History Textbook Chapters 5 & 6 PDF

BiltlCr NorUl Tnr Brc PrcruRE These are some of the stories you will read about in this unit:. War has far-reachingconsequences.. Loyaltyis a very complicatedissue, sometimesa life and death issue.. Struggle and sacrifice were two things all immigrantsto British North America...

BiltlCr NorUl Tnr Brc PrcruRE These are some of the stories you will read about in this unit:. War has far-reachingconsequences.. Loyaltyis a very complicatedissue, sometimesa life and death issue.. Struggle and sacrifice were two things all immigrantsto British North Americahad in common. o Discontent, especially with the government,was an outgrowth of all of the above.  ilte Loyallsts 1763 1763 L774 1775 t776 Treaty of Paris TheRoyal Proclamation TheQuebec Act British North Some loyalists arrive America invaded 150 Bnnrsr Nonru Aurnrcl  S r r r r N GO u n F o c u s n the picture on the left, of a Loyalist sertlement near present-dayBrockville, Ontario, the year is 1784.You see tents that have been temporarily given by the British government to Loyalist refugee families. Like thousands of other families, these people are waiting, hopefiilly for only a few months, to be given a land grant so they can start a new 1ife.'Whatdoes this picture tell us about the newcomer Loyalists? What do you imagine day-to-day life will be like for these families for the next fwelve months? P n e v r E w t N cT H EG n n p r E R 'lllono IlnY s In this chapter you will learn about these topics: civilians. the reasonsfor Loyalistsettlements in British compensation North America elected assembly o the different groups of people who were Loyalists, Layalists and how the groups affected their areas of migration settlement militaryrule o what life was like for those early settlers, for some minutemen particular individuals,and how they affected society Patriots as a whole raids. the contributionsof certain individuals,includingSir refugees Guy Carletonand Sir John GravesSimcoe 1783 r79t 1793 Loyalists arrive in British North America. TheConstitution Actcreates Upper founds Simcoe ofYork(later thesettlement in largenumbers CanadaandLower Canada to become Toronto). JohnGraves Simcoe becomes fint lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada TheLoyalistsl5l  GnnlleNcEsrN BnnrsnNonrn Aruenrcn After the SevenYears''Warin Europe finally ended, the 1763 Treaty of Paris officially transferred all land claims in British North America to Britain.'While there were some people, especiallywithin the British government, who were not impressedby this gain, most people felt that it was a favourable outcome. One British statesperson,'WilliamPitt, summed up what seemed to be the majoriry's view. He said that North America was an extremely valuable assetbecause"it is a double market, the market of consumption and the market of supply." There were, however, challengesto be met while holding on to this desirablemarket. Military Rule Although Britain won the Canadian colonies from France in 1760,no civilian government was established.Theareawas governed by British military rule. Military rule ':, means that the people are under the control of 'i r the army.The commander-in-chief, General Jeffrey Amherst, headquarteredin NewYork, became responsiblefor the area.To administer it as smoothly as possible,the areasof Montr6al, Trois Rividres, and Qu6bec each reported to its own general for local concerns.Military rule is not necessarilyunjust or oppressive,but it must have seemed a constant reminder to French Canadiansthat they were now a conquered people. Britain wanted to avoid an uprising, so rnilitary rule was fairly lenient, allowing French Canadian laws, religion, and language to continue as before. By 1763, however, a small British FrenchCanadiansunder population, mostly merchants and traders,settled in the French Britishmilitaryrule,in region of Lower Canada.They wanted an official British Qu6bec,after the Conquest government - even though there were only approximately 500 British Canadianscompared to 80 000 French Canadians.After all, Britain would have to establisha non-military rule eventually,and they wanted a government that would favour its interests.Also, since most of the recent British arrivals were from the Thirteen Colonies, they sought the type of elected government they were used to. 152 BnrrrsH NonrH Arrnrcn AboriginalRelations There was general unhappinessamong severalAboriginal groups, especiallythose around the Great Lakes,after the British takeover of the British North American colonies.These groups included the Algonquin, the Nipissings,the Ottawas, the Chippewa, the Huron, and the Six Nation Iroquois. Since there was no longql any competition for fur, the British had been steadily lowering.qhe price they would pay Aboriginal hunters and traders for it. In'addition, the American colonies seemed to be continually expanding west, and settlerswere simply taking the Aboriginal land. Chief Pontiac of the Ottawas created a coalition of severaltribes and launched a successfulattack against these most western British settlementsthroughout the upper Mississippi and Ohio RiverValley area.Every British post west of Niagara, except for Detroit, was captured by Pontiac and his confederacy.The British government responded to this crisis with the ProclamationLine of l763.This was an emergency lmagineyou are measuremeant to pacify Pontiac and his alliance by forbidding an Aboriginal personaffected settlersfrom moving west of the Allegheny Mountains. It by American eventually became a policy for boundaries to be established, expansion.How though often moved, to prevent too rapid an expansion would you want westward. your Chiefsto react? Chief Pontiac in council. What might he and his council be discussing? TheLoyalists153  The Thirteen Golonies The Thirteen Colonies were well-establishedand flourishing, even expanding. British settlementshad existed along the Atlantic Coast since 1607.The first British settlementin North America, in Jamestown,Virginia,boasteda representative - -by 1624. €lovernment a government electedby the people In 1763 the British observed,however, that the colonies were expensive to run. This and the Aboriginal People'suprising were signalsto Britain that expansion needed to be controlled for more than one reason. The Story Sa Far.. , List, in point form, the variery of concerns Britain faced while ruling North America 1n 1763. Imagine you are a recent British arrival in Qu6bec.You have migrated north from NewYork becauseyou have heard there is money to be made for enterprising merchants such as yourself now that Britain controis the area.-Writea letter to a relative in NewYork explaining what you think the British government should do now that the SevenYears'-War in Europe is over and the territory of Qu6bec is a British colony. Imagine you are a third-generation French habitant in what is now British North America.What are vour priorities? List at least four. How would you describe the situation for the Aboriginal Peoolesaround the Great Lakesbefore 1763? AND Tur Rovnl PnoclAMATroN Acrs Orrrn UnpopuLAR The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was Britain's first attempt to $nippet establisha non-military government for Qu6bec and to deal with some of the other problenrsin North America. A Aboriginal Ownership Governor General was appointed,and the territory of Qu6bec of Lands was limited to a small area along the St. Lawrence River. TheRoyalProclamationof l76i The Royal Proclanration was sornewhat unclear,but it was wasthefirstActto recognize understood that, sometime in the future, there would be an Aboriginal ownershipof landsin elected assernbly that would representthe people'sview on North lt seta precedent America. government policies.This did not make either the French or the andwasthefoundation of British very happy.The French did not like their new boundary treaties to come. and, since Catholics were not allowed to run for office, they knew that any future elected assemblywas not likely to be 154 BRrnsH NonrH Aurnrcl  Comparethe boundariesof New