History of Ukraine PDF

History of Ukraine In English Pre-Slavic Ukraine Trypillian Culture - First evidence of humans in Ukraine is from 150,000 years ago Cimmerians - first written mention of inhabitants of Ukraine is in Homer’s Odyssey, skilled horsemen and brought Iron Age to Ukraine Pre-Slavic Ukraine...

History of Ukraine In English Pre-Slavic Ukraine Trypillian Culture - First evidence of humans in Ukraine is from 150,000 years ago Cimmerians - first written mention of inhabitants of Ukraine is in Homer’s Odyssey, skilled horsemen and brought Iron Age to Ukraine Pre-Slavic Ukraine Scythians - nomads who spoke Persian, settled in Crimea and near Black Sea, fierce warriors ○ Many of the region’s rivers may come from their language - Dnipro, Donets, Dnister, Danube) Sarmatians - another group of Persian speaking people from east, traded with China  Eastern Slavs Originated in Carpathian Mountains Spread in all directions Not much information ruled over by other people, but Slavic culture survived Kyiv - founded in 482  Kyivan Rus People from Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway, Denmark) came down Dnipro River Wanted to control trade Kyiv became capital of one of the most developed societies in Europe Oleh - first confirmed ruler of Kyivan Rus - 879 CE Volodomyr the Great Under his rule Kyivan Rus became largest state in Europe To marry the sister of Byzantine Emperor, he converted to Christianity in 988 CE. Baptized residents of Kyiv in Dnipro Trident was depicted as his symbol of power End of Kyivan Rus Princes fought for control Trade declined Kyiv fell to the Mongols in 1240 Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia continued in the west - first true Ukrainian state? Polish-Lithuanian Period 400 years ruled by either Lithuania or Poland Developed separate from Russia Both Poland and Lithuania different political systems and looked west (towards Europe) Polish-Lithuanian Period Lithuania expanded down the Dnipro and controlled Kyiv - more tolerant Poland expanded into Western Ukraine(Ruthenia) - conflicts over Catholicism Joined to create Poland-Lithuania commonwealth Emergence of the Cossacks Lived on borders - Ukraina = “on the borders” Allowed to be mostly independent Formed sichs(forts) that each had their own assembly(Rada) Led several uprisings against Polish Bohdan Khmelnytsky - led uprising in 1648  Polish Partition In 1700s Poland was divided among 3 major powers ○ Russian Empire got most of Ukraine ○ Austria-Hungary got parts of Western Ukraine  Polish Partition Russian rule was worse than Polish and Austrian - less rights, school was in Russian Distinct Ukrainian culture continued to develop In areas where Austria ruled there were schools in Ukrainian language and publishing in Ukrainian was allowed Ukrainian National Revival Lots of art, journals, and academic papers published in Ukrainian People in Western Ukraine began calling themselves Ukrainians instead of Ruthenians to show connection between Ukrainian speaking people in both east and west National Anthem - “Ukraine has not yet Perished” is written in 1862 Eventually led to a political movement to create a culturally defined Ukrainian nation  Taras Shevchenko Helped to develop Ukrainian as a literary language wrote about Ukraine as a separate nation oppressed by Poles and Russians Sentenced to hard labor for anti-Russian writings That glory will revive The glory of Ukraine, And a clear light, not a twilight, Will shine forth anew. WWI to Independence After World War I, Between 1917 and 1920, several independent Ukrainian states declared ○ They were not able to defend themselves and eventually came under control of Poland or USSR After World War II, Poland lost its parts of Ukraine to the USSR WWI to Independence Ukraine rapidly becomes industrialized In 1954, Crimea is transferred from the Russian Republic to Ukrainian SSR Large independence movement begins in late 1980s An Independent Ukraine Referendum is held on December 1, 1991 - approved by 92% Adopted by Rada on August 24 Began working towards building a stable, independent, and democratic state An Independent Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk elected first president of Ukraine Constitution of Ukraine was signed in 1996