/mesopotamia-s-religion-by- lana&bvm=bv.125596728,d.dGo&psig=AFQjCNEDqhdxx3mpShYaNRQbPCosXTePKQ&ust =1467154891471912 They believe that good usually triumphs in the end. Social and Political Influence BABYLONIANS among the three were considered extraordinary because they achieved highest degree of civilization. ASSYRIAN and PERSIAN believe in military superiority thus manifested in their buildings. Image Source: Assyrian king Sennacherib during the  Image Source: https://www.bibleatchurch.com/biblehistory/2015/06/14/israel-and-the- geography-and-history-of-the-ancient-near-east/ Historical Influence 1. Sumerian Period 2. Assyrian Period 3. Neo-Babylonian Period 4. Persian Period Image Source: https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/mesopotamia-history/top-11- inventions-and-discoveries-of-mesopotamia/  ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Image Source: https://sites.google.com/site/ancientmesopotamia2017/ziggurats-and-step-pyramids Massiveness Monumentality Grandeur  Period Characteristics Features Persian Architecture Columnar and Trabeated with flat timber roof sometimes domed Assyrian and Babylonian Architecture Arcuated type of construction; Arch, vault and flat strips, buttresses with glazed tile Image Source: Digging into Mesopotamia. The Arch adornment. https://pmsancientmesopotamia.weebly.com/the-arch.html S U M E R I A N Image Source: https://medium.com/history-of-yesterday/the-ancient-and- forgotten-sumer-civilization-222e2159b553 ARCHITECTURE Dominated the Southern Mesopotamia from the 4th to the end of the 3rd millennium B.C. Characterized by: monumental temples of sun dried brick faced with burnt or glazed brick, often built upon the ruins of their predecessors.  SUMER An ancient region in southern Mesopotamia, where a number of independent cities and city-states were established as early as 5000 B.C. A number of cities are major archeological sites such as Eridu, Uruk, and Ur Image Source: earthismysterious.com/the-forgotten-civilization-of-ancient-sumer/ ZIGGURATS or Holy Mountains, the chief building structure, square or rectangle in plan with steeply battered sides & an open flat form on top. Three types of Ziggurats 1. Archaic Ziggurat 2. Two or More Stages Ziggurat 3. Seven Stages Square Base Ziggurat 1. Archaic Ziggurat Usually have one flat top rectangular mound carrying the upper temple. Ex. White Temple Ziggurat, Uruk Image Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean- ap/ancient-near-east-a/a/white-temple-and-ziggurat-uruk  The White Temple on its Ziggurat at Uruk 3500-3000 B.C. A white-washed brick temple dedicated to the sky God-ANU. It has sloping brick wall so as to form a gigantic flat form standing some 12 meters high Image Source: above the surrounding plains. https://www.ancientpages.com/2018/06/07/anu-supreme-ruler-of- the-heavenly-abode-in-sumerian-pantheon-of-gods/ Ziggurat at Ur Image Source: https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient- places-asia/great-ziggurat-ur-001767 2100 B.C. made of sun dried brick a massive 15 meters high base with two successively smaller stages of which the upper must probably served as pedestal for the shrine. three ramp-like stairways of 100 steps converged towards a tower flanked gateway. Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/jmcfall/46769923 Ziggurat, Ur 2. Two or More Stages Ziggurat rectangular in plan, design with several tiers or stages Ex. Tower of Babel Ziggurat has stages dedicated to seven heavenly planets 3. Seven Stages Square Base Ziggurat Ex. Palace of Nebuchadnezzar “Hanging Garden of Babylon”  The Tower of Babel, Mesopotamia Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Babel Hanging Garden of Babylon Image Source: https://favpng.com/png_view/hanging-gardens-of-babylon-ishtar-gate-seven-wonders-of-the-ancient-world-png/XDXDAa4T A S S Y R I A N ARCHITECTURE Image Source: https://www.facebook.com/ASSYRIAFIRSTEMPIRE/ A S S Y R I A N Image Source; Ancient City https://www.pinterest.com.mx/pin/452 893306250119057/ ARCHITECTURE Mesopotamian architecture developed under the Assyrian king- emperors of the 9th to 7th centuries B.C. City walls strengthened by towers with crenelated battlements , palaces to o k pr ecedence over religious buildings. Vaulting played a greater role and polychrome glazed brickwork showed the influence of Egyptian decoration. The Citadel (Palace) of Sargon II at Khorsabad, 720 B.C. Entrance portals flanked with status headed winged bull and lions. It contains 700 rooms. It has sloping brick wall so as to form a gigantic flat form standing some 12 meters high above the surrounding plains. The Citadel (Palace) of Sargon II at Khorsabad Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/9992430396762984/  WINGED BULLS Palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad LAMASSU a celestial being from ancient Mesopotamian religion bearing a human head, bull's body, sometimes with the horns and the ears of a bull, and wings. It appears frequently in Mesopotamian art. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamassu#: Image Source: ~:text=The%20lamassu%20is%20a%20ce Colossal winged bull from the Palace of Sargon II lestial,appears%20frequently%20in%20 https://www.bmimages.com/preview.asp?image=00091496001 Mesopotamian%20art. The Citadel of Sargon II Parts of Palace SERAGLIO Palace proper which includes the kings residence, men’s apartment and reception courts. HAREM Usually designed with a private family apartments or women’s quarter. KHAN Or service chambers, it is a Moslem “inn” for travelers prototype.  