Forensic Dentistry PDF

Forensic Dentistry FORENSIC SCIENCE VS. CRIME CENE Ted Bundy INVESTIGATION  Convicted, guilty CSI (CSU / SOCO) – Crime Scene  Known for biting victims...

Forensic Dentistry FORENSIC SCIENCE VS. CRIME CENE Ted Bundy INVESTIGATION  Convicted, guilty CSI (CSU / SOCO) – Crime Scene  Known for biting victims (bitemarks) Investigator (British term)  killed 40 plus women  Collects evidence from a crime scene;  death penalty after 10 years of conviction usually but not always, police officers (electric chair) with special trainings & assigned to a FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY crime scene unit.  Plane crash. FORENSIC SCIENCE  Homicide  Forum – Latin for “public”  Crime scene  Forensic Science  Preliminary evidence analysis  Implies something about the public and ❖ Field test of illegal drug test science. ❖ Fingerprint collection &  The methods of science as applied to analysis. public matters. CSI  Evolved into the application of science to court or criminal matters.  Field person goes to the crime scene.  i.e. Criminal and Civil Laws Forensic  Collective evidence from a crime scene; Science. usually but not always, police officers  Civil Laws: paternity lawsuit, inheritance with special training and assigned to a (pay fine & collect money) crime scene unit. ADMINISTRATIVE Evidence:  Reprimand in work record.  Recognize / protect from contamination, CIVIL CASE thoroughly document its location and condition & carefully and properly  Ease about custody, maternity collect. Maintain a chain of custody to  Inheritance case help maintain its authenticity when it reaches the court. CRIMINAL  Preliminary evidences analysis (“field  Pay something. tests” of illegal drugs; fingerprint  File a case cause someone needs collection and analysis; analysis & something from you documentation of bloodstain pattern ❖ NOTE: The first responders are in NOTE: charge in controlling the situation to - Civil case DNA is used to prove something avoid contamination. - Criminal case is seen in the movies like Forensic Scientist fingerprints, footprints, etc.  Mainly do all the lab work  Thoroughly & carefully analyze and test collected evidence. o DNA testing o Blood and fluid sample analysis o Fingerprint Analysis 1|Page SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  o Firearms & Ammunition crime investigation in typical o Tool marks, fire, and explosives residues circumstances, evidence is processed in a o Hair and fibers, glass, and coil “crime lab”. o Chemical trace residue.  Explosive ❖ Offer expert testimony concerning  Ordinance evidence in a court of law.  Disposal TRACE EVIDENCE CSI TEAM  Powder is used to analyze in the crime  Arrives when there is already yellow scene. tape.  Gunshot Chain of Custody DNA EXPERT THE LOGIC OF FORENSIC  Blood, saliva INVESTIGATION  Offer expert testimony concerning evidence in court of law. Recognition (Detection) LAY WITNESS  Physical evidence at the crime scene especially those objects with transfer  Someone who saw / heard the case. evidence (saliva, such as clothing, skin,  Testimony is based on your senses. duct tape, envelopes, chewing gum, CRIMINALISTICS phone receivers, or certain types of food)  1st coined by Dr. Paul Kirk, “Father of Documentation (Recording) Forensic Science” in the USA  35 mm film Manhattan project: atomic bomb.  Photographed on site as to established  Gained prominence in the Dr. Sam context and condition when initially Sheppard murder case. found, with size reference scale.  The fugitive by Harrison Ford is an  ABFO Scale inspired movie of the life / case of Paul  Used “ L” -shaped ruler Kirk.  Has become synonymous with forensic Collection science.  Bagging and tagging for processing and  Refers to the myriad types of physical analysis on the lab; additional photos for evidence collected at generated by crime evidence on biologic tissue (bite mark on scene. skin)  Sherlock Holmes way back (Edmund Locard) Preservation  Analysis of physical evidence in criminal  ASAP for biologic/perishable materials investigations. & rarely for an indefinite period of time  Applies various science to answer questions relating examination and Interpretation comparison of biological evidence, trace  From analysis of evidence evidence, impression evidence (such as fingerprints, footwear, impressions, tire Crime Scene “Processing” tracks, and bitemarks) controlled substances, ballistics firearm and tool mark examination and their evidence in 2|Page SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO   CSI thoroughly & systematically sift o Name & contact info of through a crime scene (how, when, why, custodians who) o Detailed description of evidence (type, model, serial #) Factors: o When, why, by whom evidence 1. Timing was acquired/ moved 2. Safety issues o Where stored 3. Plan of “attack”/ game plan o When/if returned TSPCDC 4. Controlling the scene o Detailed act logs 5. Documentation o Checklist for lab techs 6. Chain of Custody o Signed non-disclosure forms o EMT – Emergency Medical Technician (private sourcing of ‘processing’ o Paramedics of evidence to a private o Firemen laboratory, required to sign) o EOD – Explosives Ordnance Disposal o Active shooter (police patrol officer) o SWATT TEAM Frye Standard, Frye Test/ General o Tactical team Acceptance Test Chain of Custody (Continuity of  Test is a test used in US courts to Evidence) determine admissibility of scientific evidence  The provision of a complete documented  From Frye v. US, 293f. 1013 (D.C. account of the progress of an item of Cir.1923) a case discussing admissibility evidence and its recovery from a crime of systolic blood pressure description test scene. If this cannot be adequately as evidence demonstrated, the evidence in question  Expert testimony must be based on may be ruled inadmissible in court scientific accepted  The risk of contamination of evidence is minimized by applying the following Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals precautionary steps:  509. US. 579 (1993) the US Supreme 1. Using chain of custody labels Court held that the Federal Rules of 2. Opening each package in an area other Evidence superseded Frye as the than where it was originally sealed standard for admissibility of expert 3. Repackaging each item evidence in federal courts, some states, UORAMS 4. Assiduously using logging systems however still adhere to the Frye standard 5. Minimizing the # of people handling the  KUMHO- Korean brand of tire evidence 6. Storing packaged