Genetic Engineering - 2nd Qtr - Els - PDF

Genetic Engineerin g OBJECTIVES: 2 1. Define genetic engineering; 2. Describe the techniques in genetic engineering as based from the situation given; and 3. Appreciate the role of genetic engineering to human life  Terms: 3 R...

Genetic Engineerin g OBJECTIVES: 2 1. Define genetic engineering; 2. Describe the techniques in genetic engineering as based from the situation given; and 3. Appreciate the role of genetic engineering to human life  Terms: 3 Restriction enzyme, (restriction endonuclease) a protein produced by bacteria that cleaves DNA at specific sites along the molecule. Genetically Modified organism (GMO) a plant, animal, microorganism or other organism whose genetic makeup has been modified in a laboratory using genetic engineering or transgenic technology.  Terms: 4 Transgenic -an organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species by artificial means. Generated in the laboratory for research purposes. Protein - primary components of the living cells whose building blocks are amino acids.  Terms: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid )is a 5 molecule found in the nucleus of every cell and is made up of 4 subunits represented by the letters A, T, G, and C. Recombination is the process through which a new gene is inserted into a bacterial DNA "The plasmid". Biotechnology is the use of biology to solve problems and make useful products  Terms: 6 Cloning is a technique scientists use to make exact genetic copies of living things. In 1996, Scottish scientists cloned the first animal, a sheep they named Dolly. She was cloned using an under cell taken from an adult sheep. It took scientists 276 attempts to get Dolly right. » What can you say about the two 7 pictures? Glow-in-the-dark mice using compounds that create proteins responsible for lighting up fireflies which could be useful for vaccines or cancer therapies (gene therapy).  Did you know what is the first picture? 8 The first picture is a tobacco plant that glows in the dark (1986). This happened because of the gene taken from a firefly which is shown in the second picture.  Genetic engineering 9 Genetic Engineering is the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. Also called genetic modification  Genetic engineering 10 It is the technology for modifying the genetic information in a plant, animal or human in order to produce some desired trait or Genetic engineering 11 Organisms created by genetic engineering are called genetically modified organisms (GMOs). What is DNA? 12 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid )is a molecule found in the nucleus of every cell and is made up of 4 subunits represented by the letters A, T, G, and C. How is DNA important in genetic engineering? 13 DNA is a ‘universal language’, meaning the genetic code means the same thing in all organism. This characteristic is critical to the success of genetic engineering.  14 Picture 1 teosinte to modern corn – 7000 years, Picture 2 on right - wild carrot vs modern carrots, orange carrots were developed in 1700’s, Picture 3 The exact date of domestication of tomato is unknown: by 500 BC, it was already being cultivated in southern Mexico and probably other areas.  15 A plasmid or viruses are vectors. Plasmids are loops of DNA in bacteria. They act as vectors to carry a specific gene into a host cell. A quick look at the process. 16 GE uses Recombinant DNA 17 DNA made from two different organisms e.g. human gene and bacterial plasmid.  GE uses Recombinant DNA 18 Bacterial plasmids are often used to make recombinant DNA. Plasmids are loops of DNA in bacteria. Restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA foreign gene inserted into plasmid. 1. How are organisms 19 genetically modified? GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM 20 Note: Genetic modifications can be made to both plants and animals.  Uses of genetic engineering 21 1. To make insulin for use by diabetic persons. Uses of genetic engineering 22 2. To make growth hormone to treat dwarfs.  Uses of genetic engineering 23 3. To prepare vaccines.  Uses of genetic engineering 24 4. To make plants resistant to disease.  Uses of genetic engineering 25 5. To make pigs, cows or fish grow faster.  Uses of genetic engineering 26 6. Higher production of milk by cows. A genetically modified cow whose milk lacks a substance that causes allergic reactions in people has been created by scientists in New Zealand. The cow (Daisy) was created with the same cloning procedure that led to Dolly the sheep in 1996 and was delivered by caesarean at the government-owned AgResearch lab in Hamilton.  Uses of genetic engineering 27 7. To make pigs with less fat-leaner meat.  Uses of genetic engineering 28 8. Gene therapy – when a gene is inserted into a sick person. Other examples of GMO 29 Other examples of GMO 30 Other examples of GMO 31 Other examples of GMO 32 Other examples of GMO 33 Possible hazards of GE 34 1. Risks for human health, e.g. Higher chances for cancer. 2. For animal health, e.g. higher chances of infection. 3. Risks of creating new microbes that are difficult to kill by antibiotics. 35