Western Art Movements PDF

GROUP 3 REPORTS: WESTERN ART MOVEMENTS: Pre-historic Art  Noticeable features in these artworks are the exaggerated features, and the attempt at mimicking the subjects. Ancient Roman Art  It carries the characteristics of Greek and Etruscan Art.  Many of the sculptures and painting...

GROUP 3 REPORTS: WESTERN ART MOVEMENTS: Pre-historic Art  Noticeable features in these artworks are the exaggerated features, and the attempt at mimicking the subjects. Ancient Roman Art  It carries the characteristics of Greek and Etruscan Art.  Many of the sculptures and paintings of Rome continued the use of realistic likenesses when portraying humans much like Greet Art, perhaps even more so.  They pioneered the use of concrete. Early Medieval Europe  Christian Art continued on this era, due to the rise of Charlemagne as king of Rome who agreed to continue and revive the old styles of art as well as portraying Jesus Christ. Gothic Europe  This era gave rise to many of the famous cathedrals than can still be seen today, such as the Notre-Dame.  Rib-like ceilings, stained glass windows, and distinct architecture for the time solidified what a church’s design would be, and would influence their creation to this day. Renaissance  Artists began to aspire for realism in depicting the human form and space of their work and paintings.  Mythology became an additional subject matter aside from religion.  Represent figures in the provided space with credible motion and appropriately decent style.  The most well-known artists are Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michaelangelo. Mannerism  It is characterized by exaggerated forms, humor, and lavish decorations. Baroque  It is characterized by exaggerated motion and clear detail used to produce drama, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music.  Their iconography was direct, obvious, and dramatic, intending to appeal above all the senses and the emotions. Rococo   In 18th century Europe, the Rococo style became prevalent in interior design, painting, sculpture, and the decorative arts.  Their style in painting echoes the qualities evident in other manifestations of the style including serpentine lines, heavy use of ornament as well as themes revolving around playfulness, love, and nature. Neoclassicism  Art movement that inspired by the classical art and culture of the ancient Greece and Rome civilization. Romanticism  This features the desire for freedom i.e. not exclusive of the political sense but also encompassing freedom of thought, feeling, action, worship, speech, and taste. Realism  This movement argued that only the things of one’s own time—what people could see for themselves—were ‘real’. Impressionism  This era of art attempted to capture fleeting moments that convey elusiveness and impermanence of images and conditions. Art Nouveau  This art movements is an important international architectural and design movement that attempted to create art based on natural forms that could be mass-produced for a large audience.  It is distinctively ornamental. Fauvism  First avant grande movement in France in the 20th century, Fauve painters “wild beasts” were the first to break with Impressionism.  Its characteristics include: bold, undisguised brushstrokes, high-keyed, vibrant and saturated colors, and simplified forms. Expressionism  Emerged as a response to humanity’s increasing conflict of worldview and the loss of spirituality and authenticity.  Founded by Vincent Van Gogh, Edvard Munch, and James Enchor Cubism  Cubists rejected the concept that art should copy nature.  Emphasized on the 2 dimensionality of canvas.   Founded by Pablo Picasso and Georged Braque  Its characteristics include: open form, piercing figures and objects by letting the space flow through them, Geometric forms, shallow, relief like space, and multiple or contrasting vantage forms. Pop Art  Reintroduced identifiable imagery. It celebrated commonplace objects and people of everyday life, seeking to elevate popular culture to the level of fine art.  It is a direct descendant of Dadaism in the way it mocks the established art work by appropriating images from the street, the supermarket, the mass media, and presents it as an art. EGYPTIAN ART MOVEMENTS: Predynastic Egypt (c. 6000 – c. 3150 BCE)  This process began through images of animals, human beings, and supernatural figures inscribe in rock walls.  These early images were crude in comparison to later developments but still express an important value of Egyptian cultural consciousness: balance. Early Dynastic (c. 3150- c. 2613).  The value of balance, expressed as symmetry, infused Egyptian art from the earliest times. The rock art from Predynastic Period establishes this value which fully developed and realized.  Artwork from this period was The Narmer Pallete which was create to celebrate the unity of Upper and Lower Egypt under King Narmar. The Old Kingdom (c. 2613-2181 BCE)  developed when a strong central government and economic prosperity combined to allow for monumental works like the Great Pyramid of Giza, The Sphinx, and elaborate tomb and temple and paintings.  