evidence in a dedicated GENERAL FORENSIC METHODOLOGIES secure area Forensic Fields of Specialty Risk contamination Chain of Custody Forms/Labels/ Tags Forensic Odontology  Tracks where & how evidence was handled  A.k.a. Forensic Dentistry  Includes: 3|Page SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO   Analysis of the dentition for purposes of Forensic Geology human identification and examination of  Deals with trace evidence in the form of injuries soils, minerals and petroleum; using soil 1. Study of the uniqueness of teeth, mainly analysis for linking suspects to a crime for the purpose of corpse identification scene 2. Bite Mark Analysis 3. Child Abuse Forensic DNA Analysis 4. Tracing Malpractice Takes advantage of the uniqueness of an Forensic Pathology individuals DNA to answer forensic questions such as paternity/ maternity  For determination of the cause and testing or placing a suspect at a crime manner of death in cases of unattended or suspicious death  CODIS (Combined DNA Index System)  Principles of medicine and pathology are  1987 – first convictions of rape in the US applied to determine a cause of death or and UK using DNA evidence injury in the context of a legal injury  Source of DNA ( saliva, blood, swab) Forensic methodologist Forensic Ballistics Types:  Methods of investigating the use of 1. Medical Examiner- firearms and ammunition, and 2. Coroner application of ballistics to legal questions 1. Ballistics Fingerprinting Forensic Anthropology  Forensic techniques that rely on marks  Application of physical anthropology in that firearms leave on bullets to match a a legal setting, usually for the recovery bullet to the gun it was fired with and identification of skeletonized human 2. IBIS (Integrated Ballistic remains Identification System) " database  Analysis of skeletal remains recovered o Firing pin mark from crime scenes o Bullet Trajectory Forensic Entomology o PNP NDIS – National DNA Database  Deals with the examination of insects in, on and around human remains to assist in SDIS- State DNA Database determination of time or location of death LDIS- Local DNA Database  It is also possible to determine if the body was moved after death DNA- King of all Evidence  Study of insect activity on cadavers assist Forensic Chemistry in the determination of the time of death (postmortem interval), “timeline”  Study of detection and identification of illicit drugs, accelerants used in arson Anthropology Research Facility (ARF) cases, explosive and gunshot residue  University of Tennessee Trace Evidence Analysis  The Body Farm  Dr. William “Bill” Bass  Is the analysis and comparison of trace evidence including glass, paint, fibers, hair, etc 4|Page SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  ❖ GCMS (Gas INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC : VIDEO Chromatography Mass Spectrometer) ❖ The Locard “Exchange” 1ST VIDEO Principle - Dr. Edmond Locard Forensic - the law forensics/forensic science - (Bristish Chemist) using science to help solve legal cases or criminal - “Everything you touch, acts you leave a trace of you” Forensic scientists - helps to solve crimes Impression Evidence Analysis through the analysis of physical evidences found at the crime scene and on victims of crimes  Forensic Dactyloscopy – study of fingerprints, footprints, sole of the shoes Scientists specialize of scientific fields: math, ❖ AFIS (Automatic chem, biology, physics Fingerprint Identification System) - Can also specialize in specific areas in ❖ “Glove” ing- wore skin of the forensics finger of a dead body - Ex: forensic scientists who analyzes  Forensic Podiatry – is an application blood stains can't analyze fingerprints, of the study of foot, footprint or footwear autopsy, handwritings and their traces to analyze scene of crime 3 distinct branches of forensic science: and to establish personal identity in field science, laboratory science, medical science forensic examinations  Forensic Toxicology- The study of the 1. Field scientists effect of drugs and poisons on the human - Involved in crime scene investigations body - Job includes collecting possible  Toolmark Forensics- beats you on evidences, prevent contamination of head of lead pipe crime scene & evidence, provide initial  Forensic Psychology- Study of the interpretation of crime FLM 2. Laboratory scientists mind of an individual, using forensic - Specialize in the field of biology, chem or methods. Usually it determines the physics circumstances behind a criminal’s - Jobs includes analysis of physical behavior “Forensic Profiling” evidence such as blood stains, footprints,  Forensic Psychiatry - The 2 main handwriting recognition, DNA profiling, areas of criminal evaluations in forensic ballistics (projectile motions such as psychiatry are evaluating a defendant’s bullet or bomb fragments) competency to stand trial (CST) and - They don't do field work determining a defendant’s mental state at 3. Medical forensic science the time of the offense (MSO) - Involves medical procedures such as  Behavioral Forensic Science- autopsy ,examination of bodies after Application of forensic psychology & death, analysis of blood samples from forensic psychiatry to criminal matters victim/suspect, dentistry, psychiatry, including profiling, competency, psychology interrogation and crime scene - Pathology - dx of disease reconstruction - forensic pathology - application of pathology to the needs of the court, interpret injuries, autopsy 5|Page SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO Forensic scientists also work in civil justice SOCO system - Scene of crime operations division - Handwriting exam to perform validity of - Determine, preserve protect crime scene signature - Conduct methodical search of physical evidence Food manufacturers also use forensic - Simulate crime scene as it happened techniques to determine causes of food - Present evidence and testimony before contamination/product failures any court of law Environmental authority can also employ - Crime solver of the group forensics to determine the cause of environmental - Nov 29 2018 problems such as oil spills o Case of dominic sytin y lim o Olongapo soco findings led to 2ND VIDEO arrest of gunman PNP crime lab o 9 out of 13 matching bullets from crime scene - Created with the main objective of carrying out diff forensic services and Polygraph division scientific investigations - Polygraph examination - Technical for pnp and gov agencies and - For scientific detection