GP1-1STQ-MODULE-WEEK 1 PDF Philippine Christian University Physics Module

Philippine Christian University Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas City, Cavite 4114...

Philippine Christian University Sampaloc 1, Dasmariñas City, Cavite 4114 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL S.Y. 2024-2025 MODULE IN GENERAL PHYSICS 1(GRADE 12) QUARTER 1 - WEEK 1 (AUGUST 5-9, 2024) LESSON 1: VECTORS, UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND COMMON ERRORS Overview Physics, being one of the academic disciplines, is commonly known as a branch of science that deals with the study of matter and its motion—including concepts such as force, energy mass and charge. Sometimes synonymous with philosophy, chemistry and even certain branches of mathematics and biology during the last two millennia, physics emerged as a modern science in the 17th century and these disciplines are now generally distinct, although the boundaries remain difficult to define. Today, physics is a broad and highly developed subject. Most physicists focus their study on theoretical and experimental research for them to develop new theories that will lead to the discovery of new phenomena. Despite important discoveries during the last four centuries, there are a number of open questions in physics, and many areas of active research. Although physics encompasses a wide variety of phenomena, all competent physicists are familiar with the basic theories of classical mechanics, electromagnetism, relativity, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics. Each of these theories has been tested in numerous experiments and proven to be an accurate model of nature within its domain of validity. Schön, N. (2020, October 29). 4 Physics concepts everyone should know. Brainscape Academy. https://www.brainscape.com/academy/physics-concepts-you-should-know/ Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 1  Course Learning Outcome Explain the different properties and basic concepts of Kinematics, its measurement, calculations and interpretation of how it applies in one and two dimensions. Analyze the effects of different forces in motion such as gravitational, normal, and frictional force to utilize the free-body diagrams to represent forces and solve problems involving the net force and acceleration of objects. Define and explain Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and how the gravitational force between two masses governs the motion of celestial bodies. Apply knowledge and understanding of kinematics and the different laws of motion to systematically predict resulting motion in different problem-solving activities. Analyze the properties and behavior of waves including wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed to distinguish between different types of waves (mechanical, electromagnetic, transverse, and longitudinal) and how it transfers energy. Illustrate the parts and structure of the different types of waves. Demonstrate knowledge and comprehension of thermodynamics by citing and giving examples of how it is observed in real life scenarios. Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson, you are expected to: Solve measurement problems involving conversion of units, expression of measurements in scientific notation; Differentiate accuracy from precision; Differentiate random errors from systematic errors; Estimate errors from multiple measurements of a physical quantity using variance; Differentiate vector and scalar quantities; Rewrite a vector in component form; Define physics as a discipline; Compare and explain the difference between standard and derived units; and Reflect on their learning on how to interpret and present data. You may copy and paste the link then enter to the search engine to play video/s: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rcDXQ-5H8mk Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 2  Essential Questions: Why is proper use of instruments important in measurement? What are the main differences between scalar and vector quantities? How does deeper understanding in speed, distance, and time affect our perspective towards the world and our daily lives? Test Yourself DIRECTIONS: Fill in the missing boxes to complete the table that shows the different symbols for each units. Unit Symbol Meter Km gram Kilogram Second C K Ampere mol Candela Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 3  Study These Terms On this module, you will encounter these important terms: Measurement - is the determination of size or magnitude of something. S.I. Unit - or the International System of Units is the modern form of the metric system. It is the only system of measurement with an official status in nearly every country in the world. SI base units - are the standard units of measurement defined by the International System of Units (SI) for the seven base quantities of what is now known as the International System of Quantities F. (2021, August 25). Understanding base quantities and derived quantities. Blogspot. http://fizik- fizik.blogspot.com/2009/11/understanding-base-quantities-and.html?m=1 Derived unit- is a SI unit of measurement comprised of a combination of the seven base units. Conversion of units- is the conversion between different units of measurement for the same quantity, typically through multiplicative conversion factors. Rounding-off means- reducing the digits in a number while trying to keep its value similar. However the result is less accurate, but easier to use. Random errors- arise from unknown and unpredictable variations in condition. Systematic errors- are errors which tend to shift all measurements in a systematic way so their mean value is displaced. Lesson Proper What is PHYSICS? Physics is the branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of non-living matter and energy that are not dealt with by chemistry or biology, and the fundamental laws of the material universe. As such, it is a huge and diverse area of study. In order to make sense of it, scientists have focused their attention on one or two smaller areas of the discipline. This allows them to become experts in that narrow field, without getting bogged down in the sheer volume of knowledge that exists regarding the natural world. THE FIELDS OF PHYSICS 1. Classical Physics Before the turn of the 19th century, physics concentrated on the study of mechanics, light, sound and wave motion, heat and thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. Classical physics are fields that were studied before 1900. (Optics, Acoustics, Electromagnetics, and Classical mechanics.) Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 4  2. Modern Physics Modern physics embraces the atom and its component parts, relativity and the interaction of high speeds, cosmology and space exploration, and mesoscopic physics, those pieces of the universe that fall in size between nanometers and micrometers. (Quantum mechanics, Special relativity and General relativity.) PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND UNITS We define a physical quantity either by specifying how it is measured or by stating how it is calculated from other measurements. For example, we define distance and time by specifying methods for measuring them, whereas we define average speed by stating that it is calculated as distance traveled divided by time of travel. Measurements of physical quantities are expressed in terms of units, which are standardized values. For example, the length of a race, which is a physical quantity, can be expressed in units of meters (for sprinters) or kilometers (for distance runners). Without standardized units, it would be extremely difficult for scientists to express and compare measured values in a meaningful way. There are two major systems of units used in the world: SI units (also known as the metric system) and English units (also known as the customary or imperial system). English units were historically used in nations once ruled by the British Empire and are still widely used in the United States. Virtually every other country in the world now uses SI units as the standard; the metric system is also the standard system agreed upon by scientists and mathematicians. The acronym “SI” is derived from the French Système International. Fundamental SI Units Length Mass Time Electric Temperature Amount of Luminosity Current Substance meter (m) kilogram (kg) second (s) ampere (A) Kelvin (K) mole (mol) candela (cd) SI BASE UNIT SI base units are the standard units of measurement defined by the International System of Units (SI) for the seven base quantities of what is now known as the International System of Quantities: they are notably a basic set from which all other SI units can be derived. The units and their physical quantities are the second for time, the metre/meter for length, the kilogram for mass, the ampere for electric current, the kelvin for thermodynamic temperature, the mole for amount of substance, and the candela for luminous intensity. The SI base units are a fundamental part of modern metrology, and thus part of the foundation of modern science and technology. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 5  SI DERIVED UNIT Other quantities, called derived quantities, are defined in terms of the seven base quantities via a system of quantity equations. The SI derived units for these derived quantities are obtained from these equations and the seven SI base units. SI DERIVED UNIT area square meter m2 volume cubic meter m3 speed, velocity meter per second m/s acceleration meter per second squared m/s2 wave number reciprocal meter m-1 mass density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3 specific volume cubic meter per kilogram m3/kg current density ampere per square meter A/m2 magnetic field strength ampere per meter A/m amount-of-substance mole per cubic meter mol/m3 concentration luminance candela per square meter cd/m2 mass fraction kilogram per kilogram, which kg/kg = 1 may be represented by the number 1 ACCURACY AND PRECISION Accuracy is the degree of closeness between a measured value and true value. Accuracy depends on using good techniques and highly accurate tools. Precision is the representation of measurement of a single property in the same way of at least three trials giving a way of judging how close to each other the repeated values. It depends on accuracy of the instruments. Let us visualize what accuracy and precision are: https://danielmiessler.com/blog/difference-precision-accuracy/ Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 6  CONVERSION OF UNITS Conversion of units is the conversion between different units of measurement for the same quantity, typically through multiplicative conversion factors. Converting between units can be done through the use of conversion factors or specific conversion formulas. Math - Metric Conversion Trick. (n.d.). BlogSpot-Strong Armor. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from https://strongarmor.blogspot.com/2012/06/fun-with-metric-conversions.html Can you still remember this method of conversion? Yes this is the easiest way to convert metric units but now let us discuss the proper conversion factors for each unit of measurements. Physics / Aug. 15 – Aug. 19. (2016, August 18). Discovery School Grade 12. https://grade12ds.wordpress.com/2016/08/15/physics-aug-15-aug-19/ Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 7  This might seem like a lot of numbers and units, so how do we really use this conversion factors in converting units? Here’s an example! 8-2 Converting Metric Units Warm Up Warm Up Lesson Presentation Lesson Presentation Problem of the Day Problem of the Day Lesson Quizzes Lesson Quizzes. (n.d.). Slide Player. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from https://slideplayer.com/slide/10879116/ LET’S PRACTICE! Directions: Convert the following using the different conversion factors given on the table above. Good luck! Convert the following: 1. 