General Angiology - Veterinary Medicine - ECU

 Angiology  -It is a science which deals with the organs of circulation of the blood and lymph (cardiovascular system) as 1-Blood vascular system (heart, Arterial ‫ الشرايين‬and Venous ‫ االوردة‬blood vessels and 2-Lymphatic system‫الجهاز الليمفاوي‬ (L...

 Angiology  -It is a science which deals with the organs of circulation of the blood and lymph (cardiovascular system) as 1-Blood vascular system (heart, Arterial ‫ الشرايين‬and Venous ‫ االوردة‬blood vessels and 2-Lymphatic system‫الجهاز الليمفاوي‬ (Lymph-nodes‫العقد الليمفاويه‬ ,Lymph-vessels ‫االوعيه الليمفاويه‬, Spleen ‫الطحال‬and Thymus ‫)التيموسيه‬  1-Blood vascular system 2-Lymphatic system 1) Blood vascular system  Def: hollow muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated contractions. Position: It is situated in the middle space of the thorax between two lungs. Function of the heart and blood circulation: distribute oxygen and nutrients (oxygenated‫الدم المؤكسج‬ blood) to body tissues through arteries‫الشرايين‬ and collect unoxygenated blood ‫الغير‬ ‫مؤكسج‬and metabolic wastes from all body tissues through veins‫االورده‬.  The heart ( cor ) Is enclosed in a fibroserous sac (the pericardium).‫غشاء التامور‬  The wall of the heart is composed of three layers (from outward to inward) : 1. Epicardium. is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium 2. Myocardium. cardiac muscle. 3. Endocardium. smooth endothelial lining of the cavities of the heart.  Classification of blood vessels 1-Systemic vessels (Aa.&Vv.) 2- Pulmonary (Aa.&Vv.) 3-Portal circulation 1- Systemic vessels (Aa.&Vv.): Aorta The arteries conduct the oxygenated blood from the heart to the body, and the un- oxygenated blood returned to the heart through the veins.  2- Pulmonary (Aa.&Vv.)  -The pulmonary arteries (pulmonary trunk ) carry un-oxygenated blood from right ventricle of heart to the lungs for oxygenation  -then oxygenated blood returned to left atrium of heart through the pulmonary veins then passes to left ventricle then pass to aorta to all parts of body. 3-Portal circulation: -Collect the blood from the stomach, spleen, pancreas, small and large intestine except the anal canal through the portal vein. -The portal vein enter the liver ,then conveyed to the heart by the hepatic veins and the caudal vena cava.  Arterial terms -Arteries (Aa.): convey oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues. -Capillaries: microscopic tubes in the tissues permit the interchange between the blood and the tissues. -Veins (Vs.): convey unoxygenated blood back to the heart.  1) Recurrent A.: Runs in a direction opposite to that of the parent trunk.  2) Arterial anastmosis The intercommunications of branches of adjacent arteries.  3) Vascular plexus: Network of numerous fine branches. a vascular network formed by anastomoses between minute arteries just before they become capillaries.  4) End artery. Isolated network of vessels, and not anastomosed with adjacent arteries.  5) Arterial arches Some communicating branches may be transverse in the form of arch.  Venous terms 1) Satellite V. A vein accompanies an artery.  2) Venous plexus Anastomosis between the adjacent tributaries.  3) Venous sinuses: Veins are usually enclosed by dense membrane, and run in a bony groove.  The lymphatic system Secondary circulatory system that drains away tissue fluids and waste products, defends against infection and disease. Function of lymphatic system : plays a vital role in the body defense (immune response) 1) Picks up ‫ تلتقط‬cell wastes, excess fluid, toxins. 2) Produces immune system cells called lymphocytes. 3) Clearance of proteins and large particles ‫‪It includes:‬‬ ‫الطحال ‪-Spleen‬‬ ‫اللوز ‪-tonsils‬‬ ‫الغدة التيموسيه ‪-thymus‬‬ ‫الغدد الليمفاويه ‪-lymph nodes‬‬ ‫االوعيه الليمفاويه ‪-lymph vessels‬‬  Lymph Def: fluid which present in the lymph capillaries, vessels, ducts and trunks,  clear colorless slightly sticky fluid filtered, cleaned and excreted through lymphatic system -colorless except in the intestinal vessels which is milky after digestion, and termed chyle. The lymphatic tissue --Aggregation of lymphocytes appear as lymph nodules (its size differs from pin point to pea-size)  N.B.: The Lymph nodes lymph vessels -are are absent in intercalated‫تعترض‬ in some organs the course of the as in liver, lymph vessels. tonsils, spleen -They have afferent and lymph and efferent lymph nodes. vessels. N.B.: All lymph vessels except capillaries contain valves  Tonsils Are aggregation of lymphoid tissues (lymphocytes) in the mouth (oral) cavity. It is surrounded by tissue capsule. It have only efferent lymph vessels.  Haemal node -They are deep red or dark brown in color, Not larger than a pea. -They present some species as ox, sheep and goat , along the course of the aorta. -They have not afferent and efferent vessels.  The spleen -is an organ found in all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter. -The spleen plays important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system.[