of truth & the public deception - EST 1945 as a G2 military police - For pre employment screening, periodic division 1961 as separate unit of the screening armed forces of the philippines - Confirm or refute conflicting statements - 1992 as national operational support unit - Ally for truth Frontline services - Dec 22 2018 ➔ Case of Rep. Rodel Batocabe DNA analysis division ➔ Polygraph test conducted on 2 - Utilize research and scientific innovation witnesses at the shooting in dna casework incident - Swab solution powerplex fusion ➔ Revealed they were telling the (reduced processing time by 40% and truth about the plan, motive, cost of extraction by 75%) mastermind - Y chromosomal analysis in sexual assault cases Fingerprint identification division - Enhances bone processing protocol - Fingerprint exam and identification - Serological tests allied and aid to - Automated fingerprint identification serological test which identifies blood system (AFIS) capable whether human or not, male or female - Feb 2009 - Decoder of human identity o Postmortem body part - Nov 1 2005 identification o Subic rape case o Thru afis inquiry and verification o Dna exam paved way for trial of fingerprints and verdict of guilt initially o Owner of left arm found at maligaya park fairview quezon city was identified 6|Page SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO Medico legal division - Face of justice - May 24 2013 - Autopsy, post mortem exam o Thru composite sketch - Exams conducted: physical o Helped identify and convict the examination, genital, serology, offender histopathological, forensic odontological o Accused of rape and robbery in exam dental clinics - Identification of mass casualty and calamity victims Chemistry division - Ally of all victims of abuse - Seized drugs exam - Dec 26 2010 - Drug test o Lt. CMDR, Scintar Mejia - Explosives exam alleged suicide - paraffin/gpr test o Proved mejia did not commit - Toxicological exam suicide - Chemical test o Instead mauled and killed by - Unfair trade competition airport police personnel Firearms identification division Physical identification division - Firearms identification & exam - Macro etching of firearms and vehicles - Stenciling & testing - Exams of: bullet, hair and fiber, tool - Firearms ident system (IBIS) capable marks, casting and molding, microscopic - Firearms ident system (IBIS) 2 capable paint analysis - July 2018 - UV exam o Central luzon mayor shooting - August 23 2010 o Mayor Shot to death o Luneta tourist bus hijack o CREDIBILITY o Bullet trajectory examination o INTEGRITY helped advance national o ACCURACY government investigation o ISO 90001 certification in 200 Questioned document examination division 3RD VIDEO Processing a Crime Scene - Exam of altered or erased document - Counterfeit bills 1st- The crime scene specialist makes a - Signature exam preliminary survey or walkthrough with - Handwriting identification the detective. - Jose pidal case 2003 2nd- after the evidence markers are o Helped identify jose pidal placed it is time to photograph the crime signature by the senate blue scene ribbon committee 3rd: gives approximate location of the evidence items 4th: collect the material in viewing the Forensic photography division crime - Forensic photography 5th sprays chemical blue star on areas - Computerized facial composite with possible blood contamination ( if it - Comparative exam, photograph analysis turns blue, it will be swabbed for dna and - Crime scene sketching & video recording will be sent to serology unit) 7|Page SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  6th: after everything is completed in National Forensic Academy crime scene, specialist will return to - allows police and lab technicians from forensic service to put the sketch of crime throughout the United States to hone scene into visio (log and seal all the their skills amid a cornucopia of fresh evidence) bodies decomposing corpses and 7th: they also search for fingerprints on overgrown skeletons evidence items and swab for dna by serologist in the lab if necessary CADAVER DOGS THE BODY FARM are trained to find corpses with synthetic The initial facility was conceived by samples that smell like decay here anthropologist William M. Bass in 1981 are able to practice on multiple human at the University of Tennessee in bodies in varying states of decomposition Knoxville, Tennessee they're taught to lie down or bark when studying the decomposition of a human they find human remains corpse from the time of death to the time they inhale and then they stop breathing of decay. because they're processing the sound Read bones for signs of trauma, knife marks, ribs, unusual fractures in skulls Ground-penetrating radar system (GPR X) Believed that bones were the only source Loan from US government of clues developed to locate dinosaur bones, find More than 400 human corpses have unexploded artillery shells, and reveal decomposed hidden bodies scientists have scattered a mixture of The system is about the size and weight human bones, animal bones, bullet of a weed whacker but it's packed with casings, and other simulated evidence powerful electronics beneath these ○ stained by time soil and weather concrete pads and hidden by leaves Series of swirls and squiggles Colonel Williams Shy representing different densities ○ The headless male corpse ○ Red Band ○ 24 to 28 year old white male Dense but transparent to who’s been dead about a year the GPR X ○ Rebel officer killed in the Civil ○ Green War Disturbed soil ○ Buried in in an airtight cast-iron Uniform signals coffin the corpse had been ○ two feet down, the signal incredibly well-preserved indicates Questioned how fresh had a new body matching the size and been added to an old grave shape of the body hidden Dr. Murray Marks there once a body's been found studied at the facility; faculty guiding the research of a new generation of scientists 8|Page SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO Michelle Miller buried the bodies at depths ranging from mysterious murder of a young family 1-6 feet; Las Vegas Nevada people renting storage what would a body look like at each space in a mini warehouse had noticed a depth nasty smell used plastic buckets, metal buckets two- body mostly liquefied was an elderly by-fours, and metal tubing woman her daughter had rented the HOW TO FIND A MURDER VICTIM WHEN storage unit two years before the THE BODY IS ALREADY BURIED SIX FEET daughter told police her mother had died UNDER? unexpectedly