Growth and Development PDF

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT GENERAL-At the end of this lecture, the student will be able to discuss growth and development of children. At the end of this lecture, the student will be able to: Identify the importance of growth and development. Define growth and development. M...

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT GENERAL-At the end of this lecture, the student will be able to discuss growth and development of children. At the end of this lecture, the student will be able to: Identify the importance of growth and development. Define growth and development. Mention the principles of growth and development. List factors affecting growth and development. Mention types of growth and development. Identify the stages of development. GROWTH Refers to an increase in physical size of the whole body or any of its parts. It is simply a quantitative change in the child’s body. It can be measured in Kg, pounds, meters, inches DEVELOPMENT Development refers to a progressive increase in skill and capacity of function. It is a qualitative change in the child’s functioning. It can be measured through observation. MATURATION Increase in child’s competence and adaptability. It is describing the qualitative change in a structure. The level of maturation depends on child’s heredity. IMPORTANCE OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR NURSES Knowing what to expect of a particular child at any given age. Gaining better understanding of the reasons behind illnesses. Helping in formulating the plan of care. Helping in parents’ education in order to achieve optimal growth & development at each stage. PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Continuous process Predictable Sequence  Don’t progress at the same rate (↑ periods of GR in early childhood and adolescents & ↓ periods of GR in middle childhood) − Not all body parts grow in the same rate at the same time. − Each child grows in his/her own unique way. − Each stage of G&D is affected by the preceding types of development. The child’s pattern of growth is:  in a head-to-toe direction, or Cephalocaudal, and in an inward to outward pattern called Proximodistal FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Hereditary Environmental factors Pre-natal environment – Nutritional deficiencies – Diabetic mother – Exposure to radiation – Infection with German measles – Smoking – Use of drugs TYPES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT GROWTH:  Physical Growth (Ht, Wt, head & chest circumference)  Physiological growth (vital signs …) DEVELOPMENT:  Motor Development  Cognitive Development  Emotional Development  Social Development STAGES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Infancy - Neonate - Birth to end of 1 month - Infancy - 1 month to end of 1 year Early Childhood - Toddler - 1-3 years  - Preschool - 3-6 years Middle Childhood - School age - 6 to 12 years - Late Childhood - Adolescent - 13 years to approximately 18 years NEWBORN STAGE  The first 4 weeks or first month of life.  It is a transitional period from intrauterine life to extra uterine environment. Normal Physical Growth Weight = 2.700 – 4 kg/2.5kg-3.5kg Weight loss 5% -10% by 3-4 days after birth Weight gain by 10th days of life Gain ¾ kg by the end of the 1st month WEIGHT Newborns lose 5 % to 10 % of weight by 3-4 days after birth as result of :  Withdrawal of hormones from mother.  Loss of excessive extra cellular fluid.  Passage of meconium (feces) and urine.  Limited food intake. Boys average Ht = 50 cm Girls average Ht = 49 cm Normal range for both (46 - 54 cm) Head Circumference 33-35 cm Head is ¼ total body length Skull has 2 fontanels (anterior & posterior) ANTERIOR FONTANELLE Diamond in shape The junction of the sagittal, corneal and frontal sutures forms it Between 2 frontal & 2 parietal bones 3-4 cm in length and 2-3 cm width It closes at 12-18 months of age POSTERIOR FONTANELLE Triangular Located between occipital & 2 parietal bones Closes at 2-3 months of age