Coaching: Leadership, Management & Research 2024

LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS TO FOCUS BASIC CONCEPTS OF NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION > SET OF COORDINATED ACTIVITIES/FORCES INDIVIDUALS,GROUPS,FAMILIES AND COMMUNITIES ARE CLIENTS OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION GETZELS AND GUBA- DIMENSINS OF ORGANIZATION Nomothetic...

LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS TO FOCUS BASIC CONCEPTS OF NURSING LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION > SET OF COORDINATED ACTIVITIES/FORCES INDIVIDUALS,GROUPS,FAMILIES AND COMMUNITIES ARE CLIENTS OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION GETZELS AND GUBA- DIMENSINS OF ORGANIZATION Nomothetic- Individual- PERSONALITY- NEEDS Idiographic- Institution- Roles - Expectations Types of Health Care Organization Ownership (Public, Private, Mixed PPP) Stocks (Stock/Profit,Non-Stock/Non Profit) Levels of Care (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Special Tertiary) CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION INPUT OUTPUT THROUGHPUT FEEDBACK NEGATIVE ENTROPY INTEGRATION/COORDINATION INTEGRATION AND COORDINATION ARM of ORGANIZATION ADMINISTRATION MANAGEMENT SUPERVISION COMMON TO ALL IS THE CONCEPT OF LEADERSHIP- IMPORTANT INGREDIENTS OF ORGANIZATIONS ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATION > OVER-ALL DIRECTION > OVER-ALL MACHINERY > DIRECTING THE WHOLE ENTERPRISE > WITH AIM FOR EFFICIENCY.EFFECTIVITY,ECONOMY,PRODUCTIVITY MANAGEMENT GETTING THINGS DONE THROUGH PEOPLE CONCERNED WITH SPECIFIC ASPECT OF ORGANIZATION PART AND PARCEL OF ADMINISTRATION M’S IN MANAGEMENT/ELEMENTS MANPOWER MONEY MATERIALS MACHINES METHODS MARKET/CLIENTELE MOMENT MANAGER PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT MBO- MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES MBC- MANAGEMENT BY CONTINGENCY/SITUATION MANAGEMENT BY EXCEPTION  SUBSTITUTION OF RESOURCES DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY SELECTED THEORIES IN MANAGEMENT 1. Scientific Management Theory Frederick Taylor-engineer and management expert, Father of Scientific Management He timed and analyzed the movement of each worker performing a series of jobs, and designed the quickest and best method to make a task easier. Fundamental Principles of Scientific Management The scientific selection of worker, so that each worker will be given responsibility for the task for which he or she is best suited. 2. Modern Management Theory (systematic) Henri Fayol (1841-1925), industrialist, real father of modern management theory Believed that “with scientific forecasting and proper methods of management, satisfactory results were inevitable”. Identified 14 principles of management, which he claims not an absolute, but flexible and can be applied in any setting. 14 Principles of Management 1. Division of Labor--the more people specialize, the more efficiently they can perform their work. ( HOMOGENEITY OF ASSIGNMENT) 2. Authority- Managers need to be able to give orders so that they can get things done. 3. Discipline- members in an organization need to respect the rules and agreement that govern the organization. 14 Principles of Management Cont….. 4. Unity of Command-Each employee must receive his or her instructions about a particular operation from only one person. If an employee was responsible to more than one supervisor, conflict in instructions and confusion of authority would result. 5. Unity of Direction-Those operations within the organization that have the same objective should be directed by only one manager using one plan. 14 Principles of Management Cont….. 6. Subordination of Individual Interest to the Common Good-In any undertaking, the interest of the employees should not take precedence over the interests of the organization as a whole. 14 Principles of Management Cont… 7. Remuneration-Compensation for work done should be fair to both employees and employers 8. Centralization/Decentralization. Decreasing the role of subordinates in decision making is centralization; increasing their role is decentralization. -Managers, although retaining final responsibility, need to give their subordinates enough authority to do their jobs properly. 14 Principles of Management Cont… 9. Hierarchy-The line of authority in an organization, often represented today by the neat boxes and line of organization chart, runs in order of rank from top management to the lowest level of enterprise.( CHAIN OF COMMAND,LINE OF AUTHORITY, SCALAR PRINCIPLE) 10. Order-Materials and people should be in the right place at the right time. People in particular should be in their jobs or positions most suited for them. 14 Principles of Management Cont… 11. Equity and justice -Managers should be both friendly and fair to subordinates. 