COFFIN FLIES Police ask how long have the corpse has ○ about the size of gnats been there ○ Have tenacious ability to identify Charts the order and the timing of insect where humans were buried in the activity in corpses wooden coffins BLOWFLIES ○ can burrow up to four to five feet ○ iridescent flies and could sniff into soil out a body within second ○ access the coffins and then lay ○ each female blowfly laid eggs by their eggs and they they do their the hundreds usually in natural life cycle there body openings or bloody wounds ○ In summertime, the eggs would hatch in just 2 hours Johanna Hues - Forensic sculptor maggots were nourished ○ Putting clay on skulls, she to maturity by the reconstructs human faces proteins and lipids in the ○ “If you are off even by a flesh millimeter, then you’re at risk of two weeks later, formed having an incorrect or pupa casing or cocoons unidentified individual.” Few days later, new ○ “For every unidentified generation of adult flies individual, there is a criminal emerged perpetrator, murderer walking ○ death’s quickest opportunists the streets.” who come in within the ○ “To do a good facial first seconds to minutes reconstruction of an individual, YELLOWJACKETS you have to have a lot of artistic ○ fed on blowfly eggs ability. You have to be able to get BEETLES the face so that it has some ○ nibbled partridge off bones expression on the face so it Neal Haskell would look like a face.” forensic entomologist Saint Joseph's College in Indiana also testifies in murder trials 9|Page SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  Clay reconstruction - yields a single clothes on during the time of the guess about a victim’s looks; one mistake crime could stall an investigation ○ “Can we use that data in order to Murry Marks - sought the help of determine the time since death?” Oakridge National Laboratory (a Corpe 3101 - donated by government research lab with a family for Miller’s supercomputers and imaging experts) in usage in her research modifying facial reconstruction using ○ Miller divided digital technology decomposition into four Research Imaging Center at the stages: University of Texas Health Science Stage 1 - 1st day or so Center in San Antonio - with MRI Scans after death and PET Scans - “Fresh stage” Dr. Peter Fox - Director of the Health - No maggots yet Science Center - Rigor, algor, ○ Dr. Fox offered his flesh and RAL livor mortis bone for an MRI to provide - Stiffening, baseline images from a known discoloration individual and relaxation ○ Dr. Fox’s MRI maps the surface of his face Stage 2 - blowflies ○ Fox’s CT or CAT Scan yields a come in and lay their 3D image of his skull beneath the eggs and hatch into skin BYFM maggots which will then ○ Wire frame model - helps start consuming the translate the relationship body between Fox’s face and his skull ○ Yellowjackets, into mathematical formulas filofax, maggots (which can be used to create a - Autolysis - cells inside the body burst facial mask) during decomposition because of the In the early years, the research conducted disruption of the PH level in the Anthropology Research Facility - Marbling: Gases trapped within the was not widely known. decomposing body distend the veins in ○ Best-selling crime novel by the body Patricia Cornwell Stage 3 - longest phase of decomposition “The Body Farm” in Weather (i.e. cold) affects the Tennessee decomposition Robin Miller - studying a different - 52 days after the start of the experiment, component in human decomposition corpse 3101 enters Stage 4 of (which may be a possible linkage decomposition between clothing and the rate of decay) - Any remaining skin has the ○ She says that half of the cases texture of leather they’ve worked on in the United - “Mummified” States are people who have their 10 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  - Nearly all of the soft tissue is gone - Anthropological Research Facility, Knoxville - Lee Jans - Donor (if she dies her body will be donated to the the said facility also known as “The Body Farm”) 11 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  - Scientific examination, and evaluation of evidences found in Mobile Phone (Call History, Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Deleted SMS etc., also include SIM Card Forensic) Draws on the scientific disciplines of biology, chemistry, mathematics, and Computational Forensics physics to ascertain the details and Concerns the development of algorithms sequence of events of a crime, including & software to assist forensic the area of origin of an impact pattern, examination. and movement of persons or objects Forensic Meteorology after bloodshed, etc. Luminol- chemo luminescent A site-specific analysis of past weather High Velocity Strain conditions for determining specific Directionality conditions that occurred in an event. Arterial Spray Forensic Optometry Primary Crime Scene- 1st place Study of glasses (eyeglass, windshields) Secondary Crime Scene- 2nd place relating to crime scenes and criminal investigations, Iris investigation ACFEI: American College of Forensic Forensic Engineering Examiners Institute Application of engineering principles in Forensic Botany cases involving materials & structural failure analysis & traffic accident Study of plant life in order to gain reconstruction information regarding possible crimes Titanic ship- Leonardo DiCaprio Things to Determine; Later on, How? Sister ships Olympic ship Britannic ship  Means  Methods Computer Forensics  Opportunity C-PCOC Cybercrimes: phishing/ smishing, child Forensic Astronomy pornography, online scams, cyberbullying Determines past celestial constellations M-TK Malware : Trojan horse viruses, key for forensic purposes, using methods logger viruses from astronomy for solving problems of relevance to the legal system & for Digital Forensics resolving historical problems more Application of proven scientific methods generally, notably issues in art history. & techniques in order to recover data Forensic Seismology from electronic/ digital media Digital Forensics Specialists Study of techniques to distinguish the - work in the field as well as in seismic signals generated by the lab underground nuclear explosions from Mobile Device Forensics those generated by earthquakes 12 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  Autotune: machine for detecting Forensic Accounting earthquakes Study & interpretation of accounting Forensic Serology device; money “laundering”, tax evasion Al