Health Q1 - Lesson 1-4 Consumer Health.pdf

HEALTH 10 Quarter 1 – SY: 2024-2025 Guidelines and Criteria in the Selection and Evaluation of Health Information, Products and Services Lesson 1: Consumer...

HEALTH 10 Quarter 1 – SY: 2024-2025 Guidelines and Criteria in the Selection and Evaluation of Health Information, Products and Services Lesson 1: Consumer Consumer is someone who acquires, buys and uses products, services and health information. Being a consumer involves building your consumer knowledge on health, which can help you make wise decisions when buying goods and services. All of us are consumers. We acquire information, purchase products, and avail of services to appraise, develop, and uphold our health. Decision-making is an important skill that you must learn in order to live a healthy and normal life. Being a good consumer is being careful about how you spend your money. In other words, a good consumer spends money wisely. How to become a wise and well-informed consumer? CHARACTERISTICS OF A CONSUMER 1.) Get to know the products or services first. 2.) Be meticulous with sales talk or marketing gimmicks. 3.) Consult the authorities when in doubt. 4.) Never sacrifice quality from quantity. The seven (7) types of Consumer: 1. Intelligent Consumer - Is a type of a consumer that prioritizes needs rather than your wants and limits her purchase in his or her ability to pay 2. Spendthrift consumer - Is a type of a consumer who lavish themselves with anything or everything that indicates luxury. Thrift or economy is not in their vocabulary. 3. Bargain Add - Is a type of a consumer who has an obsession for all types of bargain sale and becomes an easy prey to the sales traps laid by deceitful traders. 4. Closed-fisted consumer - type of a consumer who hoards money but deprives itself of his/her needs. 5. Panic buyer - Is a type of consumer who is easily agitated by rumors of rising prices, product shortages, and political disorders and tend to hoard unreasonable quantity of households supplies and thereby contributes to price increase and artificial shortages. 6. Impulsive buyer - Is a consumer that does not prioritize its needs and buys anything you think is need or like and regret it afterwards. 7. Wasteful consumer - A type of a consumer that has a habit of leaving the lights on, ignoring leaking faucets, buying more than enough food that you can consume and throwing away good food afterwards. Lesson 2: Consumer Health Consumer Health refers to the decisions you make about the purchase and use of health information, products and services that will have a direct effect on your health. It aims to develop a person’s ability to evaluate and utilize health information, products, and services wisely and effectively. The three (3) important components: 1. health information, 2. health products and 3. health services 1. Health Information - is any knowledge that we hear from people around us, read from books and other printed materials, or from the media that influence our health. “It is information that people require to make wise choices and decisions about their health or the health of [other people” (Galvez Tan, et al., 2009). It is any concept, step, or advice that various sources give to aid the health status of an individual. The type of information varies depending on “diseases, sexual health, weight loss/gain, drugs and alcohol, depression/mental illness, violence, smoking, eating disorders, acne/skin care, local clinics, and sexual assault” (Payne, et al., 2005). It is continuously and rapidly Q1 Health | Page 1  changing. Thus, it “should be timely, relevant, culturally appropriate, accessible, and delivered in a relevant format” (Galvez Tan, et al., 2009). FACT or BLUFF. Read the health information below and check if it is scientifically true or not. a. Circumcision is done for hygienic purposes only. (FACT) b. Eating chocolates cause acne and pimples. (BLUFF) c. Cracking your knuckles causes arthritis. (BLUFF) d. A person who is healthy and has a balance diet meal doesn’t need supplements. (BLUFF) e. Sleeping with hair causes mental disorders and brain tumor. (BLUFF) f. Jumping from the third step of the stairs on the first day of menstruation reduces the number of bleeding days. (BLUFF) g. Putting toothpaste on burns causes irritation. (FACT) h. You will surely get a skin disease when you hold the eggs of a lizard. (BLUFF) i. Warts are virus and contagious. (FACT) j. Sleep need varies depending on the individual. (FACT) EXPLANATION: Reptiles and amphibians might have Salmonella germs on their bodies even when they appear healthy and clean. Salmonella can spread by either direct or indirect contact with amphibians (e.g., frogs), reptiles (e.g., turtles, lizards or snakes) or their droppings. If, after touching or handling an amphibian or reptile, you touch your hands to your mouth without thoroughly washing them first, you can infect yourself with Salmonella. Circumcision reduces the bacteria that can live under the foreskin. This includes bacteria that can cause urinary tract infections or, in adults, STIs. Circumcised infants appear to have less risk of urinary tract infections than uncircumcised infants during the first year of life. Toothpaste can intensify the burn's pain and increase the risk of infection and scarring. Common warts are caused by a virus and are transmitted by touch. It can take a wart as long as two to six months to develop after your skin has been exposed to the virus. (The eight (8) types of Warts: (1.) Common Wart – common on the hand and knuckles, (2.) Plantar Wart – on soles heel or toes of feet, (3.) Filiform Wart – usually on face near eyelids and lips, (4.) Mosaic Wart – group of tightly clustered wart (5.) Periungual Wart – around finger nail or toe nail, (5.) Oral Wart – within oral cavity, (6.) Genital Wart – located near or in genital areas Sleep need varies depending on the individual and can be anywhere from 12 hours in long- sleeping children, to six hours in short-sleeping healthy older adults 2. Health Products - are items that we ingest to improve our well-being, like medicine, food, clothes, furniture, electronics, etc. These are food, drugs, cosmetics, devices, biologicals, vaccines, in-vitro diagnostic reagents, and household/urban hazardous substances and/or a combination of and/or a derivative thereof (FDA Act, 2009). 