FRHD Week 1 MC Questions PDF

**1. What is the main goal of the science of human development?**\ A) To study how genes solely influence behavior\ B) To understand changes and consistencies in people over time\ C) To predict the future behaviors of individuals\ D) To prove environmental factors are more influential than genetics\...

**1. What is the main goal of the science of human development?**\ A) To study how genes solely influence behavior\ B) To understand changes and consistencies in people over time\ C) To predict the future behaviors of individuals\ D) To prove environmental factors are more influential than genetics\ **Answer:** B **2. Which of the following best defines empirical evidence?**\ A) Data based on opinions and beliefs\ B) Evidence based on data from experiments or observation\ C) Results from replicated studies\ D) Theoretical conclusions drawn from prior research\ **Answer:** B **3. What is the purpose of replication in scientific studies?**\ A) To ensure hypotheses are always correct\ B) To repeat studies with the same participants\ C) To confirm results using different participants and methods\ D) To introduce new variables to existing research\ **Answer:** C **4. The debate over the relative influence of genetics and environment on development is known as the:** A) Nature-Nurture Controversy\ B) Psychoanalytic Theory\ C) Differential Sensitivity Argument\ D) Dynamic-Systems Approach\ **Answer:** A **5. The ecological-systems approach to development emphasizes the importance of:** A) Biological factors only\ B) A single context in shaping development\ C) All the contexts and interactions that influence an individual's life\ D) Rapid and dramatic changes in development\ **Answer:** C **6. A sensitive period in development is a time when:**\ A) Development cannot happen at all\ B) Development happens rapidly and irreversibly\ C) A certain development is most likely to happen, but can still occur later with difficulty\ D) Environmental factors do not play a role\ **Answer:** C **7. The sudden unexpected death of an infant, usually between 2 and 6 months, during sleep is known as:**\ A) Epigenetics\ B) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)\ C) Maternal Mortality\ D) Infant Failure to Thrive\ **Answer:** B **8. Life expectancy in Canada has increased from 71.3 years in 1960 to \_\_\_\_ in 2020.**\ A) 74.9 years\ B) 76.3 years\ C) 79.2 years\ D) 81.9 years\ **Answer:** D **9. Erikson\'s psychosocial stage for infancy is:** A) Trust vs. Mistrust\ B) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt\ C) Initiative vs. Guilt\ D) Industry vs. Inferiority\ **Answer:** A **10. What is the role of the independent variable in an experiment?**\ A) The variable that remains constant throughout the study\ B) The manipulated factor in the experiment\ C) The measured outcome in the experiment\ D) The variable that is unrelated to the hypothesis\ **Answer:** B **11. Classical conditioning refers to the process of:**\ A) Learning through observation and imitation\ B) Learning through rewards and punishments\ C) Learning through associations between stimuli\ D) Learning through trial and error\ **Answer:** C **12. The dynamic-systems approach in human development suggests that:**\ A) Development is influenced only by genetics\ B) Changes occur in predictable and linear ways\ C) Development emerges from the ongoing interactions between individual and environment\ D) External factors have no role in development\ **Answer:** C **13. In Piaget's stages of cognitive development, the sensorimotor stage occurs from:**\ A) Birth to 2 years\ B) 2 to 6 years\ C) 6 to 11 years\ D) 12 years and beyond\ **Answer:** A **14. Which of the following is NOT one of the five systems in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model?**\ A) Microsystem\ B) Exosystem\ C) Endosystem\ D) Chronosystem\ **Answer:** C **15. Freud\'s psychosexual stage where sexual needs are quiet during childhood is called:**\ A) Oral Stage\ B) Phallic Stage\ C) Genital Stage\ D) Latency Stage\ **Answer:** D **16. The concept of a \'social construction\' refers to:**\ A) Shared beliefs and expectations created by society\ B) Genetically inherited traits\ C) Natural laws governing behavior\ D) Objective facts determined by science\ **Answer:** A **17. Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?**\ A) Salivating when hearing a bell\ B) Learning to avoid touching a hot stove after getting burned\ C) Learning to associate a loud noise with fear\ D) Watching and imitating another person's behavior\ **Answer:** B **18. Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the importance of:**\ A) Social interactions in learning\ B) Genetic predisposition in development\ C) Reinforcement and punishment\ D) Unconscious drives and motives\ **Answer:** A **19. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the level associated with achieving one's full potential is called:**\ A) Esteem\ B) Love and Belonging\ C) Self-Actualization\ D) Safety\ **Answer:** C **20. The term \'differential sensitivity\' refers to:**\ A) How some people are more vulnerable to experiences due to genetics\ B) The biological ability to process different types of stimuli\ C) The influence of learned behaviors on development\ D) The interaction of social and biological factors in development\ **Answer:** A **21. Quantitative research is characterized by:**\ A) Descriptive data focusing on qualities\ B) Numerical data and statistics\ C) Open-ended interviews and observations\ D) In-depth analysis of a single case\ **Answer:** B **22. Cross-sectional research involves:**\ A) Studying the same individuals over time\ B) Comparing different age groups at one point in time\ C) Following one individual in-depth for an extended period\ D) A combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional methods\ **Answer:** B **23. Which of the following factors is NOT commonly linked to depression?**\ A) Childhood caregiver depression\ B) High exposure to daylight\ C) Low serotonin levels\ D) Poverty\ **Answer:** B **24. The mistaken belief that deviation from the norm is necessarily inferior is known as:**\ A) Social Construction\ B) Difference-Equals-Deficit Error\ C) Ethnocentrism\ D) Cultural Bias\ **Answer:** B **25. Which of the following is an example of qualitative research?**\ A) A survey measuring stress levels with numerical ratings\ B) A study analyzing the relationship between income and education\ C) An in-depth interview about personal experiences with grief\ D) An experiment testing memory recall with multiple-choice tests\ **Answer:** C **51. Maria is a 6-year-old who loves playing make-believe and often talks about how her toys have feelings. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, which stage is Maria likely in?**\ A) Sensorimotor\ B) Preoperational\ C) Concrete operational\ D) Formal operational\ **Answer:** B **52. Jacob is a toddler who is learning to explore his environment but frequently seeks reassurance from his caregivers. According to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which challenge is Jacob likely experiencing?**\ A) Trust vs. Mistrust\ B) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt\ C) Initiative vs. Guilt\ D) Industry vs. Inferiority\ **Answer:** B **53. Michael is a 15-year-old who has begun questioning his career goals, values, and personal identity. Which of Erikson's psychosocial stages is he most likely navigating?**\ A) Industry vs. Inferiority\ B) Intimacy vs. Isolation\ C) Identity vs. Role Confusion\ D) Generativity vs. Stagnation\ **Answer:** C **54. A researcher is studying how toddlers interact with their parents in different cultures. She notices that children in some cultures are encouraged to be more independent, while others emphasize close physical contact. Which developmental concept best explains these cultural differences?**\ A) Ecological-systems approach\ B) Psychoanalytic theory\ C) Social learning theory\ D) Cognitive theory\ **Answer:** A **55. Emily is a high school student who notices that she learns better when her teacher demonstrates a task before she tries it herself. This learning style aligns most closely with which theory of development?**\ A) Psychoanalytic theory\ B) Social learning theory\ C) Behaviorism\ D) Cognitive theory\ **Answer:** B **56. During an experiment, a group of children is taught to associate a specific tone with receiving a reward. Over time, they begin to respond to the tone alone. Which type of conditioning is being used in this study?**\ A) Operant conditioning\ B) Social learning theory\ C) Classical conditioning\ D) Observational learning\ **Answer:** C **57. Marcus has grown up in a low-income neighborhood, and his parents have struggled to provide him with a stable home environment. Despite these challenges, Marcus has shown remarkable resilience and success in school. Which developmental concept explains why Marcus has been able to thrive despite adversity?**\ A) Differential sensitivity\ B) Plasticity\ C) Critical period\ D) Epigenetic theory\ **Answer:** B **58. Sarah is a mother of two young children and often worries about the dangers of letting them sleep with blankets and pillows. Her concern stems from a desire to prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Which factor is most likely contributing to her worry?**\ A) Her children's low birth weight\ B) Bed-sharing practices\ C) Soft sleeping surfaces\ D) A family history of heart disease\ **Answer:** C **59. Daniel, a 35-year-old man, has recently begun feeling unsatisfied with his job and is considering a career change to help others. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which level of the hierarchy is Daniel likely focusing on?**\ A) Physiological needs\ B) Safety needs\ C) Esteem\ D) Self-actualization\ **Answer:** D **60. Lily is a 7-year-old who has started learning basic arithmetic in school. She enjoys solving problems that have concrete answers but struggles with more abstract concepts. According to Piaget's stages, which stage of cognitive development is she most likely in?**\ A) Sensorimotor\ B) Preoperational\ C) Concrete operational\ D) Formal operational\ **Answer:** C