Capone – RICO Act study of body fluids: semen, saliva Funding for ‘terrorist’ organizations Forensic Photography Forensic Archaeology The art of producing an accurate Application of a combination of photographic reproduction of a crime archeological techniques and forensic scene to aid investigations and court science, typically in law enforcement proceedings ‘carbon dating’ Example: Bite Marks Linen Shroud/ Cloth- entire face of Jesus Forensic Photo/ Video Analysis Christ Gospel of Judas Scientific examination, comparison, and evaluation of photos/ videos in legal Forensic Limnology matters Analysis of evidence collected from “Photoshop” Forensics crime scenes in or around fresh water Loch Ness Monster – Scottish word for sources. lake Examination of biologic organisms, in Forensic Document Examination or particular, DIATOMS, can be useful in Questioned Document Examination connecting suspects with victims Answers questions about a disputed Forensic Linguistics document using a variety of scientific processes and methods. Deals with issues in the legal system that Many examinations involve components requires linguistic expertise (voice of the document, to a set of known changer for kidnapping) standards. Can tell where is the location because of The most common type of examination the accent involves handwriting wherein the Expert Witness vs. Lay Witness examiner trues to address concerns about Lay Witness potential authorship. Forging of signature A person with knowledge to the American Board of Forensic commission of/ about the particulars of a Odontology LK crime Cannot state opinions/ beliefs/ ideas; only to what he has experienced with any of his 5 senses “FACT” witness Forensic Economics Expert Witness The study and interpretation of economic damage evidence to include present-day Usually a professional: doctor, engineer, calculations of lost earnings & benefits, EP who may or may not be working as a lost earnings and profits forensic scientist Insurance Fraud Can give opinions regarding a case 13 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  Can also be full time forensic scientists & CSI’s “Gentlemen of the jury, there are 3 kinds of liars; the common liar, the damned liar, and the scientific expert” – W.L. Foster. 1897 Handwriting Analysis Why practice Forensic Odontology and to check the authenticity What do they do? Forensic Odontologists must have: FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY 1. DDS/ DMD Degree 2. Specialized training in the field through Application of dentistry in legal lectures (now required) Recent additional proceedings deriving from any evidence requirements (2010) that pertains to teeth. 3. Completed coursework at an approved school such as the Armed Forces Institute Why use teeth as evidence? of Pathology or the School of Dentistry at the University of Texas at San Antonio Every human body ages in a similar 4. Attended meetings of national manner, the teeth also follow a semi- organizations related to forensics or standardized pattern. These quantitative forensic dentistry measurements help establish relative age of person Organizations of Forensic Odontology - For age, gender and racial AAFS- American Academy of Forensic determination Science Each human has an individual set of teeth ABFO- American Board of Forensic which can be traced back to establish Odontology- the higher dental records to find missing individuals - Ante Mortem and Post Mortem ASFO- American Society of Forensic Teeth is made of enamel (hardest tissue Odontology of the body) so it can withstand trauma IOFOS- International Organization for (decomposition, heat degradation, water Forensic Odonto-Stomatology immersion, and desiccation) better than BOLD- Bureau of Legal Dentistry other tissues in the body 5. Worked with a coroner, medical Teeth are a source of DNA: dental pulp examiners office or law enforcement for or a crushed tooth can provide nuclear or at least two years. The standard role of a mitochondrial DNA to help identify a coroner is to confirm and certify the person death of an individual within a Pulp tissue enclosed in dentin and enamel jurisdiction 6. Worked on at least 25 forensic dental cases including 15 positive identification Comparison of Dental Evidence to Other cases and 2 bite-mark cases Types of Forensic Evidence - New York Society of Forensic Dentistry & the New York Country Dental Society offer introductory Courses in Forensic Odontology 14 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO National Forensic Science Training 1066 Institute William the Conqueror, King of June 1972 PC/ INP- Philippine Public England would bite into wax used to seal Safety College (PPSC) official documents with his misaligned Ore if 6 programs under PPSC: teeth to guarantee the document’s 1. PSTIC: Public Safety Traffic authenticity Investigation Course 1453 2. PSIDC: Public Safety Investigation & Detection Course 1st formally reported dental 3. Public Safety identification of casualty of the battle of Castellon, John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury Job Description of a Forensic Dentist 1692 1. Identify human remains (individual and mass) 1st criminal case involving a bite mark 2. Age, Gender and Race estimation of the during the Salem, Massachusetts witch victim and perpetrator hunt. The accused was Rev. George 3. Analyze Bite Marks Burroughs Bite marks (Sexual Assault, Rape Cases) 1776 are compared to known teeth molds to find origin of bite injuries Paul Revere, the 1st forensic dentist in Domestic Abuse Cases the US; in 1775 he identified his friend, o Psychological, Physical, Mental Dr. Joseph Warren, among the other o Ex. Parents abusing child, Child revolutionary soldiers who fell in the abusing parents, Intimate Partner battle of Bunker Hill, in mass graves thru Abuse his bridgework denture 4. Trace Dental Malpractice 1835 Tsunami- Quarter of a million died The ID of the Countess of Twin Towers – 3,000 died; only 50% were Salisbury’s burned corpse thru identified Gold Dentures 1837 History of Forensic Odontology Dr. Edmond Saunders, proved in the Circa 49 to 66 AD British parliament the legal age determination of child is more accurate LOLLIA PAULINA using teeth rather than height mistress of Emperor Claudius who was ordered beheaded by 1849 his wife Agrippina (mother of 1st time where dental evidence (Partial Nero); first body identified by denture) was used in criminal trial, the means of teeth Dr. George “Parkman murder case”, in SABINA a US court where