G9 Science Chapter 11 Work and Energy PDF

C hapter 11 WORK AND ENERGY In the previous few chapters we have talked draws diagrams, organises her thoughts, about ways of describing the motion of collects question papers, attends classes, objects, the...

C hapter 11 WORK AND ENERGY In the previous few chapters we have talked draws diagrams, organises her thoughts, about ways of describing the motion of collects question papers, attends classes, objects, the cause of motion and gravitation. discusses problems with her friends, and Another concept that helps us understand and performs experiments. She expends a lot of interpret many natural phenomena is ‘work’. energy on these activities. In common Closely related to work are energy and power. parlance, she is ‘working hard’. All this ‘hard In this chapter we shall study these concepts. work’ may involve very little ‘work’ if we go by All living beings need food. Living beings the scientific definition of work. have to perform several basic activities to You are working hard to push a huge rock. survive. We call such activities ‘life processes’. Let us say the rock does not move despite all The energy for these processes comes from the effort. You get completely exhausted. food. We need energy for other activities like However, you have not done any work on the playing, singing, reading, writing, thinking, rock as there is no displacement of the rock. jumping, cycling and running. Activities that You stand still for a few minutes with a are strenuous require more energy. heavy load on your head. You get tired. You Animals too get engaged in activities. For have exerted yourself and have spent quite a example, they may jump and run. They have bit of your energy. Are you doing work on the to fight, move away from enemies, find food load? The way we understand the term ‘work’ or find a safe place to live. Also, we engage in science, work is not done. some animals to lift weights, carry loads, pull You climb up the steps of a staircase and carts or plough fields. All such activities reach the second floor of a building just to require energy. see the landscape from there. You may even Think of machines. List the machines that climb up a tall tree. If we apply the scientific you have come across. What do they need for definition, these activities involve a lot of work. their working? Why do some engines require In day-to-day life, we consider any useful fuel like petrol and diesel? Why do living physical or mental labour as work. Activities beings and machines need energy? like playing in a field, talking with friends, humming a tune, watching a movie, attending 11.1 Work a function are sometimes not considered to be work. What constitutes ‘work’ depends What is work? There is a difference in the on the way we define it. We use and define way we use the term ‘work’ in day-to-day life the term work differently in science. To and the way we use it in science. To make understand this let us do the following this point clear let us consider a few examples. activities: 11.1.1 N OT MUCH‘ WORK ’ IN SPITE OF Activity _____________ 11.1 WORKING HARD! We have discussed in the above Kamali is preparing for examinations. She paragraphs a number of activities spends lot of time in studies. She reads books, which we normally consider to be work  in day-to-day life. For each of these activities, ask the following questions Activity _____________ 11.3 and answer them: Think of situations when the object is (i) What is the work being done on? not displaced in spite of a force acting (ii) What is happening to the object? on it. (iii) Who (what) is doing the work? Also think of situations when an object gets displaced in the absence of a force acting on it. 11.1.2 SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTION OF WORK List all the situations that you can To understand the way we view work and think of for each. Discuss with your friends whether define work from the point of view of science, work is done in these situations. let us consider some situations: Push a pebble lying on a surface. The pebble moves through a distance. You exerted 11.1.3 WORK DONE BY A CONSTANT FORCE a force on the pebble and the pebble got How is work defined in science? T o displaced. In this situation work is done. understand this, we shall first consider the A girl pulls a trolley and the trolley moves case when the force is acting in the direction through a distance. The girl has exerted a of displacement. force on the trolley and it is displaced. Let a constant force, F act on an object. Therefore, work is done. Let the object be displaced through a Lift a book through a height. To do this distance, s in the direction of the force (Fig. you must apply a force. The book rises up. 11.1). Let W be the work done. We define work There is a force applied on the book and the to be equal to the product of the force and book has moved. Hence, work is done. displacement. A closer