Francein the early 1700s,shown on the map on the left, with the boundariesof eu6bec in 1763,shown on the map on the right. What is the difference? representativeof the population. They were also nervous about the future of the Roman catholic church.The British setrlers in Qu6bec were not satisfiedby the mere promise of an elected assembly.They also did not like the restrictions that the Proclamation placed on rhe fur rrade.The limited territorial border that the Proclamarion placed around eu6bec was like a noose around the neck of its economy.The best fur areaswere south and west of the Great Lakes,through the Ohio River Valley area."Withthe Proclamation, those areaswere out of bounds. People in the Thirteen Colonies were particularly upser by the limit that the Royal Proclamarion placed on expansion ro the west. So, while no British North American colony was content with the Royal Proclamation, Britain went ahead and passed other acts that were even more controversial.The Sevenyears' War had been a huge drain on the British economy. For the first time, the British government decided that colonies should, somehow, contribute to paying part of the cost of their defence. Little did Britain know that their economic experiments would end in revolt. For the Thirteen Colonies, the British govern- ment's attempts to extract money from them were in stark contrast to what they were used to. Dissatisfactionwith the new policies inevitably led to discontenr with the British Theloyalists | 55  government. At this time, Qu6bec had no experience with British rule, so it had no points of comparison. The Stamp Act of 1765 was a way for the British government to make money. All newspapersand legal documents were required to display a government stamp.The stamp was seen as an unjust tax, especiallyin the Thirteen Colonies.Protestersthere refusedto buy British goods.The phrase"No taxation without representation"became popular. This phrase reflected the Americans' general dissatisfactionwith the British parliament that governed things from afar without representationfrom the Thirteen Colonies. ,e.l '. , -€t"S< &,iffi=.- ? * v Do you detect any bias in this painting of the Boston Tea Party? Who do you think painted it - someone for or against the British government? TheGronger Collection,New York The Townshend Acts of 1,767negated the Stamp Act but imposed new taxes on goods entering North America by ship. Protestersin the Thirteen Colonies again refused to buy British goods. Eventually Britain withdrew these taxes,except the one on tea.This remaining tax would eventually become a symbol for American dissatisfactionwith Britain. In 1,773the "Sons of Liberry" dumped tea into the Boston Harbour in protest.This event became known as the Boston Tea Parry. Convinced that there would be a revolt in the Thirteen Colonies, Sir Guy Carleton, the Governor General of Qu6bec, Wrilqyourviewon w:hethet was instrumental in the creation of the Quebec Act of 1774.It Qrnotanelected assembly was an attempt to rnaintain and build on the support of the wouldbea goodthingin French Canadian majority in Qu6bec for the British.To accom- Qu6becin | 774. plish this, the government expanded the territory of Qu6bec to include all the land around the Great Lakes and the Aboriginal reservesto the west, including the OhioValley.Also, the government allowed the French Canadiansto maintain language :). rights and French civil law.It officially recognized the Roman : Catholic Church and allowed it to collect taxes.Flowever, it specifically denied an elected assembly. The appointed council was open to both French and British landowners. 156 Bnrrrsu Nonru Aurnrcl  The majority of French Canadianswere not landowners, so while they were relieved to maintain their language and church, they were not won over by the Quebec Act. The British in Qu6bec were openly hostile to the Quebec Act. They objected to legal recognition of the Roman Catholic Church, French law, and French customs. They were, however, satisfied with the advantagesthey gained in the fur trade becauseof their increasedterritory. The British Anrcricanssaw the Quebec Act as even more reasonto rebel againstBritain. They resentedthe restrictions placedon their expansionwesr. Compare this boundaryof Qu6becto the one and they were shocked by the shownon the mapson page 155.Can you see denial ofan electedgovern- causefor concern? nent. British Americans nicknamed the Quebec Act an "Intolerable Act" and saw it as a betrayal. The Story So Far , , , William Pitt said that North America was an extremely valuable assetbecause"it is a double market, the market of consumption and the market of supply."Place that quotation in the middle of a web and relate to it. with sonre explanation, the Royal Proclamation and the other unpopular acts. Imagine you are a third-generation colonist in one of the Thirteen Colonies.'Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper expressingyour dissatisfactionwith Britain's recentcolonialpolicies. Compare the French and British colonists'responseto the Royal Proclamation by creating a list of reasonseach group was againstit. Using a graphic organizer,outline the pros and cons of the Quebec Act for the French Canadiansand the British Americans. TheLoyalists 157  TneAmenrcnnRevolurroNANDTHE Lovnusr MrcRATroN Partly in responseto the Boston Tea Parry partly due to concerns about the volatile mood of discontent in the Thirteen Colonies, Britain decided to punish Boston. King George III applied policies only againstMassachusetts- seemingly the centre of resistanceand revolt.The Boston Port was closed,its elected assemblywas suspended,no meetings were allowed, and the original charter that had establishedMassachusettswas cancelled.Eventually the hostilities intensified.In 1775 a clash broke out between British soldiers and a citrzens'militia at Lexington and Concord.The American Revolution had begun. For months before the incident at Lexington and Concord, farmers and townspeople had been gathering guns and ammunition and training to fight on a minute's notice.These rebel soldiers would become known as rninutetnen. No one knows for sure who fired the first shot, but we do know that the American rebels were ready.JohnAdams, who would be elected President of the United States,said,"The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people." OnJuly 6,\775, delegatesfrom every colony except Georgia signed a Declaration of Causesthat said the American people had been left only fwo alternatives: "unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers or resistanceby force." Not even half the American people were in favour of this revolt, but for the first time in the history of war there were many civilians who were not in the army who were willing to take up arms for their cause.Veryquickly, thousandsof rebel American colonists rallied to that cause. The American Revolutionary army, under the command of George Washington, took the offensive and began a seriesof attacks,including some along the border of Nova Scotia and Qu6bec.They planned to capture Qu6bec so the British could not conduct their military operations from there. Montr6al and Qu6bec City were both occupied and held by the Americans over the winter of I775-I776. American Patriots - those who supported the war for independence against Britain sure that they would have no trouble convincing French and British citizens in Qu6bec and Nova Scotia to join them in their fight againstEngland. r 5 8 Bntttsr Nonru Aurnrcl *;,-F i ',, :!' '',u.:.1' * ,, t 6 \ t\+; EE uu- :.