Gothic Architecture Past Paper PDF

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE II: Bar Tracery: tracery is composed of thin Gothic Architecture (Part One) stone elements rather than thick ones. The glass rather than the stone...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE II: Bar Tracery: tracery is composed of thin Gothic Architecture (Part One) stone elements rather than thick ones. The glass rather than the stone dominates the window. It gives a more delicate, web- Features of Gothic Architecture like effect. 1. PLANS 4. ROOFS  Arranged for convenience rather than  Towers were crowned with spires and for symmetry are predominant features which 2. WALLS accentuate the verticality of the design.  rubble masonry not laid in horizontal courses A  materials were in small pieces  walls were no longer load-bearing which contributed to the intervention of stained glass 3. OPENINGS  doors and windows were recessed & spanned by pointed arches  Gothic architecture is sometimes called the architecture of light. B  Windows were of enormous size for the display of stained glass.  Windows were divided by vertical mullions and horizontal transoms. C A. Finial is the decorative upper termination of a spire. B. Crocket is the foliage decoration on the raking of a spire. C. Pinnacle is a small spire.  Gothic Vaults  tracery windows are beautiful features  colourful rose windows  Two types of window tracery Plate Tracery: tracery uses thick areas of stone to separate glazed areas. The window may look as if it had been filled in with stone, then small openings cut through for the glass. The stone rather than the glass dominates the window. Page 1 of 22  6. ORNAMENTS  Characteristics of Gothic Ornaments:  Sturdy craftsmanship  Boldly-executed  Forms of Gothic Ornaments :  Mediaeval mysticism  Christian subjects  Statues  Motifs of Gothic Ornaments :  Stained glass  Grotesques  A chimera or a grotesque figure serves only an ornamental function.  Gargoyles  Gargoyles are functional waterspouts & are said to scare 5. COLUMNS were used structurally & off evil spirits. classical proportions were not observed. GOTHIC IN FRANCE The Gothic style is called „L‟ architecture Ogivale‟ from the word ogive referring to a pointed arch ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER  vaulting framework of intersecting pointed arch ribs known as the ‘OGIVAL’ system  “Chevet“ (an apse having a surrounding ambulatory of which are chapels) 1. Lady Chapel – chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. 2. Chantry chapel – for religious services to whomever the donor directs.  Less prominent transepts “Chevet“ Page 2 of 22   “Fleche” (slender spire rising from a roof) AMIENS CATHEDRAL has slightly projecting transepts and sweeping chevet of 7 chapels. It was inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1981. 3 Periods of French Gothic Periods were based on the evolution of the window tracery. 1. Primaire Pd. (12th cent.) – sometimes called “lancettes” & distinguished by pointed arches & geometric traceried windows. 2. Secondaire Pd. (13th cent.) –sometimes called “rayonnant” & distinguished by circular windows with wheel tracery 3. Tertiare (14th-16th cent,) also called “flamboyant”, is a florid style of late Gothic & characterized by flame-like window tracery. CATHEDRAL CHURCHES ALBI CATHEDRAL is a fortress church with a large vaulted hall, 18. m., the widest in France BEAUVAIS CATHEDRAL is the most daring achievement of Gothic architecture, having the highest nave in Europe (48.5m.). It has 3 tiers of flying buttresses. Page 3 of 22  LA SAINTE CHAPELLE, Paris was conceived BOURGES CATHEDRAL is remarkable for the by Louis IX as a kind of gigantic reliquary for the absence of transepts & shortness in proportion most precious religious relics in all Christendom to width. It was inscribed in UNESCO World - the "true cross" of Christ, the "Crown of Heritage List in 1992. Thorns" and other relics connected to the actual passion of Christ. CHARTRES CATHEDRAL is a Latin Rite LE MANS CATHEDRAL (Cathedral of S. Catholic cathedral & one of the finest examples Julienne) has notable chevet with 13 chapels of of French Gothic. unusual projection Page 4 of 22 CHARTRES CATHEDRAL has the most At 142 m., Strasbourg Cathedral was the world's complete collections of medieval stained glass in tallest building from 1647 to 1874. Today it is the the world. 152 of the 186 windows are original. 