Gr8 T3 Geog Settlements Learner Booklet PDF

SP: SOCIAL SCIENCE GRADE 8: TERM 3 GEOGRAPHY: LEARNER BOOKLET Learner Name: _______________________________________ Grade: 8_________ SETTLEMENT 1 Word Bank CONCEPT...

SP: SOCIAL SCIENCE GRADE 8: TERM 3 GEOGRAPHY: LEARNER BOOKLET Learner Name: _______________________________________ Grade: 8_________ SETTLEMENT 1 Word Bank CONCEPT DEFINITION Settlement Place where people live Rural Small, isolated settlement such as farms and villages settlement Urban A built-up area with many services and functions, settlement such as towns and cities Land-use Areas of land that have one main use or function zones Commercial Has to do with making or intended profit in business Outlets Places that sell goods Primary An activity dealing with the extraction of raw material activity from earth Secondary An activity where a primary product is manufactured activity Tertiary An activity dealing with provision of services activity Natural Things that are there in nature features Constructed Things that have been made by people feature Research Collecting information on a particular topic through careful study and investigation Regulations Official rules that control what people do Ethnic Connected with a group of people who share cultural traditions Urbanisation The increasing number of people living in urban areas Migration The increasing number of people living in urban areas Push factors Conditions that force people away from an area Pull factors Conditions that attract people to an area Reserves Areas that were put aside for African land ownership under the 1913 Natives Land Act Homelands Name given to reserves under apartheid government Migrant People who work in one region and have their homes workers in another Protest Name given to reserves under apartheid government Abolish Stop or end something by law 2  Pass Law Law that forced black people to live in specific areas and carry passes when moving outside those areas Welfare Health and happiness of a person Sanitation Equipment’s and systems that keep places clean by removing human waste Shanty town Settlement made of shacks Find out about Urban and Rural settlements. Understand how land is used in urban settlements Learn about different types of rural settlements Identify settlements and land use on aerial photographs and maps Explore urbanisation and the issues associated with city growth Investigate about how apartheid influenced South African settlements. Unit 1: SETTLEMENTS AND LAND USE Who lives where? There are about seven billion people on Earth. Every person lives in some kind of settlement. Some people live in huge cities housing millions of people. Others live in small farm villages and some live in family groups far from other settlements. Look at the pictures on the next page showing a rural settlement and an urban settlement. Rural settlements are in the countryside far away from a city or town. Most people in rural settlements work on the land. Urban settlements are large, built up places like towns and cities. People living in urban settlements work in many different jobs. Rural Settlement Urban Settlement 3 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS In South Africa in 2012, out of a total population of 51,77 million, about 32 million people (62%) lived in urban settlements. In certain countries, few people live in urban settlements, while in other countries the majority live in urban settlements. Countries with small urban population Countries with highly urbanised population Burundi: 11% Singapore: 100% Uganda: 13% Belgium: 97% Malawi: 19% Australia: 89% Activity 1: Find out about urban and rural settlements Date: 1. Suggest why so many people in Burundi live in rural settlements. (where is Burundi?) 2. Suggest why so many people in Singapore live in urban settlements. 3. Complete the table below Advantages of living here Disadvantages of living here Rural settlements Urban settlements CITIES Worlds Tok Mexi New Mum Jakart Sau Del Shan Manila Kolkat top ten yo co York bai a Pau hi ghai Philippi a cities Jap City USA India Indon lo Indi China nes India an Mexi esia Bra a co zil Populati 36,5 20,5 19,8 19,2 18,9 18, 18,7 16,7 16,3 15,7 on 9 2012 millions Projecte 36,5 23 20,6 26,4 32 21, 22,5 19,4 29 20,6 d 4 Populati on 2025 millions 4  Mexico City: Population 20,5 million New York: Population 19,8 million LAND USE WITH URBAN SETTLEMENTS FUNCTIONS OF CITIES: WHAT CITIES OFFER PEOPLE Within an urban settlement, people use areas of land for different purposes. Large cities and towns have many functions and offer people who live there different activities and services. Here are some examples Employment: jobs for example: shop assistants, taxi drivers, bank managers, factory workers, pavement traders Residential areas: places to live for example high rise flats, townhouses Entertainment and recreation: sports facilities, movies, theatres, gyms, art galleries, libraries, restaurants, clubs