The Obelisk, first developed in early dynastic period was refined and more widely used during this period. Tomb paintings became increasingly sophisticated but statuary remained static for the most part. The First Intermediate Period (c. 2181-2040 BCE)  It has long been characterized as a time of chaos and darkness, and artwork from this era has been used to substantiate such claims. Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE)  It started at by King Thebes. The rulers encouraged the different styles of the districts and did not mandate that all art conform to the tastes of the nobility.   Their art is distinctive in the themes explored and the sophistication of the technique. Second Intermediate Period/ New Kingdom Art  This era, like the first, is also often characterized as disorganized and chaotic, and the artwork held up as proof. Third Intermediate Period of Egypt (c. 1069-525 BCE) and Late Period (525-332 BCE)  The style of these later periods was affected by the times and the limited resources, but the art is still of considerable quality.  Egyptologist David P. Silverman notes how "the art of this era reflects the opposing forces of tradition and change" (222). Later Periods & Legacy  The Kushite rulers of the Late Period of Ancient Egypt revived Old Kingdom art in an effort to identify themselves with Egypt's oldest traditions while native Egyptian rulers and nobility sought to advance artistic representation from the New Kingdom. CHINESE ART MOVEMENTS:  Can be traced back to the Neolithic Period (10000-20000 BC) when pottery was created for practical and religious purposes.  Artisans use clay decorating items with symbols and characters that depicted nature and other worshipful practices. Shang Dynasty  Known for bronze vessels with intricate pattern and motifs. Used for rituals sacrifices and ancestor worship.  Bronze vessels were receptacles for storing or serving various solids and liquids. All available space is decorated and most often style forms of real and imaginary animals. Zhou Dynasty  Bronzeware with wider range of shapes and sizes, including vessels for rituals, ceremonial and domestic use. It was inscribed with texts, providing valuable historical and cultural information.  Used symbolic motifs like dragons, birds with more stylized and abstract approach.  Jade was also popular choice of material in this period. Sculptures of two Imperial China  Sculpture of China was produced out of many different types of materials and could be small or monumental size. Mostly found in burials and cast bronze and terracotta (baked clay). Qin Dynasty   Used of terracotta to build 7,000 life-size figures of warriors and horses buried in tomb of first Emperor of Qin (Qin Shi Huang) in 210–209 BC. Han Dynasty  Use of bronze to their figurine. Example the bronze gilded lamp with a shutter, in the shape of a maidservant, from the Western Han Dynasty, 2nd century BC Tang Dynasty  Their sculptures are pottery figures of people and animals as graved goods to be placed in tombs.  It was made of molded earthenware and porcelain with color generally being added. (e.g., tri-color glazed porcelain horse (ca. 700 CE), using yellow, green and white colors. Calligraphy in Ancient China  Painting and calligraphy were the most highly appreciated arts in China.  Calligraphy is the stylized artistic writing of Chinese characters with the materials of paper (some uses silk), brush pen, made of animal hair, and black inks made from pine soot and animal glue. (e.g., Ming Ji Tie (Famous Concubine Inscription) by: Wei Shou) Painting  The characteristic of Chinese painting is closely bound up with the nature of the medium. The basic material is ink, formed into a short stick of hardened fine soot and glue which is rubbed to required consistency on an inkstone with a little water. (e.g., "Admonitions of the Instructress to the Court Ladies", "Nymph of the Luo River" (洛神 赋), and "Wise and Benevolent Women" by Gu Kaizhi) New China Art  The most popular form of comics Lianhuanhua which circulated as palm sized books in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuhan and Northern China.  It became one of the most affordable forms of entertainment art. The famous Sanmao character would also be born at this time. JAPANESE ART MOVEMENTS:  Primarily known for its pottery, which is considered as one of the earliest forms of art in Japan.  Sueki pottery is an example. Characterized by its gray or brown color and hard, durable body became widely used during this period.  Clay figurines known as haniwa were placed around the perimeter of the mounds and believed as guardians of the tomb.  Ukiyo-e: which means “Pictures of the Floating World”. It depicted the everyday lives of ordinary people, including beautiful women, kabuki actors, and landscapes.   Developed ink painting style known as Sumi-e. It’s common subjects: landscapes, animals, flowers and plants, and figures.  Yamato-e is a style of painting emerged during this period, emphasizing Japanese themes and aesthetics.  