-"F#" Much to their surprise,they found virtr-rallyno support.The Americans invading Quebec British war with the Anrerican coloniesrvoulcJbe. for thc nrosr City on New Year's Eve, t775. part, foueht by rcgular tsritish troops assistedby Loyalists: How did the citizens react to their fight for independence peoplc who supportcd the British. Ercepr for raids, which are from Britain? swift and sr-rdden charsesnrade by one nrilitary grollp against another, the rest of the revolution was fought to the sor-rthof Qu6bec. By May 7776,Brttish shipsapproacheclrvith reinforcementsand supplies.ThcAmeric:rns,sick, tired, and short of ammunition and provisions.retreatecl. fuenym*t*a*s* ffi**r***wuffi$rdff*herc As nrentioned,the llritish clid not have nruch successconvincing civiliansin Qr,r6becor the Maritinres to join their fight asainst the rebels.Holvever, there were many :rctivcly loval peoplc living in Qr"r6becand thc Maritinres r,vhowere rvilling to place their' allegianccwith the tsritish and servc irr the nrilirary.Clonsicler the example ofJohn Macdon:rlcl.He hacl colnc to North Anrerica in 1772 rvith a large wave of Scottishimnrisrants. Though he owned and operateda large piece of lanclin Tracadie,Island of St.John (later Prnce EdwarclIslancl),thc pension provided to a British officer was :ln.rttractive enticement for serving thc British.A1so,as a Clatholic,hc believedArnerican colonistsw:rnted to r,vipeout his religion. For thesereasons,he becanrean otficer of the Roval Hi{:hland Emigrants ancl a Maritime Loyalist. IheLoyalists159 The Evidence Feh ind the Story l-flhere are manypiecesof evidencewe Thelaws controll'd,and inj'ries unredressed, can examine to uncover events,and Theinsolenceof knaves,and thousandwrongs I I- people'sfeelingsaboutthem,fromthe Whichpatient liege men from vile rebels take, past.Consider, for example,the poemthat Whenhe, sans doubt,mightcertainsafetyfind, follows."ThePausing American Loyalist" Onlyby flying?Whowouldbend to fools, appearedin the MiddlesexJournal,a newspaper And trucklethus to mad, mob-chosen upstarts, of the day,on January30,1776. Thepoemis But that the dread of somethingafter flight basedon Shakespeare's famous"Tobe or not (ln that blest country,where,yet, no moneyless to be" speechin Hamlet. Poor wight can live) puzzlesthe will, At the time,residents of the Thirteen And makesten thousandsrathersign - and eat. Colonies werepressured to signoathsswearing Thanfly - to starve on loyalty.- theirallegiance to the American Continental Thus,dread of want makes rebels of us all: Congress. Althoughyou mayneedto readthis And thus the native hue of loyalty poemcarefully and morethanonce,it should Is sicklied o'er with a pale cast of trimming; add to the pictureyou are formingaboutthose And enterprisesof greatpith and virtue, timesandthe actionsof the peoplelivingthen. But unsupported,turn their streams away, And nevercometo action. Tosign,or not to sign?Thatis thequestion, Whether'twerebetterfor an honestman Tosign,andso be safe;or to resolve, Betide what will, against associations, And, by retreating, shun them. To fly - I reck 1,. Make two lists based on this poem: one Not where: And, by that flight, t' escape stating the reasonsa personshould sign the Feathers and tar, and thousand other ills oath and another stating the reasonsa petson That loyalty is heir to: 'Tis a consummation should not sign. Which list seems the most Devoutly to be wished. To fly - to want - persuasiveto you? To want? Perchanceto starve: Av, there's the 2. How do you know if this poem was wtitten by rub! For, in that chance of want, what ills may come a Loyalist,a Patriot, ot someonewho was To patriot rage, when I have left my all - neutral? Must give me pause: - There's the respect 3. Explainwhich is a more teliable piece of That makes us trim, and bow to men we hate. historical evidence,news ot art? How would For, who would bear th' indignities o' th' times, you rate "The PausingAmericanLoyalist" as a Congress decrees, and wild convention plans, piece of historical evidence? 160 BRrtrsu Nonru Arrnrcl  The Loyalist settlerswho fled to British North America frorn the Thirteen Colonies were certainly not the only refugees from the American Revolution. There were some people who were forced to flee from British North Arnerica ro the Thirteen Colonies for treason againstBritain. In fact there were at least three or four whole townships set aside in New York State for British North American refugeesaiier the war. Moses F{azen is an example of one of these refusees.He was a resident of Qu6bec and had been recommended for a commission by Sir Guy Carleton. At the start of the war, Hazen served the British but was convinced by Americans that he would be richly rewarded if he served them instead. By offering a joining bonus and a small monthly I payment, Hazen recruited a regiment of about 250 habitants.In 1776 they were forced to leave British North America with the retreating American army.At the end of the war, Hazen, and what was left of his regiment, were statelessand dependent on the mercy of the American government for protection. Not all citizens of the Thirteen Colonies supported the war with Britain. SamuelAdams estimated that only one- third of the people in the Thirteen Colonies supported the quest for independence.He believed that one-third was probably neutral while the other third supported Britain. Many families were torn apart by the pressureof choosing their position. lJnfortunately the atmosphere even after the revolution was unruly. Many people, whether they were actively Loyalist or not, were persecutedby the Patriots. Individuals A British Loyalist who has been tarred and feathered by harassedand physically assaulted,homes were looted, and American colonists. Why do property was destroyedor stolen.This treatment was given not you think the colonists are only to those who seemed actively Loyalist but to others who pouring tea into the did not seem Patriot enough;for example, the families of Loyalist's mouth? anyone who held an official position before the revolution and the families of those who were in the British military. The ttory 8 o F a l r.. , I Do you agree with John Adams's statement,"The Revolution was in the minds and heartsof the people"? Why or why not? 2 Make a list of the various reasonssome citizens had for becoming Loyalists. Theloyalists I5l  Lovnusr Roures ANDSerrleMENTs Some Loyalistscarne to British North America early in the revolution. Many -*'J i \-*\ *Gil'*l *l"j:l:"J:or.r,"F."J , /'."" /. ',"aonls.iif;i ,=)F{ry*.,{ came by sea.Overall, Nova Scotia received the largest number of Loyalist I {t l-""/ Loyalists refugees:35 000-40 000! Another -fftru1, 'X\ | ^" i"j- --..LY..-.- ^'t *";;'ffi. '15 000 to 20 000 settledin Qu6bec "'$5fi'q and along the north shoresof lakes Ontario and Erie. t' '."'o"on *'Fscort*do' L*yalist* ,-^1*.^'- ( roronror 0 "=* YORK sruntrotde'*-; \t l-*""f"- Not all refugees'storieswere the same.., vt\.*toraz//._ Let us piece some parts together and : see if we can understand the migration. Richard Cartwright was a wealthy landowner, innkeeper, and depury travelledby sea. Explainwhy so manyLoyalists postmasterof Albany. FIe was a Patriot O and had given money to them to help finance the military. His daughter, Elizabeth,was marriedElizabeth,was married to a British soldier.When it was learned that Elizabeth still communicated with her brother, RichardJr., a local committee forced RichardJr. to pay a security guaranteeinghis patriotism.This occurred in February 1.777.8y October of that year,Richard Jr. did not feel he could or should continue to give his guarantee so he fled through NewYork to British North America. The senior Cartwrights were harassed,their properfy was confiscated,and within a year they were taken under guard to the border. Not exactly Loyalists,the Carfwrights are an example of those who were forced to assumethat identity as a consequenceof family actionsor beliefi.Their story was not $nip|}st unusual. Many wonlen found themselvesin difficult circumstances. If their husbands,fathers,brothers, or sons served with the Women Fool Raiders British, held positions of authoriry or were even suspectedof ln 1782a group of women rn being sympathetic to Britain, they were harassedand abusedas Nova Chester, Scotia, scared off a if they were Loyaliststoo. Often when men served in the raidby reversing theirscarlet- British army, the wonlen were left to run households and face linedskirts andappearing, from the consequenceson their own. Some women fled, but the a distance, asa regularBritish hardshipsof making their way to safery usually with