Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases PDF

Foodborne and Waterborne Bacterial *Oral cavaties - Streptococcus mutans Dental caries o Toothache, sensitivity and pain when drinking and eating o Cause by: normal indigenous microbiota o Treatment: Fluoride treatment, fillings, extraction o Preventio...

Foodborne and Waterborne Bacterial *Oral cavaties - Streptococcus mutans Dental caries o Toothache, sensitivity and pain when drinking and eating o Cause by: normal indigenous microbiota o Treatment: Fluoride treatment, fillings, extraction o Prevention: Practicing good oral hygiene, regular dental exams -Streptococcus sobrinus Dental caries o Toothache, sensitivity and pain when drinking and eating o Cause by: normal indigenous microbiota o Treatment: Fluoride treatment, fillings, extraction o Prevention: Practicing good oral hygiene, regular dental exams - Variety of species Gingivitis o Swollen, soft, red, and bleeding gums o Caused by: Normal indigenous microbiota o Treatment: Cleaning of teeth to remove plaque o Prevention: Practicing good oral hygiene, regular dental exams o Plaque is a type of biofilm Periodontitis o Swollen, bright red, tender gums pulled away from teeth o Caused by: Normal indigenous microbiota o Treatment: Cleaning pockets of bacteria o Prevention: Practicing good oral hygiene, regular dental exams - Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcal food poisoning (Foodborne, Noninflammatory Gastroenteritis)  o Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea o Transmission: Food improperly handled or stored o Treatment: Illness usually resolves w/o treatment o Prevention: Good hand hygiene, avoiding suspect foods o Enterotoxin, Food intoxication o Incubation 1-6 hours -Clostridium perfringens Clostridial food poisoning (FOODBORNE, Noninflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Abdominal cramping, watery diarrhea o Transmission: protein-rich foods improperly handled or stored o Treatment: Illness usually resolves w/o treatment o Prevention: Practicing good hand hygiene, avoiding suspect foods o Enterotoxin, food intoxication o Incubation 8-24 hours Gas Gangrene (SOILBORNE disease) o Foul odor and intense pain and swelling at the wound site o Transmission: Soil, endogenous transfer (Spores enter body through sever open wound.) o Treatment: Antibiotics (Cephalosporin), amputation, hyperbaric oxygen chamber o Prevention: Tissue debridement, cleaning wounds o Alpha-toxin is the most important of the 12 EXOtoxins (damages and lyses blood cells) -Bacillus cereus Food poisoning (Foodborne, Noninflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Diarrhea, vomiting o Transmission: Contaminated meats, cream sauces, starchy foods o Treatment: Illness usually resolves w/o treatment o Prevention: Avoid suspect foods o Enterotoxin, food intoxication -Clostridium botulinum Botulism (Foodborne and wound, Noninflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Difficulty breathing or swallowing, slurred speech, blurred vision, flaccid paralysis  o Transmission: Contaminated canned food, wound o Treatment: Antitoxin, breathing assist o Prevention: Practicing good home canning, proper food storage, avoiding honey in infants o Neurotoxin, food intoxication, most powerful toxin known to science -Vibrio Cholerae Cholera (Waterborne, Inflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Severe watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, dehydration o Transmission: Waterborne o Treatment: Oral rehydration therapy, Antibiotics o Prevention: Hand hygiene, avoid untreated water o Enterotoxin, Food infection -Vibrio sp. Vibriosis (Foodborne, Inflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Abdominal cramping, watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever o Transmission: Contaminated seafood (Oysters) o Treatment: None or antibiotic therapy for prolonged illness o Prevention: Cooking seafood thoroughly, avoiding raw oysters and clams o No toxin involved, Food infection -Escherichia coli Escherichia coli serotypes o Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (Aka Traveler’s disease, Inflammatory Gastroenteritis) ▪ Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramps, low grade fever ▪ Transmission: Foodborne or waterborne ▪ Treatment: Illness usually resolves w/o treatment ▪ Prevention: Avoid suspect foods and untreated water ▪ Enterotoxin, food infection o Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (Foodborne/waterborne, Inflammatory Gastroenteritis) ▪ Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramps, low grade fever ▪ Transmission: Foodborne or waterborne ▪ Treatment: Illness usually resolves w/o treatment ▪ Prevention: Avoid suspect foods and untreated water  ▪ Mostly in infants ▪ Enterotoxin, Food infection Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) (Foodborne, Invasive Gastroenteritis) o Most common form is O157:H7 o Hemorrhagic colitis, severe bloody diarrhea o Transmission: Undercooked ground beef, contaminated fruits/veggies (ie: Spinach) o Treatment: In uncomplicated cases, resolves in 5-10 days o Prevention: Good hand hygiene and food preparation o Food infection, Enterotoxin, Cytotoxin, older adults, young adults, and immunocompromised pts develop complications. -Clostridium difficile Clostridium Difficile (aka C.Diff) (Inflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Major cause of Pseudomembranous colitis (severe colon infection) o Watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea, dehydration, abd pain o Transmission: Indirect from contaminated hands or fomites o Treatment: Stopping antibiotic therapy, Anticlostridial antibiotic therapy o Prevention: GOOD hand hygiene, keeping bathrooms and kitchens disinfected → Bleach, bleach, BLEACH!!!!!!!!! o Enterotoxin, Cytotoxin, Food infection o Anarobic, spore forming, gram +, bacillus -Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis (Foodborne, Inflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of appetite, loss of balance, convulsions o Transmission: Fecal contaminated food, water, milk o Treatment: Ampicillin (semisynthetic) o Prevention: Hand hygiene, washing and preserving food properly o Toxin not established, can cause Meningitis in immune compromised pts o Food infection -Brucella sp. Brucellosis (Inflammatory Gastroenteritis) o Flu-like symptoms, backache, joint pain, chills o Transmission: Skin abrasion, raw dairy foods o Treatment: Doxycycline with gentamicin  o Prevention: Avoiding raw dairy foods, cooking meat thoroughly, wearing gloves o Toxin not established, pasteurization can prevent o Food infection -Salmonella Salmonella typhi o Typhoid Fever (Invasive Gastroenteritis, Foodborne/waterborne) ▪ Bloody stools, abd pain, fever, Lethargy, delirium ▪ Transmission: Person shedding cells or contaminated sewage ▪ Treatment: Antibiotics ▪ Prevention: Avoid risky foods and drinks, vaccination (Vaccine contains dead or attenuated S. typhi or polysaccharides from S. typhi capsule.) ▪ Toxin not established, food infection ▪ 5 Fs: Flies, food, fingers, feces, fomites -Salmonella serotypes Salmonellosis (Foodborne, Invasive Gastroenteritis) o Fever, diarrhea, vomiting, abd cramps o Transmission: Broad variety of foods. Fecal oral route or by live animals o Treatment: Fluid replacement (IV), antibiotic therapy o Prevention: Hand hygiene, good food preparation o Toxin not established -Shigella sonnei or Shigella dysenteria Shigellosis (Foodborne and waterborne, Invasive Gastroenteritis) o Diarrhea, dysentery (infection of the intestines resulting in blood and mucus in stool) o Transmission: Foodborne and waterborne o Treatment: Antibiotics, Fluid and salt replacement o Prevention: Good hand hygiene o Exotoxin, food infection o S. dystenteriae causes epidemics in developing countries o Shiga toxin (endotoxin) production in the intestinal epithelium triggers the gastroenteritis. o Shigellosis is primarily caused by Shigella sonni in the US. - Campylobacter jejuni (Foodborne, Invasive Gastroenteritis) Campylobacteriosis o Diarrhea, fever o Transmission: Contaminated foods or water (Fecal-oral route- usually by poultry)  o Treatment: None or antibiotic therapy for prolonged illnesses o Prevention: Hand hygiene and food preparation o Enterotoxin, Food infection o Most common in the summer o Most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the US -Helicobacter pylori Gastric Ulcer Disease (Unknown source, Invasive Gastroenteritis) o Aching or burning pain in the abd, nausea, vomiting w/ or w/o blood, bloating, bloody stool o Transmission: Unknown, but may be person to person via direct or indirect saliva contact. o Treatment: Antibiotics, acid suppression medications o Prevention: Hand hygiene, no sharing utensils, or glasses o Cytotoxin, Food infection o The bacteria produce urease which splits urea into ammonia and CO2 (Hint: Pts with H. pylori can have ammonia breath)