Services: doctors, dentists, banks, hairdressers, schools, shops Transport: cars, trains, taxis, boats Religion: places of worship HOW LAND IS USED IN CITIES AND TOWNS In most urban settlements, similar functions are found in the same area. E.g. factories will be out of town in an industrial area, banks and businesses are in the city centre, shops and entertainment in shopping centres. Here is a summary of the characteristics of land use areas or zones in urban settlements 5 CBD – the Central Business District: usually the centre of a city where the tallest buildings are, the busiest part of the city, the cost of land is usually very high. Most big companies have their offices here. Transition Zone – The area surrounding the CBD. It is called transition because buildings and land use here are changing. Some parts are old and broken down and other parts have been fixed up and renovated. Residential areas – high, middle, low income areas: Where people live. They can be close to the CBD or far away in the suburbs. They can be high density for example flats or low density which is the suburbs where people have big gardens. Shopping centres – large shopping centres away from the CBD in the suburbs, often called malls. There is lot of parking and a variety of shops and entertainment such as restaurants, movies, bowling and ice rinks Office parks and business parks – office blocks in the suburbs away from the CBD. Business people and customers prefer this location to the CBD as it is safer, closer to their homes and not polluted, surrounded by trees and plenty of parking. 6  Zones for heavy and light industry – land where factories are located. It can be light industry (cleaner industry where small items are manufactured) or it can be heavy industry (dirty industry such as steel works) Industrial zones are usually on the outskirts of an urban settlement because they need large areas of cheap land and because they produce pollution Services and recreation – can be in the urban-rural fringe, the area of land that surrounds the urban settlement. Examples: horse riding, plant nurseries, golf courses, sports fields, sports clubs. Activity 2: Identify the urban land use area Date: Urban settlement activity Urban land use Match letter to number 1. Large international a. Low income, high bank headquarters density residential area 2. Expensive home on b. Heavy industrial area large grounds with pool 3. Informal house made c. Recreational urban-rural of wood fringe 4. Computer micro-chip d. Transition zone factory 5. Iron and steel works e. Office/business park in the suburbs 6. Clothing, furniture and f. Central business district book shops next to (CBD) movie centre 7. Golf course g. Middle income housing 8. Old, broken graffiti h. Light industrial area covered buildings 9. Insurance company i. High income, low density offices with large residential area parking area surrounded with trees 10. Three bedroom j. Educational land use housing unit with zone parking on small grounds 7  k. Suburban shopping centre RURAL SETTLEMENTS Characteristics of rural settlements Rural settlements are smaller than urban settlements and are in the countryside. They tend to have the following characteristics: A small population Most people living there work on the land in primary activities such as farming, forestry, mining, hunting and fishing. Sometimes there are more children and old people as younger adults have migrated to work in urban settlements Rural settlements are far away from the urban places and usually far away from one another. Services like electricity, water, shops, roads, schools and hospitals are not always available. Rural people sometimes have to travel long distances to find these services, often on foot. TYPES OF RURAL SETTLEMENT There are many different types of rural settlements. Rural settlements can form on farms, or can emerge because of a local industry, such as mining, forestry or fishing. Farming Rural Settlements Most rural settlements in Africa and South Africa are farm-based. The people living in these settlements depend on farming (agriculture) for their living. Sometimes the families on these farms have lived like this for many generations. 