children, tr00p. and very few supplies,was too much for many of them. Many wonlen sought permission to leave their communities and the 152 Bnrrrsr NonrH ANrnrcl  Thirteen Colonies. Patriot committees were establishedto grant this right. If permission was obtained, then the women were escorted to the border. This may have been a safer arrangement for many women.The escort was not free, however, so only women with some means of paying could arrange this.In addition, all their property was taken by the Patriots.Also, sons aged 12 and over had to be left behind. Many women did not have the resourcesto keep themselves and their families going and were exchanged for Patriot prisoners being held in British North America. By the late 1770s,severallocations had adopted the practice of simply removing families of men who had joined the British.The Patriots did not want these families to be in any way supported Loyalists leaving New York in by the communiry. They also feared that these families were the 1780s. Some women fled supporting the Loyalistswith food, shelter,or military with their children to avoid information. persecution. i:'-t,i: : -.,..i:i.:,. : ,.... : :l : :. : -::.,.... : 'i. i @ Collectionof the New-YorkHistoricolSociety,negotive number59064 Theloyalists 163  , n 1 7 7 6 , 1 3 - y e a r - o lG d e o r g eC a r s c a l l e n Afterthis it was too dangerousto stay on was no strangerto hard work. As his the farm. The rebelswho arrivednext time familystruggledto carve out a new life m i g h tn o t b e s o m e r c i f u l B. e s i d e s t, h e f a m i l y o n a f a r m i n t h e B r i t i s hc o l o n yo f N e wY o r k ,. h e r e b e l sh a d c o u l dn o l o n g e rs u r v i v e T G e o r g eh e l p e do u t w h e r eh e c o u l d. - stolen all the livestock a yoke of oxen,a T h e C a r s c a l l e nhs a d m o r et o w o r r ya b o u t yoke of steers,three horses,one cow, and t h a nj u s t m a k i n gt h e i rf a r m s u c c e e dt h o u o h 1 - 1h o g s- a s w e l l a s t o o l s , u t e n s i l s , Foryears angerat Britainhad been sim- clothes,and furniture.Alongwith his mother m e r i n ga m o n gm a n yA m e r i c a nc o l o n i s t s B. ut and sisters,Georgejoined a stream of G e o r g e ' sf a m i l y ,l i k e m a n yo f t h e i r n e i g h - Loyalistsfrom the area who were fleeingto bours in the CamdenVallev.had tried to Qu6becas refugees. r e m a i nn e u t r a l. I n t h e m e a n t i m eG, e o r g e ' sf a t h e ra n d W h e nf i g h t i n gb r o k eo u t i n 1 7 7 5 , t h o u g h , older brothershad signedup to fight for the the CamdenValleysettlerswere forcedto British.Threeyears later,as soon as he was t a k e s i d e s." l f y o u ' r en o t w i t h u s , y o u ' r e 1 6 , G e o r g ed i d t h e s a m e. H e j o i n e dt h e a g a i n s tu s , " t h e r e b e l st o l d t h e m. S o m e King's RoyalRegimentof New York.Afterthe n e i g h b o u rds i d j o i n t h e r e b e l s ,b u t G e o r g e ' s war, in returnfor the lossesthey had father refused.Twicehe was arrestedand suffered,the entirefamily receivedgrantsof twice he escaoedand returnedhome. l a n d n e a rw h a t i s n o w N a p a n e eO , ntario. Fearinga third arrest, he packeda few Once again,they started farms from scratch. b e l o n g i n g as n d w e n t i n t o h i d i n g ,a l o n gw i t h T h i st i m e t h e C a r s c a l l e nps r o s p e r e d. h i s t h r e e o l d e rs o n s.T h i s l e f t G e o r g e h, is Threedescendantsof the familyhave served m o t h e r ,h i s o l d e rs i s t e r ,E l i z a b e t ha,n d h i s as membersof the OntarioLegislature,and youngersister,Ann, to look after the farm by one of these also becamea federalmember themselves. of Parliament.As for George,his name lives Not long afterward,a gang of rebels on in the story of braverythat is told In the arrivedat the farm. Whenthey could not find familyto this day. his father,they grabbedGeorgeand threat- e n e d t o h a n gh i m i f h e d i d n o t r e v e a lh i s f a t h e r ' sh i d i n gp l a c e.G e o r g e ' sr e s p o n s e ? " H a n ga w a y l " More peopleyou could researchare T h r e et i m e s ,t h e r e b e l sp l a c e da n o o s e a r o u n dt h e t e e n a g e r ' sn e c k a n d h o i s t e dh i m up at the end of a rope.Threetimes, George refusedto betrayhis father and brothers. Some of the rebelswere neighbourswho k n e wG e o r g ea n d h i s f a m i l y.F i n a l l yw, h e n they realizedthat he was goingto stand firm no matterwhat, they stopped. 164 BRrrsu Nonrtt ANrnrcn African-American Loyalists Soon after the start of the American Revolution, the British authorities, anxious to enlarge their armies, offered freedom to any slave who would join British troops.This offer of freedom led thousandsofAfrican Americans to join the British army. There were, however, some African-American soldiers who were there as property seizedby the British. In total, about 3500 free African Americans were moved, mostly to Nova Scotia, at the end of the war. Several also came to British North America as slavesof white families who were part of the Loyalist rnigration, which is a mass movement of people who leave as a group. Aboriginal Loyalists The British military quite actively looked for allies among the Iroquois nations. Not all Aboriginal people were interested in becoming involved in the American Revolution, and there were probably The Cape Breton council many Aboriginal families that were as divided as many Patriot meets to discussthe hordesof and Loyalist families. Loyalistrefugeesarrivingfrom The British Americans did gain a large group of Iroquois America. supporters,however, becausemany Iroquois were afraid that if the Patriots won, more Iroquois land would be lost. The Aboriginal Peopleswere very aware that the inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies wanted to expand west, through the Ohio Vaiiey,farther into Aboriginal land. Most Aboriginal support of the British came from the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy.They knew from past experience that American settlerswould simply take the land they wanted. Experiences during the American Revolution justified their fears.Many Iroquois people suffered the same consequencesas other Loyalists.In 1779, for example, a Patriot raiding expedition destroyedseveralIroquois villages along the GeneseeRiver in NewYork.This forced hundreds ofAboriginal Peoplesto seek refuge with the British in Fort Niagara, making them part of the early Loyalist migration. In the end approximately 5000 Iroquois settled in British North America. Many of them settled on a land grant in what is now Southern Ontario, along the Grand River, running south into Lake Erie. Theloyalists | 65  now Kingston,Ontario.Afterthe war, much (detoil) Romney,George, of what had been their homelandwas | 734- I 802, British,Joseph grantedto Americansoldiers.What is worse, Brant (Thoyendonegea),1776, oil on conros, Transferlrom theCanodionWor Memoriols,t921. NotionolGolleryof the treatythat endedthe war did not even Conodo, Ottowo. mentionthe Abori$inalnations.The people -qt- ike the Europeansettlers,the lroquois of the MohawkValleywere now exiles.Many felt betrayedby the British- and by the of the Six Nationswere dividedwhen ff Brants.To make the best of things,Joseph the colonists rebeIled. Some s ided.