GAP - Topic 2 - Directional Terminology & Skeletal System PDF

Canadian College of Massage & Hydrotherapy GAP – Topic #2 Directional Terminology and Skeletal System TOPIC #2 – DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY & THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Clinical Orientated Anatomy REVIEW OF ANATOMICAL PLANES AND AXIS SAGITTAL PLANE ➢ Divides the body into left and right sections. o Mid-sagitt...

Canadian College of Massage & Hydrotherapy GAP – Topic #2 Directional Terminology and Skeletal System TOPIC #2 – DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY & THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Clinical Orientated Anatomy REVIEW OF ANATOMICAL PLANES AND AXIS SAGITTAL PLANE ➢ Divides the body into left and right sections. o Mid-sagittal: divides the body into equal left and right sections (halves). o Para-sagittal: divides the body into asymmetrical right and left sections. ➢ The TRANSVERSE AXIS is perpendicular to this plane CORONAL PLANE (FRONTAL) ➢ Divides the body into front and back sections. ➢ The ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR AXIS is perpendicular to this plane TRANSVERSE PLANE (HORIZONTAL) ➢ Divides the body into upper and lower parts. ➢ The LONGITUDINAL AXIS is perpendicular to this plane OBLIQUE PLANE ➢ This plane passes through a structure in a diagonal direction. ➢ Any plane through the body that is not parallel to one of the former three planes. Page 1 of 12 Canadian College of Massage & Hydrotherapy GAP – Topic #2 Directional Terminology and Skeletal System DIRECTIONAL TERMS • Now that we understand that the body is a 3D structure, we need to understand how to describe the position and movement of the body with respect to the 3D system ANTERIOR (VENTRAL) – towards the front of the body (i.e. the nose, palms) POSTERIOR (DORSAL) – towards the back of the body (i.e. the spine, the heel) SUPERIOR (CEPHALAD) – towards the head, or towards the upper part of the trunk INFERIOR (CAUDAL) – away from the head, or towards the lower part of the trunk PROXIMAL – closer to the attachment point of the limb to the trunk DISTAL – farther away from the attachment point of the limb to the trunk MEDIAL – towards the midline (i.e. the pinky finger/5th digit) LATERAL – away from the midline (i.e. the thumb) SUPERFICIAL – closer to the body surface, describes the depth of the structure DEEP – removed from the body surface, describes the depth of the structure PRONE – the ventral/anterior surface of the body is face down SUPINE – the ventral/anterior surface of the body is face up IPSILATERAL – on the same side of the body CONTRALATERAL – on the opposite side of the body UNILATERAL – located on one side of the body (i.e. we only have 1 spleen) BILATERAL – located on both sides of the body (i.e. we have 2 kidneys, therefore they are bilateral) Page 2 of 12 Canadian College of Massage & Hydrotherapy GAP – Topic #2 Directional Terminology and Skeletal System SUPEROLATERAL/MEDIAL – diagonally in a superior and lateral/medial direction INFEROLATERAL/MEDIAL – diagonally in an inferior and lateral/medial direction Page 3 of 12 Canadian College of Massage & Hydrotherapy GAP – Topic #2 Directional Terminology and Skeletal System TERMS OF MOVEMENT FLEXION – bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body EXTENSION – straightening or increasing the angle between bones or parts of the body DORSIFLEXION – describes flexion at the ankle joint, bending it towards the skin PLANTAR FLEXION – describes extension of the ankle joint, bending it towards the calf ❖ Flexion/Extension and Dorsiflexion/Plantar flexion all occur in the SAGITTAL PLANE around the TRANVERSE AXIS LATERAL FLEXION – movement of the axial skeleton away from the midline (i.e. side bending) ABDUCTION – moving away from the midline/ the median plane (fingers and toes) ADDUCTION – moving towards from the midline/ the median plane (fingers and toes) EVERSION – movement of the (sole of the) foot away from the midline INVERSION – movement of the (sole of the) foot towards the midline RADIAL DEVIATION – movement of the hand(wrist) towards the lateral/radial side (Abduction of wrist) ULNAR DEVIATION – movement of the hand (wrist) towards the medial/ulnar side (adduction of wrist) ❖ Lateral flexion, Abduction/Adduction, Eversion/Inversion and Radial/Ulnar Deviation all occur in the CORONAL PLANE around the ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR AXIS Page 4 of 12 Canadian College of Massage & Hydrotherapy GAP – Topic #2 Directional Terminology and Skeletal System ROTATION – moving around the long axis. Medial/Internal Rotation and lateral/External Rotation PRONATION – rotation of the forearm medially (palm down) SUPINATION – rotation of the forearm laterally (palm up) ❖ Rotation and Supination/Pronation all occur in the TRANSVERSE PLANE around the LONGITUDINAL AXIS Page 5 of 12 Canadian College of Massage & Hydrotherapy GAP – Topic #2 Directional Terminology and Skeletal System OPPOSITION – movement of the first digit towards another digit of the same hand REPOSITION – returning the first digit back to its neutral position ELEVATION – raising or moving a part superiorly DEPRESSION – raising or moving a part inferiorly RETRACTION/RETRUSION – moving the structure posteriorly/backward PROTRACTION/PROTRUSION – moving the structure anteriorly/forward HORIZONTAL ABDUCTION – Shoulder only – moving the away from the midline in the horizontal plane HORIZONTAL ADDUCTION – Shoulder only – moving toward the midline in the horizontal plane CIRCUMDUCTION – combination of movements that must include at a minimum flexion/extension with abduction/adduction ❖ These special movements are not associated with a particular plane or axis Page 6 of 12 Canadian