Policy-Making: Global, National, and Local PDF

Policy-Making Global, National and Local PREPARED BY: REAL VILLAFUERTE JULLIANA GLORYN O. BUISON Levels of Policy Making (Global, National, Local) Funding of Social Policies (Global, National, Local) Level of Policy Making Global National Local  Global...

Policy-Making Global, National and Local PREPARED BY: REAL VILLAFUERTE JULLIANA GLORYN O. BUISON Levels of Policy Making (Global, National, Local) Funding of Social Policies (Global, National, Local) Level of Policy Making Global National Local  Global Level THE ASEAN COOPERATION PROJECT 1. PROJECT PROPOSAL FORMULATION- PROJECT PROPOSALS ARE DEVELOPED USING THE ASEAN COOPERATION PROJECT PROPOSAL TEMPLATE AND DESIGNED FOLLOWING THE PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES OF RESULTS-BASED MANAGEMENT. THE PROJECT’S OBJECTIVES AND INTENDED RESULTS MUST BE ALIGNED WITH KEY ASEAN POLICY DOCUMENTS. PROJECT PROPOSALS MUST CLEARLY INDICATE HOW A PROJECT INTENDS TO ACHIEVE ITS INTENDED RESULTS, RATHER THAN SIMPLY LIST A SET OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES.  Global Level THE ASEAN COOPERATION PROJECT 2. APPRAISAL AND APPROVAL THE ASEAN SECRETARIAT APPRAISES PROJECT PROPOSALS TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE TO THE ASEAN COOPERATION PROJECT PROPOSAL TEMPLATE BEFORE FORWARDING TO THE ASEAN SPONSORING BODY FOR ENDORSEMENT, OR TO THE FINAL APPROVING BODY. A PROJECT PROPOSAL IS APPRAISED BASED ON ITS RELEVANCE TO ASEAN PRIORITIES. THE ASEAN SECRETARIAT ALSO DETERMINES HOW EFFECTIVELY AND EFFICIENTLY A PROJECT PROPOSAL CAN REALISE ITS INTENDED RESULTS, BASED ON CONTEXT AND TIME FRAMES.  Global Level THE ASEAN COOPERATION PROJECT 3. IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING AFTER APPRAISAL AND APPROVAL, A PROJECT BEGINS IMPLEMENTATION. PROPONENTS OR IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES (IA) MUST MONITOR AND REPORT ON THE PROGRESS OF THE PROJECT AGAINST ITS APPROVED MONITORING AND EVALUATION AND WORK PLANS. THE PROJECT MONITORS PROGRESS AGAINST ITS INTENDED RESULTS—PERFORMANCE INDICATORS AND CORRESPONDING TARGETS—AND CONDUCTS EVALUATION, AS APPLICABLE. A PROGRESS REPORT TEMPLATE IS PROVIDED TO GUIDE THE REPORTING REQUIREMENTS, INCLUDING RELEVANT GUIDANCE FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION ACTIVITIES.  Global Level THE ASEAN COOPERATION PROJECT 4. COMPLETION AND REPORTING THE END OF IMPLEMENTATION AND IN RELATION TO THE PROJECT’S MONITORING AND EVALUATION, THE PROPONENT OR IA MUST PREPARE A PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT ON THE PROJECT’S RESULTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS, BASED ON DATA COLLECTED WHEN MONITORING PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AS WELL AS ON ADDITIONAL EVALUATION FINDINGS, IF ANY. WHETHER INTENDED OR UNINTENDED, ALL RESULTS MUST BE ASSESSED TO DRAW LESSONS LEARNED ON SUSTAINABILITY, FUNDS UTILIZATION, GUIDANCE FOR FUTURE PROJECTS, AMONG OTHERS.  