*Si,'-=*r Brant persuadedthe Britishto grantthe Six with the rebels.More sided with the British. Nationsland alonSthe banks of the Grand Most. however.wantedto remainneutral. Riverin SouthernOntario.Whenthey moved Into this conflictsteppedJosephBrant (Thayendanega there, the ford acrossthe riverat his farm in Mokawk)and his sister, ( K o n w a t s iT' s i a i e n niin M o h a w k )T. h e was called Brant's Ford.Todayit is the site Mary of the city of Brantford.Mary stayed at her stepchildrenof an importantMohawk new home in Cataraqui. sachem- a hereditaryChief- they had grown up in the longhousesof the Mohawk Forthe rest of their lives,Josephand Mary Branttried to help their people.But the RiverValleyof New York.But they had also Mohawkscould not agreeon the kind of help spent a lot of time with Europeansand had they wanted,and many blamedthe Brants adoptedmanyof their ways. Eachhad one for their troubles.In the end, Josephdecided foot in the Mohawkworld and anotherin the to move away.He built himselfa mansion Eurooean world. overlookingBurlingtonBay on Lake Ontario. Recentlywidowed,Mary had been Still, he neverforgot his heritage.When m a r r i e df o r y e a r st o W i l l i a mJ o h n s o n a, he died in 1807, his last words to the friend wealthyand powerfullrish traderwho had at his bedsidewere, "Have pity on the poor been in chargeof Aboriginalaffairs for the Indians.lf you can get any influencewith the British.Johnsonhad arrangedfor Josephto great, endeavourto do them all the good you attend a specialschool.There,the young c a n ". man had learnedEnglishand trainedas an interpreter. The Brantswere firmly pro-British. They More people you could research ate believedthat the Britishwould stoo settlers from takingover Aboriginallands and j ;,:"lr=;ffi 1i'elxt irg. persuadedtheir peopleto fight for the King. ;".1 1":r,,l= ff:9 irri i,:lr +:+'li L:: +:r I Ei,qfu+'l This would have lastingconsequencesfor the peopleof the Six Nations- and for the Brants. ; ::iq; {: i;i4ir:= t::l'* ;'+'ilu';.g:.; Whenthe tide of war turned in favourof :cT*q;l! *- Fi c-ii:rt* *LJ =i+, the rebels,the peopleof the Six Nations were forcedto flee northward.Mary and $ I 1{:* :l ; =te}in;= !,;;;:.1 some of the Mohawkssettledat Cataraqui, s;tqi! 9'5c?: fi ;'tt"t 4€:..1 t66 BRrnsr NoRlr ANrnrcl Was There a Typical Loyalist? Many Loyalists probably had things in common with one another, but there was no rypical Loyalist. Close to half the Loyalists were connected to the military, as part of a Loyalist or a British regiment that was disbanded after the war. Just over half were civilian refugees.As you have already learned, there were African-American, Aboriginal, English, Scottish, and Irish Loyalists.There were also paid soldiers from severalcountries who had served in the British army, so the Loyalist migration also included Germans, Swiss,and Dutch. SeveralAcadians took this opportunity to return to their former homes. Quakers and Mennonites had refused to fight in the American Revolution due to their reiigious beliefs.They found themselvesin an awkward position when the war ended, so some migrated. In 1783, when Britain announced its willingness to award land grants as compensation, or repayment, for Loyalists'losses, there were probably many "instant" Loyalists,attracted more by offers of land than by beiiefs.Ir must be acknowledged, however, that a great number came without thought of payment.The compensation of land grants ended in the late 1790s,but self- proclaimed Loyalistscontinued to trickle into Canada after that. Aside from the military service, Loyalists came from all walks of life.There were shopkeepers,sailors,doctors, blacksmiths, lawyers,politicians, farmers, carpenters,and servants,to name a few. Some Loyalists were able to bring possessions,but many had lost everything and had to start over with very little. The *tary 8o Far.. , If you had to leave your home tomorrow with just a bag full of your possessions,what would you take?Think in terms of physical survival. Besidesland, what else did the Loyalistsneed ro start a new life? The Loyalistsfaced both physical and emotional hardshipsin their new home. Make a list of challengesyou think the Loyalistsmight have experienced. TheLoyalists 167  DesrrruATroN WtoeRNEss While many Loyalistsmigrated at the beginning of, and during, the American Revolution, thousandsmigrated as the war was ending. Most of them travelled by ship to Nova Scotia.There were private organizations of Loyalistswho made arrangements with the British government. The British covered the expense of the passageand supplied food and tools as long as their supplies lasted.No land was given in advance. Some Loyalists,as you have already learned, travelled overland.Aside from those who had been escorted to the border, many made their way by foot and wagon. The Loyalistswho came before the war ended were largely dependent on the military leadersin charge to help them as much as they could, given the circumstances.From L784 to about 1786, most Loyalists could expect to receive:a two-year supply of food; a year'ssupply of clothing; rwo scythes,two spades,three hoes, a chisel, a handsaq a hammer, and a plough; one axe and gun for every male over age 14; and boards,nails, shingles,and window glass. Land was also granted, though it was not distributed evenly. This was an extremely slow processthat created discontent for many Loyalistswaiting in tents in the wilderness. Since land grants were intended for adult males,women Loyalistswho were left without a husband.father. or brother had to make claims for compensation.Usually the women received lessthan the men. From a hat, a Loyalist picks a certificate that identifies what will be his plot of land. How will he know where this plot is located? Do you think there could have been a better way to assign land? 168 Bnrrrsr Nonru ANrRrcl  Stepping lnto the Picture $ f-1-r1his painting,by Reverend Bowan you'llevermeetup with yourold friendsagain? I Squires,shows Loyalistsarriving on the Whodo youthinkis arrivingin that boat?When I shoreof the Bayof Quintein present- do youthinkyou'llget yourlandallotment? Do dayOntario. Yousee onetent set up. British you knowhowto clearlandand builda cabin? armyofficialsrationedtents to eachfamily Whatdo youthinkyou'lldo for foodthis winter? waitingto be grantedlandso theycouldstart It's alreadyAugust,so youwon'tbe ableto theirnewlife.As youcan see,this groupof plantmuch.Doyouthinkthe newcomers will Loyalistsarrivedby boat.Step intothe picture. sharesomeof theirfood?Maybeyoushould Therenow,aren'tyouglad it stoppedraining? talk to one of the others. Howdid you likebeingcoopedup withthe Witha partner,presentthe conversation you wholefamilyin the tent all daybecauseof the wouldhavewithone of the Loyalists just pouringrain?Do you misshome?Do youthink arriving. Theloyalists 169 Snippet This formula was not strictly followed, though. Some officersreceivedrnuch larger grants.The quality of the land granted was not of equal value either.The Loyalistsdrew paper RoseFortune,Canada's First Policewoman from a hat,lottery sfyle,to receivetheir piece of land. Some had better luck than others.In all cases,good land or not, all the RoseFortune Loyalistswho received land had a big job ahead of them.To came t0 receive the of1icial deed certifying that the properry was theirs Annapolis in to keep, they had to clear the land, build a house, and start | 783at the farming. ageof ten, The African-American Loyalistswere not as well aspartof compensatedas the white settlers.Of the 3000 African- theAfrican- American Loyalistsin Nova Scotia,just over a third actually American received land grants.Also, their averagegrant was slightly less Loyalist moYement. than 5 ha each.The African Americans who did not own land Shehadher took work wherever they could find it. All faced discrimination. ownbusiness One problem was in finding jobs.After the war was over asa baggage handlerandserved there were many disbanded soldiers and other Loyalistslooking asa police Apparently officer. for work. In July L784, for example, disbandedwhite soldiers shewasalsoknown fora unique chasedAfrican-American workers from the town of Shelburne styleof dress.Sevengenerations and burned their homes.This was Canada'sfirst race riot.There lateroneof herdescendants, were other problems too. Even if they held land and paid taxes, Daurene Lewis.became the the free African Americans were not entitled to trial by jury, nor mayor firstAfrican-Canadian could they vote. So in 1792, with no land and few job prospects, in Nova Scotiaandthefint nearly half of the African-American Loyalistsin Nova Scotia African-Canadianmayorin Canada accepted a British anti-slavery sociefy'soffer of free passageto in 1984. Sierra Leone, a small country on the west coast ofAfrica. On the other hand, more than half stayedand nurtured what have become the oldest African-American settlementsin the countrY. The migration ofAfrican-American Loyalist pioneers establishedtowns in Nova Scotia like Shelburne, Birchtown, Brindleytown,Tracadie, and Preston.Birchtown grew to be the largest settlement of free African Americans in North America by 1784. W ,,. The African-American settlements in Nova Scotia :'il ' '.r,:Xr |ili[i:,trq$*tfi.Wlr.