College of Massage & Hydrotherapy GAP – Topic #2 Directional Terminology and Skeletal System Medial rotation flexion Lateral rotation extension pronation supination abduction adduction abduction eversion inversion adduction plantarflexion dorsiflexion circumduction opposition Page 7 of 12 Canadian College of Massage & Hydrotherapy GAP – Topic #2 Directional Terminology and Skeletal System THE SKELETAL SYSTEM – THE SKELETON • • The skeletal system is made up of both bone and the cartilage. There are approximately 206 bones in the average adult and they are divided into two main divisions based on their location: 1. Axial Skeleton 2. Appendicular Skeleton AXIAL SKELETON ➢ This is the central core of the skeletal system ➢ The axial skeleton consists of: o Skull (cranial, facial, and auditory bones) o Hyoid o Vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar) o Sacrum o Coccyx o Ribs o Sternum APENDICULAR SKELETON ➢ Includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs as well as the bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton ➢ The appendicular skeleton consists of: o Clavicle and Scapula o Humerus o Radius and Ulna o Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges of hand o Ilium, Ishium, and Pubis o Femur o Tibia, Fibula, and Patella o Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges of foot Page 8 of 12 Canadian College of Massage & Hydrotherapy GAP – Topic #2 Directional Terminology and Skeletal System THE SKELETAL SYSTEM – FUNCTIONS & CARTILAGE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Protection for vital structures Support the body and its vital cavities – provides the body’s framework Movement – forms levers for muscle action Mineral deposition (storage for salts) Hematopoiesis – production of blood cells Energy storage – yellow marrow has adipose cells (fat) and can be used for energy CARTILAGE AND ITS ROLE (COSTAL & ARTICULAR) ➢ The skeletal system is composed of cartilage and bones ➢ Cartilage is semi rigid and is found where flexibility is required (i.e. costal cartilage and ribs) ➢ Cartilage can be found in such places as the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, and the intervertebral discs of the spine. ➢ Types of Cartilage: o Hyaline (joints) o Elastic (ear) o Fibrocartilage (disc of spinal column) Page 9 of 12 Canadian College of Massage & Hydrotherapy GAP – Topic #2 Directional Terminology and Skeletal System THE SKELETAL SYSTEM – BONE TYPES, CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE OF LONG BONE & MARKINGS ➢ Bone is living tissue that is hard and makes up most of the skeleton ➢ It is the hardest connective tissue of the body ➢ Bone is subject to constant rebuilding, the same as any other living tissue and have their own nerves and blood vessels. ➢ There are two types of bone: o Compact bone – superficial thin layer provides the strength to bones for weight bearing; larger proportion of compact bone is found at the ends of the bones o Spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone – Found deep to compact bone and superficial to the marrow cavity if present, contains many small spaces and red bone marrow Compact bone (cortical bone) Spongy bone (cancellous bone) CLASSIFICATION OF BONES ➢ Long: Are tubular in shape, longer than they are wide and are generally found in the limbs (i.e. humerus and femur) ➢ Short: Are cuboidal in shape, are intended for strength and found in the wrist/ankle ➢ (i.e. carpal bones) ➢ Flat: Broad and flat, has a protective function (i.e. skull bones) ➢ Irregular: Various shapes with a variety of prominences and grooves for muscle attachment, as well as passageways for nerves and blood vessels (i.e. bones of the face, vertebrae, sacrum) ➢ Sesamoid: Develop in certain tendons (i.e. patella and sesamoid bones of the 1st toe) Page 10 of 12 Canadian College of Massage & Hydrotherapy GAP – Topic #2 Directional Terminology and Skeletal System Epiphysis STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONE ➢ The parts of a typical long bone include: o Epiphysis: The ends of a long bone o Metaphysis: The region between the epiphysis and the diaphysis o Diaphysis: The shaft of the long bone, contains a medullary cavity filled with yellow marrow o Epiphyseal plate: In adults this is a remnant line where the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) was in the child or developing bone Diaphysis Metaphysis BONE TERMINOLOGY/MARKINGS ➢ Descriptive terms for bone surface markings o Depressions and Openings allow passage of materials, form joints o Processes and Projections provide attachment for muscles and ligaments DEPRESSIONS • • FOSSA – shallow depression in bone, houses opposing bone during flexion SULCUS/GROOVE – Furrow along bone, holds tendon or blood vessel OPENINGS • • • • Foramen – opening in bone, nerves and blood vessels pass through Fissure – narrow slit between 2 adjacent bones, nerves and blood vessels pass through Canal – large opening in center of bone Sinus (or Antrum) – cavity or chamber within bone Page 11 of 12 Canadian College of Massage & Hydrotherapy GAP – Topic #2 Directional Terminology and Skeletal System PROJECTIONS • • • • • • Trochanter – large projection off bone Tuberosity – small projection off bone Tubercle – small rounded projection Crest – prominent ridge or elongated projection Line – long narrow ridge, less prominent than crest Spine – small pointy projection PROCESSES • • • • • Head – rounded projection at end of bone, articulates with base of adjacent bone Neck – supports head in articulation Condyle – large rounded protuberance at end of bone Trochlea – groove at the end of bone – houses moveable tendon, anatomical structure resembling a pully Facet – smooth flat articular surface Page 12 of 12