PLAN OF THE PALACE OF SARGON II AT KHORSABAD Image Source: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/h/hiaaic/x- bf48h/BF48H?chaperone=S-HIAAIC-X- BF48H+BF48H;evl=full- image;lasttype=boolean;lastview=reslist;quality= 1;resnum=1;size=50;sort=hiaaic_typ;start=1;sub view=download;view=entry;rgn1=hiaaic_typ;sele ct1=phrase;q1=plan PALACE OF SARGON II AT KHORSABAD Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/520376931929290290/  NEO-BABYLONIAN Image Source: https://www.dkfindout.com/uk/history/mesopotamia/babylon/ NEO-BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE the collapse of Assyria in 612 B.C. was brought about the invasion of Scythian and Medes. Nebuchadnezzar II restored order. Image Source: https://pulpitandtable.org/king-nebuchadnezzars-end-video/ the Mesopotamian architecture developed after the decline of the Assyrian Empire, derived from Assyrian architecture and enhanced by figured design as of heraldic animals in glazed brickwork. HANGING GARDEN OF BABYLON regarded as “One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World”  HANGING GARDEN OF BABYLON a series of irrigated ornamental gardens planted on the Citadel the palace complex in ancient Babylon with Ziggurat and built w/ eight monumental arched gateways in the fortified city walls one of the gates connected with the inner city processional road lined Image Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdA821Yshf8 with 60 Lions figure cloned in brightly colored bricks and dedicated to Goddess Ishtar.  Image Source: https://www.ancient.eu/hammurabi/ CODE OF HAMMURABI A Babylonian legal code instituted by Hammurabi in the mid-18th century B.C. based on the principles absorbed from Sumerian Culture. The Hammurabi code of laws, a collection of 282 rules, established standards for commercial interactions and set fines and punishments to meet the requirements of justice Source: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/hammurabi  THE ISHTAR GATE the Eighth Gate to the inner city of Babylon. The surface of Ishtar gate is superimposed tiers of 2 figures in profile The Dragon of Marduk Image Source: alternating with https://www.livescience.com/43036-ishtar-gate.html The Bull of Adad  Image Source: THE https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/232709505723619692/ ISHTAR GATE MOSAIC Dragon of Bull of Marduk Adad Image Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ilri/39260454734 Lion Image Source: Pergamum Museum, Ishtar Gate https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/23369466813776652 THE ISHTAR GATE Image Source http://www.thirdeyemax.net/2013/08/the-difference- between-inanna-and.html was constructed in about 575 BC by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II on the north side of the city. dedicated to the Babylonian goddess Ishtar, the gate was constructed of blue glazed tiles with alternating rows of bas-relief (dragons) ISHTAR the goddess of fertility the roof and doors of the gate were of cedar, and revelry of Babylon according to the dedication plaque.  THE ISHTAR GATE Image Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ishtar-Gate-neo-babylonian-art-of- glazing-630-562-BCE-Pergamon-museum-Berlin-43_fig1_331718561 THE ISHTAR GATE Through the gate ran the Processional Way, which was lined with walls covered in lions on glazed bricks (about 120 of them). Statues of the deities were paraded through the gate and down the processional way each year during the New Year's celebration. Originally the gate, being part of the Walls of Babylon, was considered one of the Seven Wonders of the World until, in the 6th century AD, it was replaced by the Lighthouse of Alexandria.  THE ISHTAR GATE Image Source: https://community.foundry.com/discuss/topic/57344/ishtar-gate-city-of-babylon?mode=Post&postID=514566 PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE Image Source: https://www.ancient.eu/Persia/ PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE The architecture developed under the Achaemenid dynasty who ruled ancient Persia from 550 B.C. until its conquest by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C. Characterized by synthesis of architectural elements of surrounding countries as Assyria, Egypt and Ionian Greece. Image Source: althistory.fandom.com/wiki/Achaemenid_Dynasty_(Guardians) Image Source: https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-the-ancient-ruins-of- persepolis-are-one-of-the-greatest-wonders-of-the-ancient-world/ THE ANCIENT CITY OF PERSEPOLIS  THE ROYAL PALACE Ancient City of Persepolis (in modern-day Iran) Was one of four capitals of the sprawling Persian Empire. Built beginning around 520 B.C., the city was a showcase for the empire's staggering wealth Image Source: https://holidayfromwhere.com/ancient-city-persepolis/ THE ROYAL PALACE a. with grand architecture, b. extravagant works of silver and gold, c. and extensive relief sculptures such as portraying envoys with offerings for the king. Image Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-ap/ancient-near-east-a/a/persepolis Image Source: Image Source: https://www.pinterest.es/pin/622059767250408556/ https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/hall-of-a-hundred- columns?mediatype=photography&phrase=hall%20of%20a %20hundred%20columns&sort=mostpopular HALL OF 100 COLUMNS Persepolis DOUBLE BULL CAPITAL “Cradle Capital” at Persepolis, Persia Image Source: https://www.pinterest. ph/dingdango/pars/  Image Source: https://www.history.com/news/alexander-the-great-defeat-persian-empire Image Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great The height of Persian rule lasted from about 550 B.C. until 331 B.C., when Alexander the Great overthrew the ruling Achaemenid dynasty and burned Persepolis to the ground. Notable PERSIAN Architectural Development 1. The use of columns and capitals the double bull ( Cradle Capital) 2. The use of beams (post and lintel construction) 3. Develop the covered courts 4. Used of square (grid) plans  References: History of Architecture by Sir Banister Fletcher Visual Dictionary of Architecture by Francis D.K. Ching JPT Review Center Handbook