Dr. Nathan Keep mistress of Nero, examined the Identified the remains of the victim severed head of her rival by means of teeth 15 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO 1866 Increased use of dental ID of Casualties of major conflicts WW2, Korean war, The Identification of the body of John mass disaster Wilkes Booth which was exhumed from an unmarked grave 1970’s 1878 Formal International & American organizations in forensic dentistry were st 1 disaster w/ mass casualties, Vienna established & analysis & presentation of Opera House Fire, where dental bitemark evidence flourished in US evidence used to ID victims courts 1897 1980’s Bazaar-de-la-Charitee in Paris fire Computer programs designed for where some of the 126 victims were forensic science were devt for mass ID of identified using dental records. This casualties of Wars & disasters, national event also prompted the printing of the tracking of missing persons & 1st treatise on forensic dentistry by unidentified dead body Oscar Amoedo “L’Art Dentaire en Medicine Legale” 1990’s 1909 Further devt. Of organization forensic dent. & formalized guidelines & San Diego, CA where burned murder standards for ID, bitemark management victim was identified by dentist Dr. & mass disasters Vastarica Increase emphasis & awareness of 1934 dentistry’s role in domestic violence (child, spouse & elderly abuse) Murder victim of “Pajama Girl” case of Australia was ID’ed after 10yrs thru TEETH dental Hardest part of the body attached to the 2 eng. Cases in 1943 involving the ID of jaws. It serves to help digest food, act as female victims; decapitated, a defense mechanism burned,naked & water soaked Teeth are made of a crown with enamel Circa 1950 surrounding a pulp 1st US bitemark case Doyle vs. Texas accused was convicted of burgadly AGE OF ERUPTION mainly due to his bitemark in a partly eaten piece of cheese found in the crime scene. Insurance fraud (by body substitution) crime foiled by California Criminologist Edward Heinrich Identify of Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia ‘pretender’ disapproved by Dr. Kostrisky 16 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  ▪ Make use of GCMS (Gas Chromatography AGE DETERMINATION Mass Spectrometer) Develop in regular and sequential o Gustafson’s Method manner until the age of 15 " allow age ▪ Multiple regression estimation within 1 year histological analysis of Deciduous teeth " development starts on teeth using the 6th week intra-uterine " mineralization following criteria: 14 ± 2 weeks and continues after birth 1. Occlusal Attrition Trauma of childbirth results in metabolic 2. Periodontitis stress on the tooth forming cells o OPSCRR 3. Secondary Dentin o Neonatal Line – marks the time 4. Cementum of birth of the child Apposition ▪ If present, the child was 5. Root Resorption born alive 6. Root Transparency ▪ If absent, the child died GENDER DETERMINATION in utero ▪ Crude Age Assessment Mandibular Cuspid can be done by Shows the greatest difference measuring the thickness between gender of tooth structure M-D diameter: beyond the neonatal line o # If less than 6.7 mm- Permanent Dentition – calcification Female starts at birth, starting with the 1st molar o Greater than 7 mm, Male in up to the completion of the root of the 74% of cases 2nd molar by age 15± 1 year Charts and Radiographic stages of tooth Maxillary Cuspid development On average, root length for males Age determination between 15 to 22 are 3mm longer than females for years " depends on the 3rd molars with a fully formed, non-abraded cuspids margin of error of ± 2 years In the Mandible, multiply the After Age 22, post-eruptive degenerative distance in cm between the tips of changes are used the coronoid process by the external o Aspartic Acid Racemization distance between the angles of the ▪ Quantification of D- jaw → If over 90 cm, most likely aspartic acid Male; Below 78 cm, Female ▪ The only method that DNA from Pulp → long arm of the offers accuracy & Y→ chromosome – female reliability " measure the linear and stable time- related conversion of L- RACE DETERMINATION aspartic acid into its D- isomer which Not that reliable accumulates in Dentognathic attributes of Race metabolically inactive dentin 17 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  1. Shovel-shaped Incisors 6. Tuberculum intermedium – accessory Li 85-99% of Mongoloids/Asians cusp between the D-Li and M-Li on 2-9% Caucasians 12% Blacks Mandibular 1st Molar 2. Protostylid Accessory cusp on M-Bu INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS surface of Mandibular 1st Size of Tooth Molars Shape of Tooth Exclusive in PIMA Indians Shape of Root (American/Indians/ Eskimoes) Placement of Tooth 3. Dens evaginatus Quantity of Teeth 1-4% Mongoloids 4. Enamel Pearls Combinations of Dental Work done: Nodules of enamel on root of o Crowns molars o Extractions Native Americans and Eskimoes o Bridge 5. Extra Distal Roots on o Fillings Mandibular 1st Molars o Root Canals 20% Mongoloids/ Asians ANALYZING TEETH 1% Caucasians 6. Elliptical Maxillary Arch with The Universal System flattened palatal vault 1. Teeth are given a specific number 7. Vertical, wide ascending (Primary teeth are given specific capital ramus letter) Blacks and Caucasians 8. Straight, lower border of the 2. Any dental work done on surface is noted Mandible 3. Sheets kept on dental file for an indefinite Blacks and Caucasians period of time. When person is missing, files are transferred to the missing Caucasian Features person’s office 1. Cusp of Carabelli FORENSIC DENTISTRY 2. Bu-Li flattening of Mandibular 2nd Premolar Proper handling, examination and 3. Class 2 Malocclusion with crowded evaluation of dental evidence which will anterior teeth then be presented in the interest of justice 4. Narrow, elongated parabolic arch with A. Identification of Human Remains (e.g. high palatal vault Craniofacial Trauma) 5. Prominent & Bilobate Chin B. Bite Mark Analysis (i.e. Rape and Negroid Features Domestic Abuse Cases) C. Age Determination 1. 