**;t:, ! - are the oldest in the countty. This illustration is of Shelburne in 1788, where one was located nearby. 170 Bnrrrsu NonrH Aurntcn  Aboriginal Loyalistshad their own reasonsfor discontent. In Canada most of them came from the Iroquois Confederacy.They were given two land grants in what would become Southern Ontario.It hardly made up for the huge massof their land, south of the Great Lakes and as far west as the Mississippi River, that their British allies had transferred to the Americans after the war ended.The British built a church, schooL, sawmill, and flour mill on the new reserves,and paid the salary of one teacher for each Aboriginal settlement.These were not necessarilyprojects the Aboriginal Peopleswere interested in, but when they decided to sell some of the land to get money for their own projects, the British government would not allow it. Notice the difference between the original Aboriginalland grant on the Grand River and the present-dayreserve. $nnpshot Thispainting byElizabeth where theSixNationsReserve wasestablished in 1785. A MohawkYillage Simcoeshowsa Mohawk Thechurch in theforeground stillexists andis the Village ontheGrand River, oldest houseof worship in 0ntario. Ihe Loyalists t 7 l  Loyalist Hardships Most people cannot imagine living in the circumstancesfaced by so many Loyalist refugees.Some people had to eat leaf buds, roots, tree bark, and beech leavesto survive. In 1788 there was a crop failure, a severewinter, and no more British aid. It is recorded that one family lived on beech leavesfor more than a week. Some people died after eating poisonous plants or roots. Skunk (musk glands removed) skinned and baked was consid- ered a tasfy treat.This was known as the "hungry year." One eyewitnessin 1789 wrote that wild leavesand starved domestic animals were rationed "one spoonful of meal per day,for one person."This same witness also reported that one family "leaped for joy at one robin being caught, out of which a whole pot of broth was made." Clothing was another challenge.-Whateverclothing the Loyalistshad brought was quickly worn through. The Aboriginal The Loyalists used handwoven Peoplesgave them the idea of using deerskin.It was warm in cloth and deerskin to make the winter and very durable. Almost every family grew flax and their clothing. What were the kept sheep to make cloth at home by hand. advantages of these materials? Toward a New Society Many Loyalistsshared a feeling of discontent.The length of time it took to get a land grant and the poor quality of some of the land were their first problems. Poor land created an additional migration, as many Loyalists moved shortly after they arrived at their original destination. Discontent among the Loyalistssoon became political. In Qu6bec they were dissatisfiedwith the lack of a representative government. In Nova Scotia they were perturbed that the government was dominated by older inhabitants and they blamed it for their inadequatecompensation.It must have been frustrating to come from one of the Thirteen Colonies, where political involvement was expected, to a situation that was much lessparticipatory. Many Loyalistsfelt, justifiably, that they had suffered a lot for their allegiance to the British crown.'When land grantsand government compensationwere slow in coming, the Loyalistsblamed those who were closest.Some of the older inhabitants found the Lovalist newcomers irritatins in their demands. The British government's first responsewas to divide Nova Scotia ]n 1784 and create the new colonies of New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island.This pleasedthe Loyalist settlerswho had located in large numbers there, especiallysince elected assemblieswould be allowed. By dividing the area and allowing 172 Bntttsr Nonru Arrnrcl the Loyalistsa measureof control over their everyday life, Britain hoped to avoid the kind of civil unrest that had led to Snippet the American Revolution. The First City in British The Loyalist population in Qu6bec was not as large as in North America Nova Scotia, yet the pr-oblemsthere were greater.The Quebec Act of 1771had been designedto govern a French, Catholic In 1795 SaintJohn,New population and allow thern to carry on with their tradicions. Brunswick, became thefirst Although the 10 000 Loyalistswere still the rninority, it was, cityin British official North after all, a British colony.The Loyalistsin Qu6bec expected America. Ihomas Carleton, representativegovernnrent, especiallyafter the New Brunswick Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick, incorporated Saint solution. Johnto placateresidents. Ihey In 1791the ConstitutionalAct attempted to satisfythe became angry because, after requirements of both the Loyalistsand the French in Qu6bec. briefly naming SaintJohncapital Using the solution that worked in Nova Scotia,Qu6bec was of thenewcolony,hehad divided into Lower Canada and Upper Canada.The terms /ourcr transferred thishonour to and uppcrwere used to indicate each colony'sposition on the St. Iredericton, a much smaller Lawrence River. Lower Canada,the easternarea,contained rnost community. of the French inhabitants with a small nurnber of British. Upper Canada,the western area,was home to the maioritv of British Loyalists. The division of Qu6bec formally separatedBritish North America on the basisof two distinct societies.Loyalist dernands were satisfied,but not at the expenseof French Canadian traditions. B yd i v i d i n g the territories, the British hopedto avoidcivil unrest.Did they succeed? IheLoyalists173  UnderSimcoe,the Rangersbecamea crackfightingforce, able to move quicklyand strike suddenly,Theirreputationof being gallant meant that they were chosen to fi$ht in many battles.As a result,Simcoewas woundedseveraltimes. ln 1779 he was taken prisoner,but managedto escape. Whenthe Britishsurrendered,Simcoe's -rohn first thought was for the safety of his troops. GravesSimcoefoundedthe E Most of them were Loyalistsrather than I settlementat Yorkoverthe objectionsof F Britishsoldiers.He was sure the Americans J fris superior,GovernorGeneralGuy wouldtreat them as traitors,not prisonersof Carleton.This was not unusualfor Simcoe. war. He was right.ThoughSimcoehelped He was often at odds with peoplewho did many Rangersescape, some were left n o t s h a r eh i s v i s i o n. behind.These men were executed. The son of a RoyalNavycaptain,Simcoe Becauseof his experienceswith the was born in Englandand joined the British army when he was 19. Whenthe American Queen'sRangers,Simcoehad great affection and respect for the Loyalists.When colonistsrebelled,his regimentwas sent to he returnedto England,he did not forget help crush the revolt.He soon realizedthat those who had served under him. He somethingwas wrong.The militarytactics arrangedfor them to be granted land in Nova that had made the Britishso successfulon Scotia. He also played an active role in the Eurooeanbattlefieldsdid not work in the debate about the future of Canada,speaking North Americanbush. out for all Lovalists. When he was placedin chargeof a regimentcalledthe Queen'sRangers, Simcoehad a chanceto out some of his own ideas into practice.He outfitted his troops in green uniformsbecausehe believedthat the More people you could red coats of many Britishsoldiersmade them easy targets. Ratherthan practising m a r c h i n gh, e d r i l l e dh i s m e n i n h a n d l i n gt h e i r Sir Guyftarleton musketsand bayonets.He also did ThornasJeffers*n somethingeven more unusual:he ordered €hief Fsntiec the Rangersto bathe as often as possible, since he believedit was healthierto be E!izabeth$imcne clean.. ) GeorgeWa*hing$an 174 Bnrnsr NonrH AurRrcl Simcoe Establishes Upper Ganada 'WhenJohn