Global Level THE UNITED NATIONS (UN) FOLLOWS A STRUCTURED PROCESS TO MAKE POLICIES AND CONVERT THEM INTO PROGRAMS AND SERVICES: 1. AGENDA SETTING: GLOBAL ISSUES THAT REQUIRE COLLECTIVE ACTION ARE IDENTIFIED AND PLACED ON THE UN AGENDA. THIS IS OFTEN DONE THROUGH FORMAL MEETINGS, CONFERENCES, AND SUMMITS INVOLVING MEMBER STATES AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS. 2.NEGOTIATION AND DECISION-MAKING: MEMBER STATES ENGAGE IN NEGOTIATIONS TO REACH CONSENSUS ON POLICY MEASURES. THE KEY MODE OF DECISION-MAKING IS CONSENSUS, WHERE ALL MEMBER STATES AGREE ON THE TEXT OF A RESOLUTION WITHOUT TAKING A VOTE. THIS INCLUSIVE PROCESS ENSURES THE WIDEST POSSIBLE AGREEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF UN DECISIONS.  Global Level THE UNITED NATIONS (UN) FOLLOWS A STRUCTURED PROCESS TO MAKE POLICIES AND CONVERT THEM INTO PROGRAMS AND SERVICES: 3. DRAFTING RESOLUTIONS: RESOLUTIONS ARE THE MAIN POLICY INSTRUMENTS OF THE UN. THEY TYPICALLY CONSIST OF A PREAMBLE OUTLINING THE RATIONALE AND OPERATIVE CLAUSES DETAILING THE PROPOSED ACTIONS. RESOLUTIONS ARE DRAFTED THROUGH COLLABORATION AMONG MEMBER STATES AND STAKEHOLDERS. 4. ADOPTION: AFTER DEBATE AND POTENTIAL AMENDMENTS, RESOLUTIONS ARE PUT TO A VOTE. MOST RESOLUTIONS IN THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ARE ADOPTED BY CONSENSUS, WITH ROUGHLY 80% OF GA RESOLUTIONS BEING CONSENSUS-BASED IN RECENT YEARS. Example of Global Level THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) WERE ESTABLISHED THROUGH A COMPREHENSIVE AND PARTICIPATORY PROCESS THAT CULMINATED IN THEIR ADOPTION BY ALL UNITED NATIONS MEMBER STATES 1. AFTER ADOPTION, THE UN DEVELOPED AN IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK TO OPERATIONALIZE THE SDGS. THIS INCLUDES GUIDELINES FOR MEMBER STATES ON HOW TO INTEGRATE THE GOALS INTO NATIONAL POLICIES AND STRATEGIES. 2. EACH UN AGENCY AND MEMBER STATE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEVELOPING SPECIFIC PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS ALIGNED WITH THE SDGS. THIS INVOLVES SETTING TARGETS, ALLOCATING RESOURCES, AND IDENTIFYING KEY STAKEHOLDERS FOR COLLABORATION. 3. THE UN ESTABLISHED A GLOBAL INDICATOR FRAMEWORK TO MEASURE PROGRESS TOWARDS THE SDGS. EACH GOAL HAS SPECIFIC TARGETS AND INDICATORS, WHICH ARE USED TO ASSESS IMPLEMENTATION AND OUTCOMES. THE UN SECRETARY-GENERAL PRESENTS ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORTS TO TRACK ADVANCEMENTS AND CHALLENGES.  National Level CONVERTING POLICIES INTO PROGRAMS & SERVICES 1. A BILL IS INTRODUCED IN CONGRESS (LEGISLATIVE BRANCH). EVIDENCE IS PRESENTED TO PROMOTE OR OPPOSE THE BILL. IT IS DEBATED AND VOTED UPON. 2. IF THE BILL IS PASSED INTO LAW, REGULATORY AGENCIES (EXECUTIVE BRANCH) BEGIN DRAFTING RULES AND REGULATIONS TO ENFORCE THE LAW 3. IF A LAW OR REGULATIONS IS CHALLENGED ON LEGAL GROUNDS, THE SUPREME COURT (JUDICIAL BRANCH) INTERVENES TO INTERPRET THE LAW OR OVERRULE IT. THIS PROCESS IS ALSO INFLUENCED BY NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, OR NGOS, WHICH INCLUDE NON-PROFITS. THESE GROUPS PRODUCE RESEARCH THAT IS THEN USED TO PROMOTE PARTICULAR SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY INITIATIVES. INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS OF THESE GROUPS MAY BE CALLED TESTIFY BEFORE CONGRESS ON SPECIFIC WELFARE POLICY MATTERS.  Local Level CONVERTING POLICIES INTO PROGRAMS & SERVICES 1. A POLICY PROPOSAL IS INTRODUCED TO THE LOCAL CITY COUNCIL OR COUNTY BOARD. EVIDENCE AND ARGUMENTS ARE PRESENTED TO SUPPORT OR OPPOSE THE PROPOSAL. IT IS DEBATED AND VOTED UPON BY THE COUNCIL OR BOARD MEMBERS. 