6th tallest church in the world. STRASBOURGH CATHEDRAL is known as one of the most beautiful late gothic cathedrals LAON CATHEDRAL dates from the 12th in Europe. century & is known for its imposing towers. Page 5 of 22 NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, one of the oldest REIMS CATHEDRAL, coronation church of the French Gothic Cathedrals was begun by Bishop French kings and one of the finest gothic Maurice de Sully structures ever built. Its vast scale, masterful design and rich sculptural adornment are virtually without equal. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL was restored and saved from destruction by Eugène Viollet-le- Duc, one of France's most famous architects. SOISSONS CATHEDRAL‘s construction began about 1195, and continued into the late 13th century. The single tower dates from the mid- 13th century and is an imitation of those of Notre Dame de Paris. Page 6 of 22 ROUEN CATHEDRAL has the highest spire in CARCASSONE, a historic fortified city, was France (151m.), erected in 1876. It was the restored in 1853 by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. world's tallest building from 1876 to 1880. CASTLES CHATEAU GAILLARD has a complex and advanced design, & uses early principles of concentric fortification. It was also one of the earliest European castles to use machicolations. FORTIFIED TOWNS LE MONT SAINT MICHEL used to be a fortified stronghold of the Roman-Bretons in the 6th and 7th century. Page 7 of 22 CHATEAU DE PIERREFONDS was a defensive CHAPEL OF SAINT HUBERT in (Chateau d’ military architecture from the Middle Ages by Amboise) is the burial place of Leonardo da Louis I de Valois Vinci. HOTELS DE VILLE (Town Halls) HOTEL DE VILLE, Arras (1463) The principal side elevation was in an elaborate Renaissance style, probably dating from 1572. CHATEAU D‟ AMBOISE was once home to the French royal court. It was built of French late Gothic Flamboyant style Page 8 of 22 HOTEL DE VILLE, BOURGES (1489) has a HOTEL DE VILLE, Compiegne was built in late notable tower built in the late Gothic Flamboyant Gothic Flamboyant Style with mullioned Style. windows, traceried parapet & central tower. HOTEL DE VILLE, Dreux The town's Belfry from 1512, is a former town PALAIS DE JUSTICE hall and is the symbol of liberty. (Courthouse) PALAIS DE JUSTICE, Rouen (1508) was built by Roulland Le Roux in late Gothic Style. Page 9 of 22 COUNTRY HOUSES (Chateaux) CHATEAU DE CHATEAUDUN was converted during the Renaissance into a residence, the main body of the building is roofed in the gothic style. CHATEAU DE BLOIS’s gothic spiral staircase of Louis XII CHATEAU DE BLOIS was the residence of several French kings Page 10 of 22 GOTHIC IN GREAT BRITAIN 3. Early English Gothic (1200-1275)  also called Lancet or First Pointed ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Style  This style was characterized by British Gothic Period Styles long, pointed, narrow, lancet windows. 1. Norman Gothic (1066-1200)  This style was characterized by semi- circular arched windows. 2. Transitional Gothic (1200-1275)  This style was characterized by pointed arches introduced into structures with Romanesque character. 4. Decorated Gothic(1275-1375)  also called Second Pointed, Geometrical or Curvilinear  This style was characterized by fanciful window tracery.  Decorated Geometric - principal of the window with several lights surmounted by a circle.  Decorated Curvilinear - the upper part of the window head might be filled with trefoils, quatrefoils or dagger shapes. Page 11 of 22  6. Tudor Gothic (1485–1603) also called Late Perpendicular  This style was a shift from the pointed, ornate Gothic style to the plainer Renaissance style.  Tudor Gothic is characterized by the following features: a. Four-centered arch or the Tudor arch 5. Perpendicular Gothic (1375-1530+) also called 3rd Pointed or Rectilinear  This style was characterized by strong vertical lines in window tracery and wall paneling. b. Oriel window  This window projects from the wall and does not extend to the ground & often supported by brackets or corbels. Page 12 of 22 c. Timber frame Tudor Gothic Ornaments a. Crestings d. Half–timbering e. Broached Spire b. Battlements Page 13 of 22 c. Crocket e. The Fleur-de-lis was used in the Royal Arms of England. d. Finial f. The Portcullis was a mark of the Beaufort lineage of Henry VII, founder of the Tudor Dynasty. Page 14 of 22  g. The Tudor Rose has long been a royal emblem for England. Wall ribs or formerets came into use. The ploughshare twist is produced by raising the 7. Elizabethan Gothic (1550-1830) was springing of the wall rib. characterized by the use of mullioned windows. 