GravesSimcoe was offered the post of Lieutenant- $nippet Governor of the new province of Upper Canada,he jumped at Upper the chance to help create a new colony. He wanted it to be a [imit refuge for everyone who shared his belief that British Thanksto John Graves Simcoe, institutions were the best. One of his ideas was to re-establish Upper Canada became thefint the Queen's Rangers as a military force and to help build the placein theworld to limit necessaryroads and bridges. slavery. limcoe wanted to abolish On September26,1791, Simcoe sailedfor Upper Canada. thepractice butmany completely, With him were his wife, Elizabeth, and his rwo youngesr government members owned children. For the next five years, the Simcoes would make slaves. Towintheirsupport, he Upper Canada their home. hadto water down theanti- Simcoe hoped that Upper Canadawould show Americans lawintroduced slavery in 1791. what they were missing.He hoped to atffact more settlersto the Peoplewere allowedto keep area and create a model community based on British slaves theyalready owned, butno government and iaw He quickly set about surveying land, morecouldbeimported. Children creating positions of atithoriry and passinglaws to keep order. bornto slaveswere to beset freewhen theyturned 25. Land grants of about 75ha were availableto settlerswho would swear loyalty to the King, serve in a militia for the defence of Upper Canada, and improve and farm their land. As a result of the grants, thousandsof Late Loyalkts arrived from America. Barely ten years after the war with America ended, Simcoe sensedthat there might soon be a need for a strong military deGnce position for Upper Canada.Conflicts bet'uveen Aboriginal groups and American settlersin the OhioValley and south had been escalatingsteadily. This was complicated by the fact that the British had not totally withdrawn from the area the way they were supposed to after the war. Simcoe thought that of al1 the sites in Upper Canada,York (now Toronto) would make the best base for controlling Lake Ontario. He moved the capital of Upper Canada from Newark toYork and planned to build FortYork. The development of the fort never did match Simcoe's grand plan for it, but York was establishedas a populated settlement. 1 Design a coin to commemorate the Loyalist migration. 2 Explain how the hardships were different for African- American Loyalists. Britain did not want "history to repeat itself." Explain. Theloyalists t 7 5  hen we set our focus for this chapter we acknowledgedthat the Loyalistswere one of the most significant groups to settle in Ganada. Drivenhere by reasonsmostly connected to the American Revolution, the sheer change in populationalone could not be ignored.The Loyalists created a spirit of allegianceto the British crown and its institutions that we see around us even today. By reading about a variety of individuals,we have observedthat no two Loyalists were alike. There were common problemsfor all, though. Most started their lives in British North America with very little, and their lives were very challenging.We saw how quickly the arrival of these Loyalistsforced the governmentto meet the newcomers'demandsand to protect and maintain the British colonial system. Lands and peoplewere divided. The interconnectednessof Britain, France,the AboriginalPeoples,FrenchNorth America, and British North America would continue for quite some time, Simcoe knew that they would clash again so he establishedYork and created a military base and settlement there. Tnrruxrrc ABourYounLrnnrrrue Chooseone of the differentgroupsof people Createa muralto depictthe Loyalists' who took part in the Loyalistmigration.From experience.Youcouldchooseto: the pointof viewof a child in a Loyalist a) depictone groupinvolvedin the Loyalist familyfrom that group,writea children's migration,or story that highlightssome of the challenges b) concentrateon one aspectthat affected the familymet both gettingto BritishNorth all the Loyalists,or Americaand aftertheir arrival.Makethe c) createa montageto highlightseveral detailsas authenticas vou can. aspectsof the Loyalists'situation. t 75 Bnrrrsn Autnrcn NoRttt  Youn Lennnrruc Apprvrr,rc KrY Wonos Usrrrrc Go backto the introductorychapterand O Lookup the followingwordsin a dictionary: review Steps ln the ResearchProcess on. compensation pages2I-22. Followingthe steps shown o electedassembly there, begina projectto uncoverthe. migration historicaldevelopmentof yourown o militaryrule community. This projectwill be ongoing. Loyalist throughoutthis unit. Fornow,completesteps r Patriot 1 to 3. In yourplanningbe sureto consider. refugee origins,key personalities,and the Givenwhat you havejust learnedaboutthese contributionsof all the culturalgroups words,what wouldyou add to the definition involved. in yourdictionary? f) Refugeesstill look to Canadaas a placeto make a new life and, like the Loyalist refugees,most still face problems. o What problemswouldrefugeesin Canada face today? o Howare the problemsof today'srefugees similarto or differentfrom the Lovalists' problems? o Make a plan to investigatewhat type of assistanceCanadaoffers refugeestoday. Loyaltyis a very complicatedconcept.Jot downa list of people,places,and ideasto whichyou feel loyal.Tryto decidejust how loyalyou think you wouldbe and what you wouldbe willingto do to proveit. Protestsagainsttaxes are not just a thing of the past.Ask your parentsor otherfamily membersif they can remembersome recent protestsagainsttaxes.Pieceas muchof the story togetheras you can. Whatwas being taxed? How did peopleprotest?What happenedto the tax? Theloyalists t77  T|te Whr of 1812 1794 1803 1811 L8L2 Jaytlreaty Warresumes in Europe Battle ofTippecanoe. United States declares waron Britain. Battle Julyl7 of l'lichilimackinac,. Battle of Detroit, August16. Battle of Queenston Heights,0ctober 13 r78 Bnrrrsr l.lonru Arrnrcl S r r r r N GO u n F o c u s n the picture on the left, British troops burn Washington in 1,81,4in retaliation againstthe Americans who burnedYork in 1813. Examine the picture and discuss what reasonsa military leader would have for destroying a capital ciry's buildings, whether or not this type of destruction should be allowed, and what consequences might result from the destruction of a capital city. in which British North In this chapter you will be learning about the'War of 1.81.2, American and British soldiers fought againstAmerican soldiers.The War of 7812 was ended by an armistice,TheTieaty of Ghent, on December 24,1814. Since the war did not end as a result of a decisive defeat or retreat,this war is described as the war that both sideswon. It also provided British North Americans with a senseof military glory and, more importantly, a senseof identiry.The War o{ 1.812was the last time British North America had to deGnd itself againstAmerican military invasion. Policies since then have been basedon an underlying desire to maintain friendly relations. '\Il'onn P n e v r E w r N GT H E G U n P T E R I(nv s In this chapter you will learn about these topics: arrnistiea o the major causes of the War of LAL2 coa!ition. the different groups of people,and some specific di*pl*ced grcfitc0st individuals,who wete significantto the War of LgL2 l;less o the impact the War of L8L2 had on the development trsilty of Canada War Hawks. the tendency of past events to affect future events. the achievementsand contributionsof Sir John GravesSimcoe 1813 1814 1815 L8L7. Battle. Washingtonburns Battle of New0rleans of Stoney Creek, June5-6. Battle Rush-Bagot Agreement. Battle of Beaver Dams, June24 July5 of Chippawa,. Battle. Battleof LundytLane, July25 of Moraviantown,0ctober 5. Battle. Battle of Chiteauguay, 0ctober 26 of Plattsburg, September. Battle. TheTreaty of Ghent of Cryslert tarm,November The Warof l8l2 179 Snippet RrrueruBERrNG SrrucoEATYonx Pathmastersor When SirJohn (]rlves Sinrcoeu'as appointed the first Taskmasters? Lieuterr:urt-Governorof Upper Canadarr L7()2,his main goals \ \ ' r ' l ' ct o l t t r ' ; l ( 'rt r r o r c. c t t l e r - \sL. r r v ( ' \t 'h e I a r r d.. r r rcdr c a t er r r r o d c l ln theearly| 800s, roadsin cournrnnitv.Sinrcoervas,first :urc1foremost,a military man, and Upper Canada wereunder the like nranv l3ritish nrilitarv irr-rtirorities of the clay,he rvas control of special supervisors qoverueclbv a senscof thc inevitability of war. In 1795 travel pathmosters. called 0neof a r.vriterLa Rochcfoucault-Liancourt wrote of Sinrcoe that,"No jobswasto ensure pathmastert hillock catcheshis eve r,vithout excitins in his nrind the idea of thatsettlers obeyed thelaw a fort." requiring themto work3 to l2 daysa yearontheroads. This During his tinre in Upper Canacla,Simcoe alr.vays directed systemdidnotworkverywell, settletncntr.vith an cye to military lllovement. Roads, for however. Thedreadful stateof exanrple,r,vcrelaricJ out to provide nrilitarv rolltes and speedy theroadswasa source of conrmunication paths,should the need arise.Probably the most endless complaintbytravellers famous eranrple of Sinrcoe'splans forYork isYonge Street.At andsettlenalike. 