Bunjinga: means “Literati Painting”. A style inspired by Chinese literati painting, emphasizing simplicity, elegance, and a connection to nature.  Waka poetry is introduced during this period. It is a form of Japanese poetry, consisting of five lines with a specific syllable structure: 5-7-5-7-7. It is a concise poetic form that often evokes strong emotions and imagery.  The introduction of Buddhism from China and Korea. Tori style, in Japanese art, style of sculpture that emerged during this period. It is named after the sculptor Tori Busshi.  The introduction of Buddhism led to the construction of numerous temples.  A pagoda-style tower symbolizes connection between heaven and earth.  Development of many new form of Japanese art, including the rise of Japanese pop art and the development of anime and manga. PHILIPPINE ART MOVEMENTS: Pre-colonial Period  Traditional art that has religious symbols, day to day activity such as fishing, farming, etc., or a specific decorative art pattern to the community.  Traditional art that has religious symbols, day to day activity such as fishing, farming, etc., or a specific decorative art pattern to the community.  In sculpture, discovered in 1965, the Angono Petroglyphs are believed to be the oldest known artworks in the Philippines. They are a collection of 127 figural carvings engraved on the wall of a shallow cave of volcanic tuff.  In architecture, houses were made of light materials like wood, bamboo and nipa palm  Weaving is an ancient art form would weave fibers such as abaca, pineapple, ramie, manguey, cotton, and bark cloth. Spanish Period Catholic-based work of arts  Formal painting - Religious (icon and ecclesiastical) and secular (portraiture)  Architecture – plaza complex consisted of an open space, usually rectangular or square in shape, a chapel or church, a convent, a municipio or tribunal, a market place, a cemetery, and the residences around it. Baroque style is also prominent in this era. 2 Filipino Art Style that developed during this period  Miniaturismo is an art style that pays attention to the embroidery and texture of the costume  Letras y Figuras is an art style that fuses letters with figures in every day activity amidst a common background. American Period  Educational and value formation.  Art illustration, advertising, and commercial design.  In architecture: city planning, parks, waterfront, civic government structure, public works, apartments, residences, offices, health and public education business. Philippine Contemporary Art  It was on the on-set of the sudden rise of personal computers and new technology created a new art medium for the arts and human expression. But there were also countless revivals of old styles being done.  Conceptual art- in this movement, the idea is more important than the object, and encompasses site-specific art installations, three-dimensional assemblages of discards and non-art elements, performances, and video art. Some of the works are ephemeral or temporary, and therefore requires documentation.  Pop surreal and lowbrow art- an underground visual art movement that is based on comic books, tattoos, punk music and other alternative-pop culture themes. Graffiti art, which utilizes spray paint and even stickers, has recently caught on with a lot of young Filipino artists. NATIONAL LIVING TREASURE AWARD: GAWAD SA MALILIKHA NG BAYAN (GAMABA)  The Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan recipients, as exemplified in Republic Act No. 7355 shall receive a plaque or medal bearing the logo of the award. A duplicate of this is to be donated to and permanently displayed in the pertinent provincial museum or largest cultural center.  An initial grant of One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) and Ten thousand pesos (P10,000.00) a month thereafter for life.  The categories are, but not limited to, the following categories of traditional folk arts: ethnomedicine folk architecture maritime transport weaving carving performing arts literature graphic and plastic arts ornament textile or fiber arts pottery. architecture  Ginaw Bilog Category/Declaration Ethnic/Group Native Proclamation Year of Declaration (For) faithfully Hanunuo Mansalay, Presidential 1993 preserving the Mangyan Oriental Proclamation Mangyan script and cultural Mindanao No. 383, May poetry by writing on community 17, 1994 bamboo, and by promoting it in every occasion, so that this art will not be lost, but will be preserved for posterity. Samaon Solaiman Category/Declaration Ethnic/Group Native Proclamation Year of Declaration Highest excellence in Maguindanao Mamasapano, Presidential 1993 the art of Kutyapi Maguindanao Proclamation playing and No. 385, May manifested his 17, 1994 unwavering dedication and commitment to his art. Lang Dulay Category/Declaration Ethnic/Group Native Proclamation Year of Declaration Highest excellence in T’boli Lake Sebu, Presidential 1998 the art of abaca-ikat South Cotabato Proclamation (T’nalak) weaving No. 1189, and manifested her March 27, 1998 unwavering