look at the above situations Work done = force × displacement reveals that two conditions need to be W = Fs (11.1) satisfied for work to be done: (i) a force should act on an object, and (ii) the object must be displaced. If any one of the above conditions does not exist, work is not done. This is the way we view work in science. A bullock is pulling a cart. The cart moves. There is a force on the cart and the cart has moved. Do you think that work is done in this situation? Activity _____________ 11.2 Think of some situations from your Fig. 11.1 daily life involving work. List them. Thus, work done by a force acting on an Discuss with your friends whether object is equal to the magnitude of the force work is being done in each situation. multiplied by the distance moved in the Try to reason out your response. direction of the force. Work has only If work is done, which is the force acting on the object? magnitude and no direction. What is the object on which the work In Eq. (11.1), if F = 1 N and s = 1 m then is done? the work done by the force will be 1 N m. What happens to the object on which Here the unit of work is newton metre (N m) work is done? or joule (J). Thus 1 J is the amount of work WORK AND ENERGY 147 done on an object when a force of 1 N displaces it by 1 m along the line of action of the force. Look at Eq. (11.1) carefully. What is the work done when the force on the object is zero? What would be the work done when the displacement of the object is zero? Refer to the conditions that are to be satisfied to say that work is done. Fig. 11.4 Consider a situation in which an object Example 11.1 A force of 5 N is acting on is being displaced by the action of forces and an object. The object is displaced we identify one of the forces, F acting opposite through 2 m in the direction of the force to the direction of the displacement s, that (Fig. 11.2). If the force acts on the object is, the angle between the two directions is all through the displacement, then 180º. In such a situation, the work done by work done is 5 N × 2 m =10 N m or the force, F is taken as negative and denoted 10 J. by the minus sign. The work done by the force is F × (–s) or (–F × s). It is clear from the above discussion that the work done by a force can be either positive or negative. To understand this, let us do the following activity: Fig. 11.2 Q Activity _____________ 11.4 uestion Lift an object up. Work is done by the force exerted by you on the object. The 1. A force of 7 N acts on an object. object moves upwards. The force you The displacement is, say 8 m, in exerted is in the direction of the direction of the force displacement. However, there is the force of gravity acting on the object. (Fig. 11.3). Let us take it that the Which one of these forces is doing force acts on the object through positive work? the displacement. What is the Which one is doing negative work? work done in this case? Give reasons. Work done is negative when the force acts opposite to the direction of displacement. Work done is positive when the force is in the Fig. 11.3 direction of displacement. Consider another situation in which the Example 11.2 A porter lifts a luggage of force and the displacement are in the same 15 kg from the ground and puts it on direction: a baby pulling a toy car parallel to his head 1.5 m above the ground. the ground, as shown in Fig. 11.4. The baby Calculate the work done by him on the has exerted a force in the direction of luggage. displacement of the car. In this situation, the Solution: work done will be equal to the product of the force and displacement. In such situations, Mass of luggage, m = 15 kg and the work done by the force is taken as positive. displacement, s = 1.5 m. 148 SCIENCE  Work done, W = F × s = mg × s raised hammer falls on a nail placed on a = 15 kg × 10 m s-2 × 1.5 m piece of wood, it drives the nail into the wood. = 225 kg m s-2 m We have also observed children winding a toy = 225 N m = 225 J (such as a toy car) and when the toy is placed Work done is 225 J. Q on the floor, it starts moving. When a balloon is filled with air and we press it we notice a uestions change in its shape. As long as we press it gently, it can come back to its original shape 1. When do we say that work is when the force is withdrawn. However, if we done? press the balloon hard, it can even explode 2. Write an expression for the work producing a blasting sound. In all these done when a force is acting on examples, the objects acquire, through an object in the direction of its different means, the capability of doing work. displacement. An object having a capability to do work is 3. Define 1 J of work. said to possess energy. The object which does 4. A pair of bullocks exerts a force the work loses energy and the object on which of 140 N on a plough. The field the work is done gains energy. being ploughed is 15 m long. How does an object with energy do work? How much work is done in An object