1t385knr, rt is still thc lonsest streetin the world, stretchingfar north fronr Lake Ontario.TWo other significantroutes that were a result of Simcoe'splanning and surveyingwere Kingston Road and Dundas Street. By the tinre he left in 1796 to be sovernor of Santo Donrir-tso,Haitr (nor.vthe Dominican l\epublic), Sirncoe had also nr:rnageclto direct popr-rlationstoward :r string of settie- lrents, east,west,north, :rnclsouth that later becarre,and still are, inrportant urb:ur celrtres. Relatethe landmarkson the map of York in 1813to the landmarksthat are there today. O r80 Bnttrsr Nonttt ANrnrca Snapshot The Wonied about another Ihough theywerecalled streetsandroads, they Roads warwiththeUnited werelittlemorethantrailsthrough thewoods.They States, Lieutenant-Governorwereoftenblocked by fallentreesandbrush that John Graves Simcoe hadenvisionedtwo important threatenedt0 growback as fast as theywerecleared. militaryroads in UpperCanada.ThefirstwasDundas Wagons andcoaches hadto dodge treestumpsand Street,named afterHenry Dundas,Britishcolonial oftenbecame miredin mudwhenit rained. tor years secretary.lt wasto stretchmorethan800kmbetween winter wasthebesttimeto travel in Upper Canada theboundary of LowerCanada andpresent-day becausetheroads werefrozen solid. Windsor. Thesecond wasYonge Street, named after Simcoet friend,GeorgeYonge,theBritishministerof war.Running northfromYorkto LakeSimcoe, the road wasintended to helpmove troopsandsupplies to the Upper GreatLakes. Workon Dundas Streetstartedat present-day Dundas in 1793. tollowing anoldfur-trading route, the 6overnort Rood, asit wascalled,hadbeenextended to [a Tranche, nearpresent-day London, by | 794.A year later,anAmerican roadbuilder named AsaDanforth hadcleared theleglinkingDundas andYork. Danforth laterwonthecontract to buildthesection between YorkandKingston, shownin thepicture,a stretchthat became known astheKingstonRood. By 1796theQueent Rangersandsettlers had clearedYonge Streetasfar asHolland Landing,about 53 kmnorthofYork. British-AmericanRelations A treaty that ends a war is a negotiated, signed, and approved agreement between the countries that had been at war. In 1763 the Tleary of Paris was signed by France,Britain, and Spain to end the SevenYears'-War.Thattreafy transferred Qu6bec from France to Britain, giving Britain control of almost all of North America. In 1783, another Tieary of Paris marked Britain's signed acknowledgement of the independence of the United States. This acknowledgement ofAmerican independence was supposedto usher in a new age of cordial relations between the new nation and the parent country. The British government was tired of war, so the treafy was negotiated in such a way as to avoid future friction between the United Statesand Britain. One of the causesof the American'War of Independence had been the expansion of the territory of Qu6bec rn 1774, to include all the land around the Great Lakes,the Aboriginal reservesto the west, and the OhioValley - the area around the Mississippi River. IheWarof l8l2 t8l  Hoping for a lasting peace,the British negotiators were anxious to make almost any boundary arcangernents.According to the Tieaty of Paris rn 1783, Britain was supposedto give the OhioValley to the American government. Expansion west was extremely important to the newly formed United States.In return,America was to compensateLoyalistsfor land and properfy that had been taken during the war. More than ten years later neither side had fulfilled the treafy'srequirements.Britain hesitated to turn over the Ohio Valley for a few reasons.The colonists in Lower Canada, especially the merchants in Montr6al, were extremely unhappy about losing accessto an area that they had come to call their own.The Quebec Act of 1774 had made the OhioValley part of Qu6bec to maintain French Canadian support of Britain by increasing their advantage in the fur trade.The merchants in Lower Canada did not want to lose this advantage and urged Britain to hold on to this area. JosephBrant and other Aboriginalleadersof the Six Aboriginal Peoples' Goncerns Nationsencouragedan Another great concern for Britain at this time was retaining the allianceof tribes to recover Aboriginal Peoplesas allies for British North America. The land south of the OhioRiver. Treaty of Paris did not consider Aboriginal concerns at all. Fearing continual wesrward expansion into their land, some Aboriginal groups carried out a seriesof raids in an attempt to regain and hold their land. Since the British had not reieasedtheir hold on the OhioValley,Americans believed that the British were behind these raids. In fact, they were not. The British feared that if they pushed too far, those Aboriginal groups who had been displacedby the teary of Paris might attack Qu6bec too. Sir Guy Carleton, Governor of Qu6bec, urged Britain to hold onto the'Western area in order to regain Aboriginal confidence. Many Americans wondered why the British would not leave,since the land was not theirs anymore. Tecumseh,Chief of the Shawnee,his half- brother, known asThe Prophet, andJoseph Brant of the Six Nations were some of the leaderswho encouraged an alliance of tribes, especiallysouth of the Great Lakes.Between 1.786 and 179L this confederacy of Aboriginal nations successfully recovered some land south of the Ohio River. 182 Bnrlstt Nonru ANrRrcl Jay's Treaty By 1794 the Americans were ready to take a stand.They had defeated the Aboriginal confederation led by Tecumseh in a battle at Fallen Timbers, close to the Maurnee River on the west coastof Lake Erie. ManyAmericans seemedready to take up all grievanceson a battleground. Britain was at war with France and so was anxious to avoid a war with the United States.By signing Jay'sTreary Britain agreed to surrender the Western Ohio area by 1796.This treaty did not, however, resolve a border dispute that existedbetween Maine and New Brunswick. The Story So Fat ,. , Think about the qr.rotationon page 180 describingSirJohn GravesSirncoe.State the reasonsa military man like Simcoe might feel the need to worry about forts and transportation during this time period. Compare Simcoe'simpact on British North America in the How would you feel if Americansettlements 1790swithTalon's impact on New France in the 1660s. displacedyou from Think about the Tleary of Paris of 1783. Creare a chart where you live? showing the reasonsfor dissatisfactionfor Americans, Aboriginal Peoples,and British North American colonists. GonseeuENcEs oF WnRtruEunopr From 1803 to 1809,Britain and France were at war with each other. They establishedtrade blockades that prevented enemy and neutral ships from entering their ports to exchange goods. The British nar,ryalso searchedships for deserters.Many of the ships were American. These incidents provoked the United Statesinto considering a war againstBritain. The Var Hawks were vocal advocatesfor a war with tsritain, but the majority of people in the United Statesdid not agree with them.. The British North American coloniesbenefited from the situation in Europe and from all the trade blockades.The coloniessoon became a major supplier o