dedication and commitment to her art. Teofilo Garcia Category/Declaration Ethnic/Group Native Proclamation Year of Declaration The Preservation Of Ilocano San Quintin, Presidential 2012 The Native Headgear Abra Proclamation Known As The No. 474, Tabungaw By September 13, Keeping The 2012 Tradition Alive In His Community Ambalang Ausalin Category/Declaration Ethnic/Group Native Proclamation Year of Declaration Recognized for her Yakan Lamitan, Presidential 2016 commitment to the Basilan proclamation safeguarding and no. 126, signed promotion of the January 6, 2017 Yakan tennun (tapestry weaving) tradition Adelita Romualdo Bagcal Category/Declaration Ethnic/Group Native Proclamation Year of Declaration Recognized for her Ilocano Banna, Ilocos Presidential 2023 commitment to Norte proclamation safeguarding and no. 427, promoting the Dallot December 15, (paawit na sagutan) 2023 and other ilocano oral traditions Sakinur-ain Mugong Delasis Category/Declaration Ethnic/Group Native Proclamation Year of Declaration Recognized for her Sama-Bajau Bongao, Tawi- Presidential 2023 commitment to Tawi proclamation safeguarding and no. 427, promoting the Same December 15, igal (dance) tradition 2023 Bundos Bansil Fara Category/Declaration Ethnic/Group Native Proclamation Year of Declaration Recognized for his T’boli Lake Sebu, Presidential 2023 commitment to South Cotabato proclamation safeguarding and no. 427, promoting the T'boli December 15, temwel 2023 (brasscasting) tradition NATIONAL ARTISTS  The Order of National Artists ( Orde ng mga Pambansang Alagad ng Sining ) is the highest national recognition given to Filipino individuals who have made significant contributions to the development of Philippine arts; namely, Music , Dance , Theater , Visual Arts , Literature , Film , Broadcast Arts , and Architecture and Allied Arts.  Nominations for National Artist of the Philippines are based on a broad criterion, as set forth by the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and the National Commission on Culture and the Arts (NCCA). Must be a Filipino citizen; Work has contributed to nation-building; Their distinctive style and pioneering works impacts succeeding generations of artists; There is excellence in the practice of their art form; Their art form enriches artistic expression or style; and Their work is prestigious national and international recognition. Music Antonino Buenaventura  A Filipino composer, producer, conductor, and a teacher.  Joined Francisca Aquino to conduct research on folksongs and dances.  He wrote folk songs of different ethnic groups in the country.  He restored the Philippine Army Band to its former prestige as one of the finest military bands in the world.   He was named a national artist for music in 1988.  Examples of his works are: “Pandanggo sa Ilaw (1936)” and “Twilight by the Sea (1929)” Dance Francisca Reyes Aquino  A folk dancer, choreographer, and academic noted for her research on Philippine folk dance.  Acknowledged as the “Folk Dance Pioneer” and “Mother of Philippine Dance”.  She authored several books on Philippine folk dance.  She received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service.  She was honored with the Republic Award Merit.  She was named a national artist of the Philippines for Dance in 1973. Theater Daisy Arcellana  A Filipino stage actress, writer, and theater director.  Often hailed as the “The First Lady of Philippine Theater”  She, along with her husband, founded the Barangay Theater Guild in 1939.  She was named a national artist of the Philippines for Theater and Film in 1999.  Some of the production she significantly became part of: “Othello (1952 film)” and “Tatarin (2001 film)”, Literature Edith Tiempo  A Filipino writer known for her poetry, fiction writing, teaching, and literary criticism.  Her language has been marked as “descriptive but unburdened by scrupulous detailing”.  She founded and directed the Silliman National Writers Workshop (1962) with her husband.  She was known for using intricate and witty representations to portray human experiences.  She was named a national artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1999.  Some of her notable poems include: “Lament for the Littlest Fellow” and “Bonsai”. Visual Arts Fernando Amorsolo  A portraitist and painter of rural Philippine landscapes.  The country’s first national artist.  Known as the “Grand Old Man of the Philippine Art”.  He developed backlighting technique.  His paintings usually features scenes in glowing rural landscapes.  He was named the first national artist of the Philippines for Visual Arts in 1972.   Some of his most iconic works include: “Dalagang Bukid”, “Planting Rice”, and “Fruit Gatherer”. Francisco Coching  A Filipino comic book illustrator and writer.  He is tagged as “Dean of Filipino Illustrators” and “King of Komiks”.  A master storyteller in images and in print.  He was a part of the golden age of the Filipino comics in the 50’s and 60’s.  He was named a national artist of the Philippines for Visual Arts in 2014.  