2 to 3 Li cusps on Mandibular 1st D. Dental Malpractice Premolar Identification of Human Remains 2. Common Class 3 Malocclusion 3. Common Open Bite Where possible, a positive 4. Wide hyperbolic arches with narrow identification is preferred to a palatal vault presumptive identification in 5. Bi-maxillary Protrusion such medicolegal cases Positive identifications traditionally involves 18 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  comparison of ante & post Psychiatrist mortem data which are considered unique to the individuals; includes; 3. Individual Identification (important 1. Dental comparison bec it provides identification to the 2. Fingerprints, palm prints & foot prints families) 3. DNA Identifications Victims of violent crimes (after 4. Radiographic Superimpositions decomposition, gunshot) (vertebrae, cranial structures including Total facial disfigurement (car accidents, frontal sinuses, pelvic structures, bone explosions) trabeculae & prostheses) Burned/incinerated/drowning (car accidents, explosions) 1. Individual Identification ID Verification – insurance, settlements Postmortem (John ‘Jane Doe) description is generated Mass Casualty Identification o Xrays & Radiographs Positive ID is compared to ante- Airplane Crashes mortem data Ocean Liner Sinkings Negative ID, a biological profile Casualties of Conflicts is generated → DNA Combatants Identification of Human Reamins Non-Combatants- war atrocities; “collateral damage” Putative ID- confirmation of ID Natural calamities- (earthquakes, Autopsy report- req. if death; is not of tsunamis, floods) natural causes Terrorist act “pugilistic” stance Charring of external body surface & internal organs Multiple fractures Soot in trachea COD- Combined effects of traumatic & thermal injuries Charity for the victims of YOLANDA 2. Mass Identification Same process is used as individual ID Organization is crucial Family is asked to come identify the body, and narrow down the pool of victims DVI – Disaster Victim Identification Team Pathologist Forensic Dentist 19 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  comparison of ante & post Psychiatrist mortem data which are considered unique to the individuals; includes; 3. Individual Identification (important 1. Dental comparison bec it provides identification to the 2. Fingerprints, palm prints & foot prints families) 3. DNA Identifications Victims of violent crimes (after 4. Radiographic Superimpositions decomposition, gunshot) (vertebrae, cranial structures including Total facial disfigurement (car accidents, frontal sinuses, pelvic structures, bone explosions) trabeculae & prostheses) Burned/incinerated/drowning (car accidents, explosions) 1. Individual Identification ID Verification – insurance, settlements Postmortem (John ‘Jane Doe) description is generated Mass Casualty Identification o X-rays & Radiographs Positive ID is compared to ante- Airplane Crashes mortem data Ocean Liner Sinkings Negative ID, a biological profile Casualties of Conflicts is generated → DNA Combatants Identification of Human Remains Non-Combatants- war atrocities; “collateral damage” Putative ID- confirmation of ID Natural calamities- (earthquakes, Autopsy report- req. if death; is not of tsunamis, floods) natural causes Terrorist act “pugilistic” stance Identification of Human Remains Charring of external body surface & internal organs Mass casualty identification Multiple fractures Airplane crashes Soot in trachea Ocean liner sinkings COD- Combined effects of traumatic & Casualties of conflicts combatants; not thermal injuries combatants (war atrocities; “collateral Charity for the victims of YOLANDA damage” Natural calamities (earthquakes, tsunami, 2. Mass Identification floods) Same process is used as individual ID Terrorist acts Organization is crucial Family is asked to come identify the ESSENTIAL OF DENTAL IDENTIFICATION body, and narrow down the pool of (STIMSON & MERTZ) victims Preparation DVI – Disaster Victim Identification Team Post modern exam (oral autopsy) Pathologist Locality & securing antemortem Forensic Dentist evidence 19 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  Comparison of antemortem can be lost (esp. during initial evidence/past mortem evidence discovery at scene) Conclusion B. Decomposed Final report Difficult to examine in situ (lack of adequate illumination, debris, poor DMORT- Disaster Mortuary Operational access for photo & radiography) Response Team Mandible is usually removed DVI- Disaster Victim Identification Stored in 10% Formalin or 70% Alcohol 1. PREPARATION Pink Teeth” – due to hemolysis of pulp self-preparedness – necessary training tissue + moist, dark environment awareness of nature of all details o Penetration of heme into regarding the case dentinal tubules awareness of different protocols dictated o Also common sudden death, by the type of evidence hanging, asphyxiation, drowning equipment and CO poisoning C. Charred *PTSD – not human of you don’t feel fond of Most difficult to examine " hard, dry, dead body contracted, friable 2. POST- MORTEM EXAM (oral Extreme heat (damage is temperature autopsy) dependent) Examination & charting, photo & radiographic documentation of all PM Teeth: data o Rapid – enamel exfoliation o DMF (Decayed, Missing, Filled) leaving behind dentin ‘cores’ o Prostheses o Slow – clean separation of entire o Soft tissue conditions crown at gumline o Jaw relations Bone: Black, brittle, carbonized o Pathologic conditions Charting & photo first done in situ before o Unusual findings jaw removal Types of Remains: determines Burn damage (fracture should be protocol to be use; differentiated from peri-mortem A. skeletonized (easiest) damage) dry & non Odoriferous (very old D. Viewable remains) Jaw removal is usually indicated -> in- “rotten egg” smell (relatively fresh situ intra oral examination (rigor mortis, Detached from soft tissue & portable → cold temperature) easiest to examine (photograph & Internal pterygoid & masseter can be radiograph) severed to facilitate jaw opening (plus Precautions: mouth prop) without seen skin o Brittle & easily chip shatter → perforation fragile during transport Keiser-Nielsen technique of jaw o Single rooted teeth can be resection with facial cuts dislodged from their sockets & E. Mutilated 20 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  Agonal trauma (broken, avulsed teeth & 4. COMPARISON OF AM & PM EVIDENCE jaw fractures) should be recorded prior to expected discrepancies/inconsistencies jaw removal Types discrepancies/inconsistencies A. Temporal – due to time 3. LOCATING AND SECURING ANTE B. Spatial- AM & PM radiographs taken at MORTEM EVIDENCE different angles C. Human error – omissions & incorrectly for confirmation of ID of putative victim transcribed tooth numbers or filled – easiest; victim’s dentist can easily be surfaces → difficult to resolve located D. Irreconcilable – (absence of tooth legal request made by authorities -> if filling in the PM radiograph but present