8  Subsistence farming rural settlement Commercial farming rural settlement Farmers farm for own needs Farmer grows cash crops to sell Sometimes a group of families Individual farmsteads usually make up the rural settlements isolated and dispersed Traditional farming methods – very Modern technology used e.g. little technology computerised irrigation systems Subsistence farming rural settlement Commercial farming rural settlement Smaller fields of crops Farms can be very large Labour intensive farming – people Few people required to make the do all the work farm work – machinery and technology have replaced farm workers Farmers can plant different crops Farms practise monoculture – and keep livestock and other farm where farmers cultivate only one animals crop on a large scale to sell for profit Other rural settlements Apart from farming rural settlements, there are also rural settlements associated with other primary activities: Mining rural settlements Mining and quarrying have to take place where the mineral is found under the earth’s surface. In most cases, this is in a remote place far away from urban settlements. Small isolated rural settlements form around mines. Sometimes these settlements grow over time and become small towns. Forestry Rural Settlements Forestry in South Africa takes place mainly in Mpumalanga, Kwazulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape. Forests include natural, indigenous forests and plantations. People grow and use trees for wood, fuel and medicines. There are isolated rural settlements within natural forests and plantations. 9 Fishing rural settlements Fishing is also a primary activity as fish are taken directly from the sea or fresh water. Fishing can be both a subsistence and commercial activity. Small rural fishing settlements occur along the coast where fishing takes place. Mining settlement Fishing settlement UNIT 2: LAND USE ON AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND LARGE-SCALE MAPS Geographers use photographs and maps to help them understand how land is used on Earth’s surface. So much information about features on Earth’s surface can be obtained from these sources. In Geography you learn how to ‘read’photographs and maps, much like you would read a book. It is possible to understand and see urban and rural settlements and land use clearly on aerial photographs and maps WHAT AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS LOOK LIKE – OBLIQUE AND VERTICAL When you see Earth’s surface from above, you get a clear picture of everything. You can see rivers, roads, railway lines, farms, village and towns. It is not possible to see all of this from the surface. Aerial photographs are photographs taken from an aeroplane flying in the sky. TYPES OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS Oblique aerial photographs Oblique meaning ‘an angle’ are aerial photographs taken from an aeroplane with the camera pointing at an angle to earths surface. Oblique aerial photographs show the sides and tops of features such as buildings and mountains so that they are easier for us to ‘read’ and understand as we can recognize features. Buildings and features in the foreground look bigger than those towards the background and we cannot see what is behind buildings and features. Vertical aerial photographs Vertical aerial photographs are taken from an aeroplane with the camera pointing directly towards Earth’s surface at a right angle. ( 90˚ ) Such photographs have a regular scale and all details like shape and size features can be seen. It is also easy to see patterns of buildings and other features. Sometimes it is difficult to recognise features as we do not normally see things from above. 10  Oblique aerial photograph Vertical aerial photograph Activity 3: List the differences between oblique and vertical aerial photographs Date: Copy the table below in your notebooks. Place the following characteristics under the correct headings Taken vertically from above (90˚) Have a regular scale Taken at an angle (less than 90˚) Cannot see sides of buildings and features Show sides and tops of features Scale changes Oblique aerial photographs Vertical aerial photographs 11 INFORMATION FROM AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS – NATURAL AND CONSTRUCTED FEATURES Aerial photographs contain a lot of information. If you look carefully at all the detail shown, it is possible to get a complete picture of what is taking place on that part of Earth’s surface. Here are some things to help you ‘read’ an aerial photograph. 1. Work out what is on the photograph Study the photograph to first get a general idea of what is being shown eg. Rural area or urban area 2. Look for things you recognise: natural and constructed features Try to identify features you recognise like rivers, hills, lakes, coastline, constructed features such as buildings, golf courses etc. 3. Look for patterns and links Look carefully at unusual and interesting shapes and patterns. Small houses built close together, round irrigated fields etc. Activity 4: Date: 1. List TWO characteristics of rural settlements. 2. Name the different types of rural settlements. 3. Why are farming rural settlements so important for the people living there? 4. List the differences between a subsistence farming rural Settlement and a commercial farming rural settlement. 5. Which primary farming activity is both subsistence and `commercial? 12  INVESTIGATION OF A SETTLEMENT: FORMAL ASSESSMENT TASK: PROJECT Total marks: 50 Due date: You are going to investigate a settlement that you are familiar with. The information about settlements you have learnt will help you with the project. STEPS TO GUIDE YOU IN DOING THIS PROJECT 1. Select your settlement: choose the settlement (or part of it) that you live in or are near to. Make sure you choose an area that you can manageably collect information about. 