2. IF THE PROPOSAL IS APPROVED AND BECOMES A LOCAL ORDINANCE OR POLICY, LOCAL GOVERNMENT AGENCIES OR DEPARTMENTS BEGIN DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING THE NECESSARY PROGRAMS AND SERVICES TO ENFORCE AND ADMINISTER THE NEW POLICY. 3. IF THE LOCAL ORDINANCE OR POLICY IS CONTESTED ON LEGAL GROUNDS, LOCAL COURTS MAY REVIEW AND INTERPRET THE POLICY OR DETERMINE ITS LEGALITY. THIS PROCESS IS ALSO INFLUENCED BY COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS AND LOCAL NON-PROFITS, WHICH CONDUCT RESEARCH AND ADVOCATE FOR SPECIFIC COMMUNITY INITIATIVES. REPRESENTATIVES FROM THESE ORGANIZATIONS MAY BE INVITED TO PROVIDE TESTIMONY OR INPUT DURING CITY COUNCIL MEETINGS OR COUNTY BOARD DISCUSSIONS ON POLICY MATTERS. Funding of Social Policies in Global Level EXAMPLE THE UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) THE SDGS ARE A COLLECTION OF 17 GLOBAL GOALS SET BY THE UNITED NATIONS TO ADDRESS ISSUES SUCH AS POVERTY, INEQUALITY, CLIMATE CHANGE, ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION, AND PEACE AND JUSTICE BY 2030. FUNDING SOURCES: GOVERNMENT CONTRIBUTIONS: COUNTRIES CONTRIBUTE TO VARIOUS UN AGENCIES AND PROGRAMS THAT SUPPORT THE SDGS THROUGH THEIR NATIONAL BUDGETS. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: FUNDING COMES FROM INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS THE WORLD BANK AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS. PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENTS: COMPANIES AND BUSINESSES INVEST IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND INITIATIVES. Funding of Social Policies in National Level EXAMPLE PANTAWID PAMILYANG PILIPINO PROGRAM (4PS) THE 4PS PROGRAM PROVIDES CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFERS TO LOW-INCOME FAMILIES TO IMPROVE THEIR HEALTH AND EDUCATION OUTCOMES. FAMILIES RECEIVE FINANCIAL AID CONTINGENT UPON MEETING CERTAIN CONDITIONS, SUCH AS ENSURING CHILDREN ATTEND SCHOOL AND GET REGULAR HEALTH CHECK-UPS. FUNDING SOURCES: NATIONAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET: THE PROGRAM IS FUNDED THROUGH THE NATIONAL BUDGET, ALLOCATED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WELFARE AND DEVELOPMENT (DSWD). INTERNATIONAL DONORS: OCCASIONALLY, THE PROGRAM RECEIVES SUPPORT FROM INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS.  Funding of Social Policies in Local Level EXAMPLE LIVELIHOOD PROGRAMS LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUS) RUN LIVELIHOOD PROGRAMS TO HELP COMMUNITY MEMBERS START OR IMPROVE SMALL BUSINESSES. THESE PROGRAMS OFTEN INCLUDE TRAINING, MICROLOANS, OR SEED CAPITAL. FUNDING SOURCES: LOCAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET: LGUS ALLOCATE FUNDS FROM THEIR BUDGETS FOR LIVELIHOOD PROJECTS. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT GRANTS: SOMETIMES, THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT PROVIDES ADDITIONAL FUNDS OR RESOURCES THROUGH SPECIFIC PROGRAMS AIMED AT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. DONATIONS: LOCAL BUSINESSES OR COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS MAY CONTRIBUTE FUNDS OR RESOURCES. Thank you!!!