3. Health Services - are programs we avail from various providers such as physicians, nurses, therapists, health workers, hospitals, clinics, and the government. Some examples of these health services are insurance, treatment and cure, complementary and alternative medicine. are usually offered by healthcare providers. “A healthcare provider is a trained professional who provides people with healthcare” (Meeks, et al., 2011). It is divided into three (3): Health Professionals, Healthcare Facilities and Health Insurance. HEALTH PROFESSIONALS These are individuals who are licensed to practice medicine and other allied health programs. An example of a health professional is a physician. Q1 Health | Page 2  A PHYSICIAN records the medical history of individuals, provides diagnoses, performs medical examinations, and prescribes medications. There are different types of physicians based on their area of specialization ▪ ANESTHESIOLOGIST a doctor who practices anesthesia that helps ensure the safety of patients undergoing surgery. ▪ GYNECOLOGIST is a doctor who specializes in women's reproductive health. ▪ OBSTETRICIAN cares for women during their pregnancy and just after the baby is born. ▪ OPTHALMOLOGIST is concerned with the study of disorder and diseases of the eyes. ▪ DERMATOLOGIST focuses on diseases and conditions of the skin, nails, and hair. ▪ PEDIATRICIAN focuses on treating children from birth to young adulthood. ▪ HEMATOLOGIST is a doctor who specializes in researching, diagnosing, treating, and preventing blood disorders and disorders of the lymphatic system ▪ ORTHOPEDICS - the branch of medicine dealing with the correction of deformities of bones or muscles. A doctor who sees people with a variety of conditions that affect the muscles, nerves, bones, joints, and connective tissues. Conditions, such as arthritis, bursitis, and osteoporosis. ▪ CARDIOLOGIST - focus on the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart and blood vessels. “A healthcare practitioner is an independent healthcare provider who is licensed to practice on a specific area of the body” (Meeks et al., 2011). ALLIED HEALTH PROFESSIONAL - Nurses, dieticians, pharmacists and physical therapists are examples of allied health professionals. “An allied health professional is a trained healthcare provider who participates under the supervision of a physician or healthcare practitioner” (Meeks et al., 2011). HEALTHCARE FACILITIES These are places or institutions that offer healthcare services. There are different types of healthcare facilities (Meeks et al., 2011). a. Hospital - It is an institution where people undergo medical diagnosis, care, and treatment. A hospital offers different types of medical care, like inpatient and outpatient care. o Inpatient care refers to care given to individuals who need to stay inside the hospital to receive proper treatment, monitoring, and care. o Outpatient care refers to treatment that does not require an individual to stay inside the hospital. KINDS OF HOSPITALS: ▪ A private hospital is operated by individuals to gain profit. ▪ A government or public hospital is being run by the state and the treatment fees are subsidized. ▪ A voluntary hospital does not require profit because it is owned by a community or an organization. ▪ A teaching hospital includes a school for medical students. Q1 Health | Page 3  CLASSIFICATIONS OF HOSPITALS: ▪ General Hospitals have complete medical, surgical, and maternal care facilities. Examples currently in our country: 1.) Philippine General Hospital, 2.) Baguio General Hospital, 3.) Cebu General Hospital, 4.) Davao Medical Center ▪ Specialty Hospitals handle a particular disease or condition or deal with only one type of patient. Examples currently in our country: 1.) Philippine Heart Center, 2.) Lung Center of the Philippines 3.) National Kidney Transplant Institute b. Walk-in surgery center - It is a facility that offers surgery without patient admission to the hospital. c. Health Center - The services in a health center cater to a specific population with various health needs. d. Extended Healthcare Facility - This facility provides treatment, nursing care, and residential services to patients, often the elderly. HEALTH INSURANCE It is a financial agreement between an insurance company and an individual or group for the payment of healthcare costs” (Payne et al., 2005). This institution also may pertain to a “protection that provides benefits for sickness and injury” (Meeks et al., 2011). Common Types of Health Insurance ▪ Medical insurance pays for the fees of the health professionals, laboratory tests, and prescription drugs. ▪ Major medical insurance offers payment for long-term or chronic diseases such as AIDS and cancer. ▪ Hospitalization insurance pays for the stay