2. Collect relevant information about the settlement (see project requirements below) You can do this by looking up information in books or on the Internet, asking people questions and collecting information yourself by making observations in the actual settlement. 3. Sort out your information under the required headings (see project requirements) Check you have enough information for each section of the project. 4. Present your information. You can do this in a file. your presentation will include written text, maps, photographs, drawings, graphs and other interesting information. Do not plagiarise! 5. Give the references (sources) of your information (e.g. name of the books, newspapers, people and internet) in a bibliography. PROJECT REQUIREMENTS – AN INDEPENDENT STUDY OF A SETTLEMENT KNOWN TO A LEARNER. This is what you need to do for your project 1. Select a settlement you are going to study. Choose a place you know well 2. Describe the settlement: is it rural or urban? Large or small? Where is it located in South Africa? What does the name mean? Has the name changed? When was it founded? What is the population of the settlement? 3. What are the different types of land use? E.g. the CBD, industry, different residential areas, shopping centres, services (e.g. schools, hospitals) and recreation. If you can, use a map or aerial photo of your settlement. 4. Identify specific features or landmarks (natural or human-made). Natural features include: river, mountains, hills, nature areas and lakes. Human made features include: important and historic buildings, dams and parks. 5. Suggest reasons for the location of the settlement, i.e. why was it built where it is? Consider: availability of water, flat land, fertile soil, climate and weather, grazing land, safety, transport routes, harbour, mining and minerals, past history, cultural factors, economic factors. 6. Discuss the decline and or growth of population within the settlement, suggesting reasons for any changes. Has the settlement grown rapidly in the past few years? Why? Have people left the settlement over the past few years? Why? 7. Identify and discuss one social or environmental issue taking place in the settlement. Socal issues affect peoples in the community. E.g. are there enough houses, clinics, schools, 13  libraries? Environmental issues affects the environment e.g. is the river polluted, is litter a problem? 8. Make sure you include interviews, drawings, maps, photographs and other appropriate illustrative material. EXAMPLE OF A QUESTIONNAIRE Good morning, my name is ____________________ I am a Grade 8 learner at The Kenmont School and we are doing a Geography Settlement Project on Settlement in the area. May I please ask you some questions as a part of my project research. 1. What is your name andhow long have you lived here? 2. Where do you live, and in what type of dwelling (house) How many people live with you? 3. Do you like living here? Please tell me the reasons. 4. What do you think makes this place special? 5. What form of transport do you use to get around? 6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the location of this settlement for you? 7. If you work, where and in what type of job? 8. Do you receive services like electricity, water, sewerage and rubbish removal? 9. Are you satisfied with the clinics, hospitals and schools in your settlement? 10. What changes have you noticed here over the past years? 11. What do you think is the bigget problems facing your community living here? 12. Are there any social or environmental issues facing your community that you would like to mention? Thank you for helping me find out about our settlement Your task will be assessed according to the criteria on the rubric given to you on the next page. 14 UNIT 4: URBANISATION The concept of urbanisation You know from Unit 1 that urban settlements include built up places like towns and cities. The number of people living in most towns and cities gets larger each year. Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of a countrys population living in urban settlements. In South Africa, about 62% of the total population live in urban setttlements. 38% live in rural settlements. In 2000 50% of South Africas population was urban. This tells us that with time more and more South Africans are leaving rural areas and moving to live in urban settlements. WHY CITIES ARE GROWING: PUSH AND PULL FORCES OF MIGRATION The year 2007 was a turning point in global urbanisation. From that year onwards, across the world more people lived in urban than rural settlements. In 2020, more than five billion people will live in urban settlements worldwide, mostly in Asia and Africa. 