Health Psychology Quiz 2 PDF

What is cancer? Cancer is a disease of cells where cell reproduction is uncontrolled, Caused by a change in cell DNA Malignant Tumour/ ‫ورم خبيث‬ Cells more immature, dysfunctional more likely to spread to other areas of the body (metastasis) Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells through the blood/ lym...

What is cancer? Cancer is a disease of cells where cell reproduction is uncontrolled, Caused by a change in cell DNA Malignant Tumour/ ‫ورم خبيث‬ Cells more immature, dysfunctional more likely to spread to other areas of the body (metastasis) Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells through the blood/ lymphatic system and abdominal cavity (i.e. primary site to secondary sites Non-Malignant Tumour/ ‫ورم حميد‬ Benign cancer/ ‫سرطان حميد‬ less likely to spread to other areas of the body. 4 BROAD CATEGORIES OF CANCERS 1. Carcinomas Occur in tissue lining internal/external surfaces of organs (including the skin) Account for 85-90% of cancers 2. Lymphomas Occur in lymphatic system (e.g., lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen 3. Sarcomas Arise in connective tissue (e.g., muscle, bone, fat) 4. Leukaemia’s Present in blood-forming tissues (e.g., bone marrow) Essentially involve the production of large numbers of immature white blood cells (leucocytes) of one form or another MOST COMMON SITES FOR WOMEN Incidence: Breasts, colon/rectum, lung, uterus, ovary, lymphomas Death: Lung, breast, colon/rectum, pancreas, ovary, uterus MOST COMMON SITES FOR MEN Incidence: Prostate, lung, colon/rectum, bladder, lymphomas, oral Death: Lung, prostate, colon/rectum, pancreas, lymphomas, leukaemia’s It has been suggested that 75 to 80% of cancers are caused by modifiable lifestyle factors! Causes: random mutations and environmental agents RISK FACTORS 1. Genetics 2. Viruses 3. Radiation LIFESTYLE RISK FACTORS 1. Tar in cigarettes: Accounts for 70-80% of lung cancers and 30% of all cancer deaths 2. Diet 3. Sexual behavior PSYCHOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS 1. Stress 2. Suppression of Emotion 3. Personality PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO CANCER 1. Anxiety 2. Depressive symptoms 3. Feelings of loss of control 4. Denial TREATMENT FOR CANCER Physical/medical interventions 1. Surgery 2. Radiotherapy / Chemotherapy 3. Electricity – The role of psychology 1. Prevention 2. support for medical treatment 3. Recovery/Relapse What is obesity? A condition characterized by the excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body. RISKS of obesity Hypertension–– Type 2 Diabetes– Coronary Heart Disease– Stroke–––– Certain cancers- High blood cholesterol– Complications of pregnancy––– Stress incontinence)– Psychological disorders such as depression - Increased surgical risk What causes obesity? 1. Energy imbalance over a long period of time. 2. Energy in more than Energy out. 3. Excess calories and lack of physical activity Negative attitudes toward Obese people 1. Stereotypes leading to:– Stigma– Rejection– Prejudice– And discriminate 2. Verbal, physical and relational forms 3. Subtle and overt expressions How do people respond to weight bias? 1. Poor self-esteem, depression 2. Avoidance of medical care 3. Overeating / Binge eating. 4. Physical inactivity Strategies to prevent obesity 1. Assessing Your Behavior and Environment 2. Adopting Healthy Habits 3. Other Behaviors that will help you prevent obesity.