that possesses energy can exert a ploughing the length of the field? force on another object. When this happens, energy is transferred from the former to the 11.2 Energy latter. The second object may move as it receives energy and therefore do some work. Life is impossible without energy. The demand Thus, the first object had a capacity to do for energy is ever increasing. Where do we work. This implies that any object that get energy from? The Sun is the biggest possesses energy can do work. natural source of energy to us. Many of our The energy possessed by an object is thus energy sources are derived from the Sun. We measured in terms of its capacity of doing can also get energy from the nuclei of atoms, work. The unit of energy is, therefore, the same the interior of the earth, and the tides. Can as that of work, that is, joule (J). 1 J is the you think of other sources of energy? energy required to do 1 joule of work. Sometimes a larger unit of energy called kilo Activity _____________ 11.5 joule (kJ) is used. 1 kJ equals 1000 J. A few sources of energy are listed above. There are many other sources of 11.2.1 FORMS OF ENERGY energy. List them. Discuss in small groups how certain Luckily the world we live in provides energy sources of energy are due to the Sun. in many different forms. The various forms Are there sources of energy which are include potential energy, kinetic energy, heat not due to the Sun? energy, chemical energy, electrical energy and The word energy is very often used in our light energy. daily life, but in science we give it a definite and precise meaning. Let us consider the following examples: when a fast moving Think it over ! cricket ball hits a stationary wicket, the wicket How do you know that some entity is a is thrown away. Similarly, an object when form of energy? Discuss with your friends raised to a certain height gets the capability and teachers. to do work. You must have seen that when a WORK AND ENERGY 149  James Prescott Joule was an outstanding British physicist. He is best known for his research in electricity and thermodynamics. Amongst other things, he Fig. 11.5 formulated a law James Prescott Joule for the heating The trolley moves forward and hits the (1818 – 1889) effect of electric wooden block. current. He also Fix a stop on the table in such a verified experimentally the law of manner that the trolley stops after conservation of energy and discovered hitting the block. The block gets the value of the mechanical equivalent displaced. Note down the displacement of the of heat. The unit of energy and work block. This means work is done on the called joule, is named after him. block by the trolley as the block has gained energy. 11.2.2 KINETIC ENERGY From where does this energy come? Repeat this activity by increasing the mass on the pan. In which case is the Activity _____________ 11.6 displacement more? In which case is the work done more? Take a heavy ball. Drop it on a thick In this activity, the moving trolley does bed of sand. A wet bed of sand would work and hence it possesses energy. be better. Drop the ball on the sand bed from height of about 25 cm. The A moving object can do work. An object ball creates a depression. moving faster can do more work than an Repeat this activity from heights of identical object moving relatively slow. A 50 cm, 1m and 1.5 m. moving bullet, blowing wind, a rotating wheel, Ensure that all the depressions are distinctly visible. a speeding stone can do work. How does a Mark the depressions to indicate the bullet pierce the target? How does the wind height from which the ball was move the blades of a windmill? Objects in dropped. motion possess energy. We call this energy Compare their depths. kinetic energy. Which one of them is deepest? A falling coconut, a speeding car, a rolling Which one is shallowest? Why? stone, a flying aircraft, flowing water, blowing What has caused the ball to make a deeper dent? wind, a running athlete etc. possess kinetic Discuss and analyse. energy. In short, kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion. The Activity _____________ 11.7 kinetic energy of an object increases with its speed. Set up the apparatus as shown in How much energy is possessed by a Fig. 11.5. moving body by virtue of its motion? By Place a wooden block of known mass in front of the trolley at a convenient definition, we say that the kinetic energy of a fixed distance. body moving with a certain velocity is equal Place a known mass on the pan so that to the work done on it to make it acquire that the trolley starts moving. velocity. 150 SCIENCE  Let us now express the kinetic energy of Solution: an object in the form of an equation. Consider Mass of the object, m = 15 kg, velocity an object of mass, m moving with a uniform velocity, u. Let it now be displaced through a of the object, v = 4 m s–1. distance s when a constant force, F acts on it From Eq. (11.5), in the direction of its displacement. From 1 Ek = m v2 Eq. (11.1), the work done, W is F s. The work 2 done on the object will cause a change in its velocity. Let its velocity change from u to v. 1 = × 15 kg × 4 m s–1 × 4 m s–1 Let a be the acceleration produced. 