15 WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION IN SOUTH AFRICA IMPACT ON RURAL AREAS Leads to rural depopulation Decline in food and crops produced on farms. Increase in rural poverty Land not well managed, leading to environmental problems such as soil erosion and deforestation. IMPACT ON URBAN AREAS Migrants from rural areas need somwhere to live. This can lead to the growth of informal settlements around cities and towns. Migrants place strain on already crowded schools, hospitals and other services. Unemployment can increase when there are not enough jobs in urban areas for all the people living there – this could lead to an increase in crime and urban poverty. OVERVIEW OF URBANISATION IN SOUTH AFRICA IN 2012, South Africa’s population was 62% urbanised. Over a hundred years ago (in 1911), only 25% of South Africans lived in urban settlements. Over the years there has been a steady increase in the rate of urbansation in South Africa. Within the country’s nine provinces, some provinces are more urbanised and others more rural. Gauteng is the province receiving most migrants, with Eastern Cape producing the most migrants. Activity 5: overview of urbanisation in South Africa Date: 1. What percentage of South Africa’s population lived in urban settlements in a)1960 b) 2001 2. What percentage of South Africa’s population lived in rural settlements in 1904? 3. Describe the general trend in urbanisation shown by the first graph. 4. Which is South Africas most urbanised province? 5. Name South Africa’s most rural province. 16 APARTHEID POPULATION CONTROLS AND URBANISATION IN SOUTH AFRICA Before 1994, South Africa was not a democratic country with racial equality. It was a country controlled by apartheid laws. Apartheid was based on racial segregation and population control The Group Areas act divided South Africa into racial groups – whites, blacks, coloureds and Asian. Different groups of people were only allowed to live in certain areas of a settlement. During the apartheid years, most white people lived in well-developed urban settlements and most black people lived in poverty in rural areas. There were townships in urban areas built specifically to house black South Africans. The apartheid city was based on seperation and segregation – different groups of people were allocated separate areas of the city. Apartheid population controls determined not only where people lived, but also how they lived. Influx control laws were made to keep black South Africans out of urban settlements. Laws controlling South Africa’s population according to race go back hundreds of years. In the 1970’s and 1980’s, Bantustans or homelands were created for black South Africans to live in. This system kept many Black South Africans in rural areas. Note, there were only four provinces in those days. 17 SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO THE RAPID GROWTH OF CITIES Urban settlements house lots of people. People who live in towns and cities have many needs. They need homes to live, somewhere to work, schools for their children, a clinic and a hospital when they are ill, shops, banks, recreation, places of worship and services such as water, sanitation and electricity. You have read how rapidly African and South African urban settlements are growing. As settlements grow, more urban services are needed. Rapid urbanisation has created a housing shortage and caused informal settlements to grow. There are 2 700 informal settlements in South Africa. 18 HOUSING Look at the pie graph above to see how South Africans are housed. There are many different types of housing. These include Formal housing: houses built of bricks and cement with proper roofs. E.g. flats, houses, townhouses Informal: shacks built of wood, metal sheets, plastic Traditional: traditional African dwellings built using natural materials such as mud and clay, thatch and wood Other: including rooms, caravans, tents, boats. Activity 6: Investigate changes in South African housing Date: 1. Describe what formal housing is 2. Describe what informal housing is 3. Look at the graph above. Which type of housing changed the most from 1996 to 2009? 4. For the period shown, aproximately how many more South Africans were housed in formal housing? 19 RAPID CITY GROWTH AND SERVICE PROVISION HEALTHCARE AND EDUCATION Healthcare and education are two very important requirments for all South Africans. Healchare includes clinics and hospitals. Education includes all types of schools, from pre-primary to Grade 12, as well as further education like universities and colleges. As urban settlement grow, so does the need for healthcare and education. It is not always posible for these services to keep up with the increasing demand. Healthcare and education problems Shortages of clinics, hospitals and schools Existing services overcrowded Shortage of staff Shortage of supplies and equipment Not enough funding People can’t afford services Difficult for many people to travel to facilities HIV/AIDS 20