dentist Deny request, records will be in the AM radiograph; presence of a tooth subpoenaed in the PM radiograph that is absent in the if victim had no personal dentist other AM radiograph possible sources of dental records must few explainable inconsistencies are be considered acceptable as long as they accompanied o military, police service records, by multiple or specific concordant features institutions like hospitals, mental radiographs are preferred more than facilities, prisons, & orphanages; written reports o others like insurance companies unlike fingerprints, there are no specific & pharmacies; match points o community clinics, dental schools) 5. CONCLUSION if victim was wearing RPD engraved must have high level of confidence with ID markings (at least 10 states positive is established when concordance require this by law), old dentures kept at bet AM & PM evidence confer home uniqueness & there are no incompatible non-dental sources medical/chiropractic inconsistence radiographs; ER fam pictures showing a positive ID is confirmed when data the victim smiling alone is compelling but insufficient to original & complete AM records must be unconditionally assure identity yet requested-copies can be inaccurate authorities are reasonably certain of identity based on circumstantial requested AM evidences that has been evidence→ recombi of all evidence received & transported should also Superficial similarities but are too few or strictly follow chain of custody too nonspecific to base ID " dental if totally without am data, reconstructive evidence is non-committal & used only dental exam followed by an NCIC as supportive evidence to prevent ruling inquiry must be initiated out suspect If AM evidence is too old or shows teeth not recovered in the PM evidence, no meaningful assessment using dental evidence "non-contributory 21 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  If there are only multiple or Drag marks- linear abrasions striations irreconcilable inconsistencies and there & conditions due to movement are no meaningful consistencies, the Lingual markings putative victim can be excluded as the Double pattern (Mike Tyson-Boxer who decedent bite) 6. THE FINAL REPORT “diffuse” bruise bitemark & is of no evidentiary should be declared as soon as ID is value for bite ID. DNA swabbing of injury could established so the next of kin can be direct suspicious on a particular person informed & body released to Where are bitemarks found? followed by the submission of complete & thorough final written report -> should Porous surfaces include all AM & PM facts that support Impressions vary the conclusion o depending on the pressure Maybe needed again in court months or applied even years after submission so it should o on food-well-defined not be cryptic & disorganized & allow the Flesh (skin) is elastic & scratches court to reconstruct, if needed, the case. If post mortem, no bruising Chain of custody is strictly observed ! o “Ferocious” bites will produce ‘Cryptic’ – should be straight to the scrapings & lacerations point, no ambiguous words o “Amorous” bites – made slowly and with gradually increasing moderate force Finals 4-30-24 Crocodiles- strongest biting force Bitemarks animals Impressions from teeth found in Bite marks on a victim tend to be specific skin/items left at a scene. Usually outline attack teeth placement o On the neck, breasts and shoulders o Multiple bites on the What are bitemarks? arms or buttocks – sometimes Physical alteration signs of child abuse o Sometimes Animal/human a victim may bite the suspect as Impression on an object (food, pencil, a means of the defense (usually tissue, skin) multiple bites) Double (opposing) horseshoe pattern – o Self-inflicted either deliberately classic appearance or unintentionally (severe Series of abrasions/contusions a long the psychosis) periphery ANALYZING BITEMARKS With or without lacerations reflections or the teeth’s shape are Bite marks reveals features such as usually seen o Gaps between the teeth Central ecchymosis → rupture of o Ridges on the biting surfaces capillaries due “sucking” o Rough fillings 22 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO  o Missing, broken, chipped, 3. ADIS (Automatic Dental Identification System) distorted teeth A few minutes will produce a list of o Source of DNA - Saliva people who have the same dental code Sakal sa stockings, hampas ng poker number stick 4. 3D Bite Mark Analysis Necrophilia → during (kinagat sa 3D Scans of dental casts are used to panga? Ted bundy generate onlays using various pressure photo documentation and deviation bitemarks are photographed with a scale The overlays are compared with the o If on skin it should be within 8hrs photograph of the bite marks of the skin & over repeated intervals without a scale & then THE TED BUNDY CASE with a scale Theodore Robert “Ted” Bundy was an o both on B & W in color American serial killer who murdered o Different angles/ perspective numerous young women between 1974 salivary swabs – for blood trace and 1978 evidence & amylase He confessed to 30 murders, however the different photography – causes to exact number of his victims remains washed out unknown digital photography – CODIS 1 survived, 2 dead He would bludgeon his victims, and then impressions of the bite marks are taken & strangle them to death. He then engaged casts are then made in rape or necrophilia (sexual interaction o using PVS (Polyvinyl Siloxane) with or attraction to corpses) ‘wash’ impression mat delivered Lower 6 teeths by auto mix cartridge system removal of the bitten area in deceased victims – transillumination etc. & for BITEMARK ANALYSIS long term preservation & storage casts are traced onto Terminology according to ABFO Terminology Guidelines transparencies/digital scans 1. Bite mark VS bitemark impression & casts of suspects teeth are 2. Abrasion, contusion, laceration, made ecchymosis, petechiae, avulsion, comparison between suspect cast & bite indentation, erythema and punctures mark by superimposition or 3D scanning 3. Characteristics – details used in COMPUTER ODONTOLOGY comparing 2 objects 1. Automatic Dental Code Matching A. Class Characteristics Seen in a given group Bites are run through the computer to find a match More obvious gross features 2. Odontosearch distinguishable in an object i.e. shoe/ tire Compare a data base of missing peoples, impressions felons, government workers Tool marks etc. Box-like shape made by incisors 23 | P a g e SY: 2023-2024 CALVERO