of the patient inside the hospital. ▪ Surgical insurance pays for surgery fees. ▪ Disability insurance provides financing for members who meet accidents or suffer from illnesses. Health insurance caters to both public and private companies. An example of public health insurance is PhilHealth. As mandated by law in the country, employees of both public and private companies avail of PhilHealth. It requires a small monthly contribution from its members. These contributions are saved and used for the medical care needed by a PhilHealth member. A Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) is a healthcare provider that offers medical services that are availed through a prepaid amount of money. Beware of Fake or Fraud Health Fraud is a health service promised and paid for but not provided at an appropriate standard of professionalism or skill. Medicare fraud is a generic term for any unlawful act which results in the inappropriate billing of Medicare for services by a healthcare provider, including physicians, hospitals, and affiliated providers. The most common healthcare provider fraud activities drain public payer finances and promote unsafe care conditions for beneficiaries. Examples of Fraudulent health Care Services: Q1 Health | Page 4  1. Fraudulent provider billing, duplicate billing, and billing for services not medically needed accounted for 46 percent of provider fraud cases in 2016. 2. Billing for services not performed is the most common provider fraud activity and defrauds millions from public and commercial insurers alike. then brought in to sign forms suggesting that they completed the services. 3. Falsifying claims or diagnoses 4. Prescribing unnecessary medications to patients *Note: Here are some government firms that we can approach to report illegal and fraudulent health products and services. (1.) DOH / Department of Health, (2.) DTI / Department of Trade and Industries, and (3.) FDA / Food and Drug Administration Complementary and Alternative Healthcare Modalities and Consumer Welfare Protection Lesson 3: Complementary and Alternative Modalities ⮚ shows us an avenue or an alternative way for us consumers to help keep and maintain our body strong and healthy that enables us to withstand harmful health conditions. ⮚ This unconventional way is what we call CAM or the Complementary and Alternative Modalities. ⮚ These complementary and alternative healthcare modalities are often taken because some individuals believe that traditional medical care may not be enough to treat a particular health condition. ⮚ A complementary medicine is available and integrated together with traditional medicine. On the other hand, alternative medicine is offered in place or a substitute of conventional/traditional medicine. 4 MAJOR DOMAINS BIOLOGY-BASED PRACTICE - taking herbal medicine and availing of special diets and vitamins. ENERGY MEDICINCE - uses magnetic fields or biofields in belief that energy fields may enter various points in the body. MANIPULATIVE AND BODY BASED PRACTICES - are bodily-kinesthetic in nature and are concerned with movement therapy. MIND-BODY MEDICINE - uses mental exercises in belief that the brain is central to the health of an individual. Q1 Health | Page 5  ⮚ Complementary medicine is used together with conventional medicine. An example of complementary therapy is using Aromatherapy to help lessen a patient’s discomfort following a surgery. ⮚ While Alternative medicine is used in place of conventional medicine. ⮚ An example of an alternative therapy is using a special diet to treat cancer instead of undergoing surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy that has been recommended by a conventional doctor. Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997 (RA NO 8423) ⮚ provisioned the creation of the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Healthcare (PITAHC), which works closely with the Department of Health. ⮚ The PITAHC is also the law-making body with concerns to the effective use of traditional and alternative medicine. The following are examples of the PITAHC approved alternative modalities ⮚ NATUROPATHY “Naturopathic medicine views diseases as a manifestation of an alteration in the processes by which the body naturally heals itself” (Donatelle, 2006). Naturopathy offers a wide range of natural practices. DIFFERENT KINDS OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 1. Acupuncture It is a form of energy medicine where long thin needles are inserted into specific parts of the body to affect the energy flow. Acupuncture is believed to treat musculoskeletal dysfunctions. 2. Ventosa Cupping Massage Therapy The therapist does the procedure by placing inverted glasses with flames from burning cotton, on specific points in the body. It is believed to relieve muscle and joint pains. 3. Reflexology Similar to acupuncture, reflexology focuses on treating specific disorders through massaging of the soles of the feet. 4. Acupressure Acupressure uses the same technique as that of acupuncture. The only difference is that acupressure does not use needles but hands to apply pressure on the body's specific points. 