2 In section 8.5, we studied three equations = 120 J of motion. The relation connecting the initial The kinetic energy of the object is 120 J. velocity (u) and final velocity (v) of an object moving with a uniform acceleration a, and the displacement, s is Example 11.4 What is the work to be done v2 – u2 = 2a s (8.7) to increase the velocity of a car from 30 km h–1 to 60 km h–1 if the mass of This gives the car is 1500 kg? v2 – u 2 s= (11.2) 2a Solution: From section 9.4, we know F = m a. Thus, Mass of the car, m =1500 kg, using (Eq. 11.2) in Eq. (11.1), we can write initial velocity of car, u = 30 km h–1 the work done by the force, F as 30 × 1000 m ⎛ v2 - u 2 ⎞ = W =m a × ⎜ 60 × 60 s ⎝ 2a ⎟⎠ = 8.33 m s–1. or Similarly, the final velocity of the car, W = 1 2 ( m v2 – u 2 ) (11.3) v = 60 km h–1 = 16.67 m s–1. If the object is starting from its stationary position, that is, u = 0, then Therefore, the initial kinetic energy of the car, 1 W= m v2 (11.4) 1 2 Eki = m u2 2 It is clear that the work done is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of an object. 1 = × 1500 kg × (8.33 m s–1)2 1 2 If u = 0, the work done will be m v2. 2 = 52041.68 J. Thus, the kinetic energy possessed by an The final kinetic energy of the car, object of mass, m and moving with a uniform velocity, v is 1 Ekf = × 1500 kg × (16.67 m s–1)2 1 2 Ek = m v2 (11.5) 2 = 208416.68 J. Thus, the work done = Change in Example 11.3 An object of mass 15 kg is kinetic energy moving with a uniform velocity of = Ekf – Eki 4 m s–1. What is the kinetic energy possessed by the object? = 156375 J. WORK AND ENERGY 151 Q uestions Activity ____________11.11 1. What is the kinetic energy of an Lift an object through a certain height. object? The object can now do work. It begins 2. Write an expression for the kinetic to fall when released. energy of an object. This implies that it has acquired some 3. The kinetic energy of an object of energy. If raised to a greater height it mass, m moving with a velocity can do more work and hence possesses of 5 m s–1 is 25 J. What will be its more energy. From where did it get the energy? Think kinetic energy when its velocity and discuss. is doubled? What will be its kinetic energy when its velocity In the above situations, the energy gets is increased three times? stored due to the work done on the object. The energy transferred to an object is stored 11.2.3 POTENTIAL ENERGY as potential energy if it is not used to cause a change in the velocity or speed of the object. Activity _____________ 11.8 You transfer energy when you stretch a rubber band. The energy transferred to the Take a rubber band. Hold it at one end and pull from the band is its potential energy. You do work while other. The band stretches. winding the key of a toy car. The energy Release the band at one of the ends. transferred to the spring inside is stored as What happens? potential energy. The potential energy The band will tend to regain its original possessed by the object is the energy present length. Obviously the band had in it by virtue of its position or configuration. acquired energy in its stretched position. Activity ____________11.12 How did it acquire energy when stretched? Take a bamboo stick and make a bow as shown in Fig. 11.6. Activity _____________ 11.9 Place an arrow made of a light stick on Take a slinky as shown below. it with one end supported by the Ask a friend to hold one of its ends. stretched string. You hold the other end and move away Now stretch the string and release the from your friend. Now you release the arrow. slinky. Notice the arrow flying off the bow. Notice the change in the shape of the bow. The potential energy stored in the bow due to the change of shape is thus used What happened? in the for m of kinetic energy in How did the slinky acquire energy when throwing off the arrow. stretched? Would the slinky acquire energy when it is compressed? Activity ____________11.10 Take a toy car. Wind it using its key. Place the car on the ground. Did it move? From where did it acquire energy? Does the energy acquired depend on the number of windings? Fig.11.6: An arrow and the stretched string How can you test this? on the bow. 152 SCIENCE 11.2.4 POTENTIAL ENERGY OF AN OBJECT The potential energy of an object at AT A HEIGHT More to know a height depends on the ground level or the zero level you choose. An object increases its energy when raised An object in a given position can through a height. This is because work is have a certain potential energy with done on it against gravity while it is being respect to one level and a different raised. The energy present in such an object value of potential energy with is the gravitational potential energy. respect to