His iconic characters include: “Lapu-Lapu”, “Pedro Penduko”, and “Hagibis”. VISUAL ELEMENTS IN PHILIPPINE TRADITIONAL MOTIFS AND CRAFTS  Traditional creations and artistic expressions dating back to the pre-colonial period still exist despite colonizations. The determination of tribal groups to maintain their identity and reject foreign influences has contributed to the preservation of our global distinctiveness.  Archaeological discoveries which include potteries, ceramics, jewelries, woven materials, and the like feature a variety of decorative techniques and show association with indigenous belief sand way of living.  POTTERIES were objects for daily use such as cooking and liquid storage. The Manungul Jar, used as a coffin, had waves designing its outer body and a lid with two figures sailing into the afterlife. Pottery-making continues to be a tradition in different parts of the country even these days. Of all the works, it artistically portrays our earth’s makeup.  WOVEN TEXTILES are made from natural fibers (cotton, abaca, pineapple) and may come in variety of colors from natural dyes (flowers, tree roots, berries). The industry date from early times and remains a tradition among our indigenous groups. Various groups in Cordillera produce blankets and clothing articles which have functional and ritual uses. The T’bolis in Cotabato weaves abaca cloth and dye them in the process. Motifs of birds, frogs and dancing man present in their works show the harmony between man and nature.  Tattoing is one of the ways indigenous Filipinos beautify themselves. Such markings show status, power, and skill in headhunting. The T’bolis feature tattooed zigzag lines, geometric shapes, and animal figures in their forearms and chests.  In the succeeding American period, Fernando C. Amorsolo, who was later declared as the First National Artist, rose into fame and established his own style or “school” which was largely characterized by countryside scenery with golden sunlight.  A suspension on artistic activity was prevalent during the Japanese occupation. However, some visual artists still managed to produce artworks based on the atrocities brought by the war. Artists represented in the collection: Dominador Castañeda, Demetrio Diego, Diosdado Lorenzo, Romeo Tabuena, Gene Cabrera and others.  Mural painting emerged after the Japanese occupation, spear headed by Carlos Francisco. Art Association of the Philippines (AAP) was established in 1948.   The Philippine Art Gallery (PAG) was founded with young modernists as the leading figures. Emergence of different schools of thought (e.g. school of Botong Francisco,school of Manansala, emergence of the “Mabini” art group.  New generation of painters, sculptors and printmakers expressing their personal feelings and expressions emerged. Great art movement tural scene.  Philippine art has come a long way, from the primitive ingenuity of the Filipinos tothe present avante-garde artists exploring all possible techniques and schools rangingfrom the traditionalists, representationalists, abstractionists, abstract expressionists,semi- abstractionists, figurative expressionists, non-objectivists and other forms of – isms. Art today is an open forum of visual statements. SOUL AND SPACE Torogan  It is the ancestral house of Maranao royalty in Mindanao. It’s a raised structure decorated with intricate carvings, symbolizing the status and artistry of the Maranao. The Panolong, or wing-like extensions, add both beauty and cultural significance. Ifugao Bale  It is a traditional house in the mountainous Cordillera region. Raised on posts, that protects against pests and provides storage for rice, which is essential to the Ifugao agricultural lifestyle and their famous rice terraces. Bahay Kubo  It is also known as nipa hut, is a rural Filipino house made from bamboo and nipa palm. It’s designed for tropical climates with good airflow, and it’s surrounded by gardens for self-sufficiency, symbolizing harmony with nature. Bahay na Bato  It became popular during the Spanish period. This stone-and-wood house combines local and Spanish influences. Its sturdy stone base and spacious wooden upper floor make it resilient and suitable for family life. Badjao Stilt Houses  They are built over shallow coastal waters by the Badjao people, also known as "sea nomads," in places like Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. These houses are built on stilts that rise with the tide, reflecting the Badjao’s close connection to the sea. Ivatan Stone Houses  These houses are found in Batanes, a region prone to strong typhoons. Built from thick limestone and coral walls, with thatched roofs, these houses are designed to withstand the harsh weather conditions. T’boli Long Houses  The T’boli longhouses of South Cotabato are large communal homes that house extended families. Made from bamboo, wood, and cogon grass, these longhouses have multiple rooms and are shared by several generations. This layout emphasizes the T’boli’s strong sense of community and social unity, where family bonds and cooperation are highly valued.