322,543 cm=______km 2. 9,000g=______oz 3. 15ft=______cm Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 8  Rounding means reducing the digits in a number while trying to keep its value similar. However the result is less accurate, but easier to use. Below are some rules/steps to round numbers 1. Decide which is the last digit to keep Retrieved from: https://content.byui.edu/file/b8b83119-9acc-4a7b-bc84-efacf9043998/1/Math-1-3-4.html 2. If the next digit is less than five meaning round down, then leave it the same. 3. But if the next digit is five and above meaning round up increase the next digit by 1. Examples: Round off the following to the nearest hundredths (two decimal places): 1. ) 3.45346543 2. ) 453.2434 3. ) 5.6785 1.) 3.45 - As the next digit is 3 which is less than 5 hence round down. 2.) 453.24 - As the next digit is 3 which is less than 5 hence round down. 3.) 5.68 -As the next digit is 8 which is more than 5 hence round up. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION Other form of writing large or small (decimal) numbers using the base ten or exponential form. Below are the rules in expressing number in scientific notation. 1. The decimal point should always be placed after the first non-zero digit. 2. If the decimal travels from right to left, the exponent of ten will be positive. 3. If the decimal point travels from left to right, the exponent of ten will be negative. The exponent must be a non-zero integer, that means it can be either positive or negative. The absolute value of the coefficient is greater than or equal to 1 but it should be less than 10. Coefficients can be positive or negative numbers including whole and decimal numbers. Examples: 1.) 224.9 2.) 0.000034 3.) 65000000 1.) 2.25 × 102 2.) 3.40 × 10−5 3.) 6.50 × 107 Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 9  RANDOM ERRORS & SYSTEMATIC ERRORS Random errors arise from unknown and unpredictable variations in condition. For example, a student is observing a pendulum and the time taken to complete 10 oscillations is 20.0s. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th experiment experiment experiment experiment experiment Time taken for 10 oscillation 20.1 20.0 19.8 19.9 20.2 Error +0.1 0.0 -0.2 -0.1 +0.2 Random error has non-consistent size of error and is unpredictable. Sources of Random Errors: 1. Human limitations 2. Lack of sensitivity of the instrument 3. Wrong technique of measurement. This type of error can be reduced by: 1. Taking repeat readings 2. Find the average value of the reading 20.1+20.0+19.8+19.9+20.0=100/5=20.0s The average of the readings for the oscillations of the pendulum is = 20.0s Systematic errors are errors which tend to shift all measurements in a systematic way so their mean value is displaced. The measurement obtained is deviated consistently either too high or too low from the actual value. Systematic errors can be compensated if the errors are known. For example, you are weighing ingredients for baking. Flour Baking powder Sugar Cocoa powder Actual weight 2.5kg 1.0kg 0.5kg 1.5kg Reading from the 3.0kg 1.5kg 1.0kg 2.0kg scale Errors 0.5kg 0.5kg 0.5kg 0.5kg The errors from all the ingredients are the same, they are all 0.5kg. Sources of Systematic Errors: 1. Incorrect calibration of measuring instrument 2. Consistently improper use of equipment How to overcome: 1. Conducting experiment with care 2. Repeat the experiment by using different instruments Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 10  GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION Graphical Representation is a way of analysing numerical data. It exhibits the relation between data, ideas, information and concepts in a diagram. It is easy to understand and it is one of the most important learning strategies. It always depends on the type of information in a particular domain. There are different types of graphical representation. Some of them are as follows: Line Graphs – Line graph or the linear graph is used to display the continuous data and it is useful for predicting future events over time. Bar Graphs – Bar Graph is used to display the category of data and it compares the data using solid bars to represent the quantities. Histograms – The graph that uses bars to represent the frequency of numerical data that are organised into intervals. Since all the intervals are equal and continuous, all the bars have the same width. Line Plot – It shows the frequency of data on a given number line. ‘ x ‘ is placed above a number line each time when that data occurs again. Frequency Table – The table shows the number of pieces of data that falls within the given interval. Circle Graph – Also known as the pie chart that shows the relationships of the parts of the whole. The circle is considered with 100% and the categories occupied is represented with that specific percentage like 15%, 56%, etc. Stem and Leaf Plot – In the stem and leaf plot, the data are organised from least value to the greatest value. The digits of the least place values from the leaves and the next place value digit forms the stems. Box and Whisker Plot – The plot diagram summarises the data by dividing into four parts. Box and whisker show the range (spread) and the middle ( median) of the data. LINEAR FITTING The very most straightforward case of a single scalar predictor variable x and a single scalar response variable y is known as simple linear regression. The equation for this regression is represented by; y=a+bx The expansion to multiple and vector-valued predictor variables is known as multiple linear regression, also known as multivariable linear regression. The equation for this regression is represented by; Y = a+bX Almost all real-world regression patterns include multiple predictors, and basic explanations of linear regression are often explained in terms of the multiple regression form. Note that, though, in these cases, the dependent variable y is yet a scalar. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 11  Summary Physics is a branch of science that deals with energy and matter. Physics are divided into two fields, namely, Classical and Modern Physics. Classical hysics are fields of physics that was studied before 1900, while modern physics are the studies and discoveries published and theorized after 1900. Mathematical calculations and formulations in physics are quantified using Scalar and Vector Quantities. Scalar quantities are quantities that only have magnitude. Speed and Distance are examples of scalar quantity. Vector quantities are quantities that possess both magnitude and direction. Velocity and Displacement are the examples of vector quantities. These quantities are also classified by their units of measurement to determine the properties of the said quantities. There are two units of measurement that are commonly used in physics, these are the English System and Metric System. Upon usage of incorrect mathematical approaches in experiments, the outcome will lead to errors. When dealing with scientific experiments, there are two possible type of error that can occur. These errors are called Random Errors and Systematic Errors. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 12  Activity # 1 (Written Work 1) NAME: STRAND & SECTION: DATE/WEEK NO.: SCORE: / 55 I. Rounding Off Numbers DIRECTIONS: Complete the table below by rounding the numbers to the required values. Read and answer carefully. (10 points) Given Nearest Round-Off Form 1 473,483,441.55 Ten Thousands 2 3,420.336 Tenths 3 123,456,789.10 Hundred Thousands 4 44,654,778.95862651 Millionths 5 15.245504 Ten Thousandths 6 127.777 Tens 7 299,792,458,562.995 Ten Billions 8 999,999,999 Thousands 9 621,311,299 Hundreds 10 27,489.99 Thousands II. Scientific Notation DIRECTIONS: Complete the table below by writing the correct scientific notation form of the given values. Given Scientific Notation 1 0.00000000000000000069 2 7559831054.00 3 35498796.99 4 0.00000249953 5 0.00930000523 6 33529.33 7 0.000000239 8 2356.4 9 0.008820000001 10 29979245826478 III. Conversion of Units DIRECTIONS: Convert the following as indicated. Show your solutions and cancellation of units. 1.) 5m= ______________________yd. Solution: =_______________________ft. Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 13  2.) 3.5 tons =_________________kg. Solution: =_________________g. 3.) 12 in = ______________________ft. Solution: =______________________cm. 4.) 33x106 sec =___________________min. Solution: =___________________hr. 5.) 43Km =______________________m Solution: =______________________cm Supplemental Readings and Materials vector | Definition, Physics, & Facts. (n.d.). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/science/vector-physics Math - Metric Conversion Trick. (n.d.). BlogSpot-Strong Armor. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from https://strongarmor.blogspot.com/2012/06/fun-with-metric-conversions.html Learning Resources Caintic, H. (2017). General Physics 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing, Inc. Sayson, L., Navalta, C. (2015). Physics 1 Workbook. Mindshapers Co., Inc. 8-2 Converting Metric Units Warm Up Warm Up Lesson Presentation Lesson Presentation Problem of the Day Problem of the Day Lesson Quizzes Lesson Quizzes. (n.d.). Slide Player. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from https://slideplayer.com/slide/10879116/ Essentials of the SI: Base & derived units. (n.d.). THE NIST REFERENCE ON CONSTANTS, UNITS AND UNCERTAINTY. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/units.html Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 14  F. (2021, August 25). Understanding base quantities and derived quantities. Blogspot. http://fizik- fizik.blogspot.com/2009/11/understanding-base-quantities-and.html?m=1 Learn About Different Types of Physics. (n.d.). ThoughtCo. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-the-fields-of-physics-2699068 Physical Quantities and Units | Physics. (n.d.). Lumen. Retrieved August 25, 2021, from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/1-2-physical-quantities-and-units/ Physics / Aug. 15 – Aug. 19. (2016, August 18). Discovery School Grade 12. https://grade12ds.wordpress.com/2016/08/15/physics-aug-15-aug-19/ what is motion in physics? The concept of displacement and distance. (2021, January 22). Downlaod Physics App - The Best Physics App 2021. https://towardbrightspark.info/what-is-motion-in-physics-the- concept-of-displacement-and-distance/ Wikipedia contributors. (2021, August 24). SI base unit. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI_base_unit Vector Addition. (n.d.). The Physics Classroom. Retrieved August 31, 2021, from https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-1/Vector-Addition Admin. (2021, May 4). Graphical Representation - Types, Rules, Principles and Merits. BYJUS. Retrieved July 20,2024 from https://byjus.com/maths/graphical-representation/ Admin. (2020, August 13). Linear Regression-Equation, Formula and Properties. BYJUS. Retrieved July 20, 2024 from https://byjus.com/maths/linear-regression/ Prepared by: Checked By: Noted By: Eleze Abraham P. Ambrad, LPT. Angela A. Zarcilla, LPT. Maria Beatriz B. Sico, MM Subject Lead Teacher – Principal Marie Elaine B. Caparas, MAEd, LPT. Science 12 John Karlo C. Narvaez, LPT. Robin C. Padon, LPT. Vanessa C. Pedro Subject Teacher/s Disclaimer: This module is adapted and modified from the source materials listed in the references list. This is an exclusive property of Philippine Christian University-Dasmariñas SHS and is provided only to enrolled students for their academic use. This module is provided for free by the school through softcopy and/or printed media. Reproduction of this module without official permission is prohibited. 15