another level. The gravitational potential energy of an object at a point above the ground is defined as the work done in raising it from the ground It is useful to note that the work done by to that point against gravity. gravity depends on the difference in vertical It is easy to arrive at an expression for heights of the initial and final positions of the object and not on the path along which the gravitational potential energy of an object the object is moved. Fig. 11.8 shows a case at a height. where a block is raised from position A to B by taking two different paths. Let the height AB = h. In both the situations the work done on the object is mgh. Fig. 11.7 Fig. 11.8 Consider an object of mass, m. Let it be raised through a height, h from the ground. Example 11.5 Find the energy possessed A force is required to do this. The minimum by an object of mass 10 kg when it is at force required to raise the object is equal to a height of 6 m above the ground. Given, the weight of the object, mg. The object gains g = 9.8 m s–2. energy equal to the work done on it. Let the work done on the object against gravity be Solution: W. That is, work done, W = force × displacement Mass of the object, m = 10 kg, = mg × h displacement (height), h = 6 m, and = mgh acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m s–2. Since work done on the object is equal to From Eq. (11.6), mgh, an energy equal to mgh units is gained Potential energy = mgh = 10 kg × 9.8 m s–2 × 6 m by the object. This is the potential energy (EP) = 588 J. of the object. The potential energy is 588 J. Ep = mgh (11.7) WORK AND ENERGY 153  Example 11.6 An object of mass 12 kg is 11.2.6 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY at a certain height above the ground. In activities 11.13 and 11.14, we learnt that If the potential energy of the object is the form of energy can be changed from one 480 J, find the height at which the form to another. What happens to the total object is with respect to the ground. energy of a system during or after the Given, g = 10 m s–2. process? Whenever energy gets transformed, the total energy remains unchanged. This is Solution: the law of conservation of energy. According Mass of the object, m = 12 kg, to this law, energy can only be converted from potential energy, Ep = 480 J. one form to another; it can neither be created or destroyed. The total energy before and after Ep = mgh the transformation remains the same. The 480 J = 12 kg × 10 m s–2 × h law of conservation of energy is valid 480 J in all situations and for all kinds of h = 120 kg m s –2 = 4 m. transformations. Consider a simple example. Let an object The object is at the height of 4 m. of mass, m be made to fall freely from a height, h. At the start, the potential energy is 11.2.5 A RE VARIOUS ENERGY FORMS mgh and kinetic energy is zero. Why is the INTERCONVERTIBLE? kinetic energy zero? It is zero because its velocity is zero. The total energy of the object Can we convert energy from one form to is thus mgh. As it falls, its potential energy another? We find in nature a number of will change into kinetic energy. If v is the instances of conversion of energy from one velocity of the object at a given instant, the form to another. kinetic energy would be ½mv2. As the fall of the object continues, the potential energy Activity ____________11.13 would decrease while the kinetic energy would increase. When the object is about to reach Sit in small groups. Discuss the various ways of energy the ground, h = 0 and v will be the highest. conversion in nature. Therefore, the kinetic energy would be the Discuss following questions in your largest and potential energy the least. group: However, the sum of the potential energy and (a) How do green plants produce food? kinetic energy of the object would be the same (b) Where do they get their energy from? at all points. That is, (c) Why does the air move from place potential energy + kinetic energy = constant to place? or (d) How are fuels, such as coal and petroleum formed? 1 mgh + mv 2= constant. (11.7) (e) What kinds of energy conversions 2 sustain the water cycle? The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of an object is its total mechanical Activity ____________11.14 energy. We find that during the free fall of the Many of the human activities and the gadgets we use involve conversion of object, the decrease in potential energy, at energy from one form to another. any point in its path, appears as an equal Make a list of such activities and amount of increase in kinetic energy. (Here gadgets. the effect of air resistance on the motion of Identify in each activity/gadget the the object has been ignored.) There is thus a kind of energy conversion that takes continual transformation of gravitational place. potential energy into kinetic energy. 