2. Decorated Vaulting – addition of lierne ribs (short intermediate ribs) produced the star-shaped pattern called stellar vaulting. The intersection of the ribs is covered by a projecting ornament called the boss. EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH GOTHIC VAULTING 1. Early English Vaulting – the quadripartite ribbed vault came into general use. 3. Perpendicular Vaulting– the intricate stellar vaulting led to the type known as the fan, palm or conoidal vaulting. Page 15 of 22 4. Tudor Vaulting – use of the four-centered 2. Tie-beam roof (Tudor) arch and fan vaulting. 3. Hammer-beam Boss – projecting ornament that covers the 4. Double hammer-beam intersection of ribs. Pendant - sculpted ornament or elongated boss terminating the fan vaulting. TIMBER CHURCH ROOFS 1. Trussed-rafter roof Page 16 of 22 5. Collar-braced roof is a simplified 7. Barrel roof hammer-beam form. 6. Aisle roof GREATER CHURCHES BRISTOL CATHEDRAL is an Augustinian priory. It has a rectangular chapter house with bold interlaced wall arcades. CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL was a mixture of styles with the choir reconstructed in the 12th century; nave in the 14th century; cloisters in the early 15th century. Page 17 of 22 DURHAM CATHEDRAL was begun in 1093 by ELY CATHEDRAL was built by William the Bishop William St. Carileph & completed in 1135 Conqueror though there have been many additions since. EXETER CATHEDRAL is called a Decorated Gothic Cathedral “par excellence." GLOUCESTER CATHEDRAL (1100) is a fusion of Norman Romanesque & Perpendicular Gothic. Page 18 of 22 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL is famous for its LICHFIELD CATHEDRAL is the only medieval library of chained books and for the ‘Mappa English cathedral with 3 spires & dedicated to Mundi’, a 13th-century map of the world. St. Chad and St. Mary. KING‟S COLLEGE CHAPEL by Reginald Ely, is one of the finest examples of late Gothic. LINCOLN CATHEDRAL is one of the most important Medieval cathedrals in England & a prominent landmark visible for miles around. Page 19 of 22  ST. ALBAN was one of the largest churches in PETERBOROUGH CATHEDRAL has a the world in the Middle Ages. In 209 AD, a magnificent façade of a Gothic screen with 3 Roman soldier named Alban became England's enormous arches. first martyr - he was beheaded for giving shelter to a Catholic priest. Salisbury Cathedral (1220 – 1380) it contains the world's oldest working clock (AD 1386). WELLS CATHEDRAL (1175-1490) Wells Cathedral’s west front is said to have the finest collection of statuary in Europe, retaining almost 300 of its original medieval statues. Page 20 of 22 WESTMINSTER ABBEY CATHEDRAL is the YORK MINSTER is the second largest Gothic traditional place of coronation and burial site for cathedral of Northern Europe. the British monarchs. CASTLES & FORTIFICATIONS CONWAY CASTLE (1283-1289) was designed for King Edward I by master mason James of St. George, a renowned and gifted castle architect. WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL is the longest Gothic cathedral in Europe. CAERNARVON CASTLE (1283) is architecturally one of the most impressive of all of the castles of Edward I in Wales. It was designed by master mason James of St. George. Page 21 of 22 BEAUMARIS CASTLE was an unfinished Manor houses of the first half of the 16th masterpiece & the last & the largest of the century were built by wealthy trading families. Edwardian castles in Wales. It began in 1295 & construction lasted for 35 years. Haddon Hall was built from the 12th cent.-17th cent. It was never a castle in the usual sense, but it was a manor house with defensive walls. Normal domestic manor house, securely planned round a courtyard with nothing more than a strong gatehouse Hampton Court Palace is a Tudor palace, STOKESAY CASTLE (13th cent.) is one of the developed by Cardinal Wolsey and later Henry best preserved fortified manor houses. VIII, alongside a baroque palace built by William III and Mary II. NOTHING FOLLOWS MAXSTOKE CASTLE is a 14th cent. moated and fortified manor house, commissioned by Sir Topic Sources and References: William de Clinton.  History of Architecture 20 edition Sir th Banister Fletcher, Architectural Press, 1996.  Gothic Architecture PowerPoint, Arch. Ma. Vicenta Sanchez, UST College of Architecture  Various internet articles related to the topic Page 22 of 22