5. Nutrition Therapy Nutrition therapy approaches the treatment of a medical condition by providing a tailored diet for the patient. ⮚ HERBAL MEDICINE Ten (10) herbs are verified and tested to have therapeutic value and approved by the Department of Health (Galvez Tan et al., 2009) 1. AKAPULCO - For ringworm and other skin (fungal) infections. Q1 Health | Page 6  2. AMPALAYA - For non-insulin dependent diabetic patients 3. BAWANG – For blood pressure control 4. BAYABAS – For use as antiseptic to disinfect wounds for mouthwash or tooth decay and gum infection 5. LAGUNDI – For cough and asthma 6. NIYOG-NIYOGAN –For intestinal worms, particularly ascaris and trichina 7. SAMBONG – For urinary stones 8. TSAANG GUBAT – For mouthwash 9. PANSIT-PANSITAN - For arthritis and gout 10. YERBA- BUENA – For relief from body aches and pains Why do people choose Complementary and Alternative Modalities? ▪ Suggested by family and friends. ▪ It is less expensive than conventional medicine. ▪ Because of philosophical or cultural orientation (customs and traditions) ▪ Increasing media and internet advertisements. ▪ Desire to treat the disease naturally purposely in reducing the side effects of the treatment. ▪ Dissatisfaction or loss of trust in conventional medicine. ▪ Lessening the feeling of hopelessness and helplessness. ▪ To improve the immune system ▪ Improve the quality of one’s life. Consumer Protection Act Consumer Rights Agencies that Promotes Consumer Welfare 1. What happens if consumers had availed fraudulent healthcare services or fake medicines? 2. What can a person do to protect his/her right as a consumer? 3. Are there existing laws or rights that can protect the consumers’ welfare? Can you name some? Lesson 4: Consumer Protection Act ▪ The government also plays a vital role in consumer protection. A consumer has rights mandated by law. ▪ These are privileges that an individual is guaranteed of health products and services. The Consumer Act of the Philippines or Republic Act No. 7394 ▪ protects the interest of the consumer, promotes general welfare, and establishes standards of conduct for business and industry. Consumer Rights: 1. The right to Satisfaction of Basic Needs o This right guarantee survival, adequate food, clothing, shelter, healthcare, education, and sanitation. Q1 Health | Page 7  2. The right to Safety o This is the right to be protected against the marketing of goods or the provision of services that are hazardous to health and life. 3. The right to Be Informed o This is the right to be protected against dishonest or misleading advertising or labeling and the right to be given the facts and information needed to make an informed choice. 4. The right to Choose o This is the right to choose products at competitive prices with an assurance of satisfactory quality. 5. The right to be Heard o This is the right to express consumer interests in the making and execution of government policies. 6. The right to Redress o This is the right to be compensated for misrepresentation, shoddy goods or unsatisfactory services. 7. The right to Consumer Education o This is the right to acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to be an informed customer. 8. The right to Healthy Environment o This is the right to live and work in an environment that is neither threatening nor dangerous and, which permits a life of dignity and well-being. So why is it important for us to know our rights as a consumer? ⮚ Consumers must able to attain truthful, unbiased information about the products and services they purchase. ⮚ This information enables them to make the best choices based on their experiences and interests as consumers that will help them prevent them from being mistreated or misled by businesses. ⮚ Let us bear in mind that consumer protection policies, laws, and regulations exist to increase consumer welfare. ⮚ That ensures that business trade industries can be held accountable. ⮚ There are government regulatory agencies are responsible for disseminating information, protecting consumers, and watching businesses from poorly designed products. o Consumer protection regulatory agencies combat to ensure that each one of us will receive fair treatment and necessary information to make informed decisions, are protected against product hazards and can use legal recourse if needed. o Some products attract more regulation due to the higher risk of consumer injury or death, such as food, drugs, children's products, and automobiles. Q1 Health | Page 8  Government Agencies ⮚ Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) o This agency is the one who protect the consumer from misleading financial products. The CFPB tries it best to its consumer to have information best for financial services. This agency also helps customers who have difficulties paying their mortgage by linking them with other authorize personnel helping them in providing financial assistance. ⮚ Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) o is responsible for customer product safety. In 1972, the Product Safety Act passed from congress. This agency has given the power to protect individuals from unsafe consumer products. This national agency also accomplishes the work through evaluating the safety of consumers and its standards (Lombardo, 2019) ⮚ Food and Drug Administration (FDA) o is responsible for safeguarding public health by monitoring drugs, medical devices, and cosmetics. o The administration also helps improve consumers' health through advancing drug innovation. Lastly, they also protect our food supply. For example, the FDA recently published a list of online pharmacy websites selling fake drugs to consumers. ⮚ The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) o is responsible for the conservation, management, and development of the country's environment and natural resources. It shall ensure the proper use of these resources and the protection of the environment within the framework of sustainable development. Q1 Health | Page 9