154 SCIENCE  Activity ____________11.15 A stronger person may do certain work in relatively less time. A more powerful vehicle An object of mass 20 kg is dropped from would complete a journey in a shorter time a height of 4 m. Fill in the blanks in than a less powerful one. We talk of the power the following table by computing the of machines like motorbikes and motorcars. potential energy and kinetic energy in The speed with which these vehicles change each case. energy or do work is a basis for their Height at Potential Kinetic Ep + Ek classification. Power measures the speed of which object energy energy work done, that is, how fast or slow work is is located (Ep= mgh) (Ek = mv2/2) done. Power is defined as the rate of doing work or the rate of transfer of energy. If an m J J J agent does a work W in time t, then power is 4 given by: 3 Power = work/time 2 W 1 or P= (11.8) t Just above the ground The unit of power is watt [in honour of James Watt (1736 – 1819)] having the symbol For simplifying the calculations, take W. 1 watt is the power of an agent, which the value of g as 10 m s–2. does work at the rate of 1 joule per second. We can also say that power is 1 W when the Think it over ! rate of consumption of energy is 1 J s–1. What would have happened if nature had 1 watt = 1 joule/second or 1 W = 1 J s–1. not allowed the transformation of energy? We express larger rates of energy transfer in There is a view that life could not have kilowatts (kW). been possible without transformation of 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts energy. Do you agree with this? 1 kW = 1000 W 1 kW = 1000 J s–1. The power of an agent may vary with time. 11.3 Rate of Doing Work This means that the agent may be doing work Do all of us work at the same rate? Do at different rates at different intervals of time. machines consume or transfer energy at the Therefore the concept of average power is same rate? Agents that transfer energy do useful. We obtain average power by dividing work at different rates. Let us understand this the total energy consumed by the total time from the following activity: taken. Activity ____________11.16 Example 11.7 Two girls, each of weight Consider two children, say A and B. 400 N climb up a rope through a height Let us say they weigh the same. Both of 8 m. We name one of the girls A and start climbing up a rope separately. the other B. Girl A takes 20 s while B Both reach a height of 8 m. Let us say A takes 15 s while B takes 20 s to takes 50 s to accomplish this task. accomplish the task. What is the power expended by What is the work done by each? each girl? The work done is the same. However, A has taken less time than B to do Solution: the work. (i) Power expended by girl A: Who has done more work in a given time, say in 1 s? Weight of the girl, mg = 400 N WORK AND ENERGY 155  Q Displacement (height), h = 8 m Time taken, t = 20 s uestions From Eq. (11.8), 1. What is power? 2. Define 1 watt of power. Power, P = Work done/time taken 3. A lamp consumes 1000 J of mgh electrical energy in 10 s. What is = its power? t 4. Define average power. 400 N × 8 m = 20 s 11.3.1 COMMERCIAL UNIT OF ENERGY = 160 W. The unit joule is too small and hence is (ii) Power expended by girl B: inconvenient to express large quantities of Weight of the girl, mg = 400 N energy. We use a bigger unit of energy called Displacement (height), h = 8 m kilowatt hour (kW h). Time taken, t = 50 s What is 1 kW h? Let us say we have a mgh machine that uses 1000 J of energy every Power, P = second. If this machine is used continuously t for one hour, it will consume 1 kW h of energy. 400 N × 8 m Thus, 1 kW h is the energy used in one hour = 50 s at the rate of 1000 J s–1 (or 1 kW). 1 kW h = 1 kW ×1 h = 64 W. = 1000 W × 3600 s Power expended by girl A is 160 W. = 3600000 J Power expended by girl B is 64 W. 1 kW h = 3.6 × 106 J. The energy used in households, industries and commercial establishments are usually Example 11.8 A boy of mass 50 kg runs expressed in kilowatt hour. For example, up a staircase of 45 steps in 9 s. If the electrical energy used during a month is height of each step is 15 cm, find his expressed in terms of ‘units’. Here, 1 ‘unit’ power. Take g = 10 m s–2. means 1 kilowatt hour. Solution: Example 11.9 An electric bulb of 60 W is Weight of the boy, used for 6 h per day. Calculate the mg = 50 kg × 10 m s–2 = 500 N ‘units’ of energy consumed in one day Height of the staircase, by the bulb. h = 45 × 15/100 m = 6.75 m Time taken to climb, t = 9 s Solution: From Eq. (11.8), power, P = Work done/time taken Power of electric bulb = 60 W = 0.06 kW. mgh = Time used, t = 6 h t Energy = power × time taken 500 N × 6.75 m = 0.06 kW × 6 h = 9s = 0.36 kW h = 0.36 ‘units’. = 375 W. The energy consumed by the bulb is Power is 375 W. 0.36 ‘units’. 156 SCIENCE  How many ‘units’ are used during Activity ____________11.17 night? Take a close look at the electric meter Do this activity for about a week. installed in your house. Observe its Tabulate your observations. features closely. Draw inferences from the data. Take the readings of the meter each Compare your observations with day at 6.30 am and 6.30 pm. the details given in the monthly How many ‘units’ are consumed during electricity bill. day time? What you have learnt Work done on an object is defined as the magnitude of the force multiplied by the distance moved by the object in the direction of the applied force. The unit of work is joule: 1 joule = 1 newton × 1 metre. Work done on an object by a force would be zero if the displacement of the object is zero. An object having capability to do work is said to possess energy. Energy has the same unit as that of work. An object in motion possesses what is known as the kinetic energy of the object. An object of mass, m moving with velocity 1 2 v has a kinetic energy of 2 mv. The energy possessed by a body due to its change in position or shape is called the potential energy. The gravitational potential energy of an object of mass, m raised through a height, h from the earth’s surface is given by m g h. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy can only be transformed from one form to another; it can neither be created nor destroyed. The total energy before and after the transformation always remains constant. Energy exists in nature in several forms such as kinetic energy, potential energy, heat energy, chemical energy etc. The sum of the kinetic and potential energies of an object is called its mechanical energy. Power is defined as the rate of doing work. The SI unit of power is watt. 1 W = 1 J/s. The energy used in one hour at the rate of 1kW is called 1 kW h. WORK AND ENERGY 157  Exercises 1. Look at the activities listed below. Reason out whether or not work is done in the light of your understanding of the term ‘work’. Suma is swimming in a pond. A donkey is carrying a load on its back. A wind-mill is lifting water from a well. A green plant is carrying out photosynthesis. An engine is pulling a train. Food grains are getting dried in the sun. A sailboat is moving due to wind energy. 2. An object thrown at a certain angle to the ground moves in a curved path and falls back to the ground. The initial and the final points of the path of the object lie on the same horizontal line. What is the work done by the force of gravity on the object? 3. A battery lights a bulb. Describe the energy changes involved in the process. 4. Certain force acting on a 20 kg mass changes its velocity from 5 m s–1 to 2 m s–1. Calculate the work done by the force. 5. A mass of 10 kg is at a point A on a table. It is moved to a point B. If the line joining A and B is horizontal, what is the work done on the object by the gravitational force? Explain your answer. 6. The potential energy of a freely falling object decreases progressively. Does this violate the law of conservation of energy? Why? 7. What are the various energy transformations that occur when you are riding a bicycle? 8. Does the transfer of energy take place when you push a huge rock with all your might and fail to move it? Where is the energy you spend going? 9. A certain household has consumed 250 units of energy during a month. How much energy is this in joules? 10. An object of mass 40 kg is raised to a height of 5 m above the ground. What is its potential energy? If the object is allowed to fall, find its kinetic energy when it is half-way down. 11. What is the work done by the force of gravity on a satellite moving round the earth? Justify your answer. 12. Can there be displacement of an object in the absence of any force acting on it? Think. Discuss this question with your friends and teacher. 158 SCIENCE  13. A person holds a bundle of hay over his head for 30 minutes and gets tired. Has he done some work or not? Justify your answer. 14. An electric heater is rated 1500 W. How much energy does it use in 10 hours? 15. Illustrate the law of conservation of energy by discussing the energy changes which occur when we draw a pendulum bob to one side and allow it to oscillate. Why does the bob eventually come to rest? What happens to its energy eventually? Is it a violation of the law of conservation of energy? 16. An object of mass, m is moving with a constant velocity, v. How much work should be done on the object in order to bring the object to rest? 17. Calculate the work required to be done to stop a car of 1500 kg moving at a velocity of 60 km/h? 18. In each of the following a force, F is acting on an object of mass, m. The direction of displacement is from west to east shown by the longer arrow. Observe the diagrams carefully and state whether the work done by the force is negative, positive or zero. 19. Soni says that the acceleration in an object could be zero even when several forces are acting on it. Do you agree with her? Why? 20. Find the energy in kW h consumed in 10 hours by four devices of power 500 W each. 21. A freely falling object eventually stops on reaching the ground. What happenes to its kinetic energy? WORK AND ENERGY 159