12. Stability of Staff- A high employee turnover rate is not good for efficient functioning of an organization. 13. Initiative-Subordinates should be given the freedom to conceive and carry out their plans, even when some mistakes result. 14. Motivation and esprit de corps- TEAMWORK 3. Bureaucratic Organization Theory Max Weber They believed that organizations with a hierarchical structure are most efficient and effective. Weber named the structure bureaucracy. Characteristics of Bureaucratic Organizations Tasks are specialized. People are appointed by merit or promotion because of their ability and not because of favoritism and whim. Career opportunities for the members are provided. Characteristics of Bureaucratic Organizations Cont… Authority and responsibility are clearly specified. Activities are routinized. A rational and impersonal climate exists. Characteristics of Bureaucratic Organizations Cont… Authority and responsibility are clearly specified. Activities are routinized. A rational and impersonal climate exists. 4. Behavioral School Elton Mayo (1880-1949), Harvard professor Made a study of human behavior at the Hawthorne Studied on how changes in the physical work environment like intensity of lightning would affect productivity. It was found out that changes in output could be attributed to physical changes. Behavioral School Cont…. Mayo and his associates introduced a number of factors such as increasing wages, having coffee breaks, shortening workdays and introducing rest periods. Productivity continued to improve. He noted that special attention given to workers developed group pride that motivated them to improve their work performance. Hawthorne Effect Phenomenon based on the concept that human factors like attention, care and recognition and not just physical work environment influence productivity. Social Process Theory Mary Follet- collaboration and cooperation Management by Objectives Peter Drucker Management as decision making Herbert Simon 2 approaches to decision making: 1. optimizing- search for best alternative ( economic man ) 2. satisfying/satisficing- using the first workable solutions (administrative man) 5. Motivational Theory Douglas Mc Gregor expressed two sets of human nature He developed Theory X and Theory Y Theory X __ average person is inherently lazy does not like to work and will avoid work if he can -he works to survives -avoid taking more responsibility prefers to be directed rather than act independently -has little, or no ambition -not too intelligent -above all warrants security Task of Manager Theory X- to exercise strict control over his subordinates to ensure that work is carried out properly. Theory Y Views human nature positively. People do not inherently dislike work, but rather work as a source of satisfaction. Work itself can be motivating and rewarding. Average person can learn not only to accept responsibility, but to seek it. Task of Manager in Theory Y To provide opportunities for the subordinates to be creative, and productive, and to encourage growth and provide guidance. THEORY Z- William Ouchi 7 basic criteria Japanese seven “S” Hard “S” 1. superordinate goals- holds organization 2. strategy- method 3. structure- facilities 4. systems- coherence of all parts Soft “ S “ 5. staff- right people 6. skills- training 7. style- manner of handling people Motivation and Hygiene Theory Ferdinand Herzbergs- Two Factor Theory Hygiene Factors: 1. salary 2. supervision 3. relations 4. safe and tolerable working condition Motivation factors: 1. satisfying meaningful work 2. opportunities for advancement and achievement 3. appropriate responsibility 4. adequate recognition Hierarchy of NEEDS ABRAHAM MASLOW 6. Systems Approach System is defined as a set of assemblage of interconnected independent things that form a complex whole. 6. Systems Approach Cont… A system is considered open if it interacts with its environment, and closed if it is completely independent of others. All organizations interact with their environment. They are independent on their external environment for their existence. Basic input-output Model Input from external environment-people, capital and managerial skills, technical knowledge and skills Task of the manager-to transform these inputs into outputs through major functions of management which entail planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. Subordinate elements- within the organizations Supraordinate- outside of the organizations MANAGEMENT PROCESSES PLANNING ORGANIZING STAFFING DIRECTING CONTROLLING QUESTIONS Situation: A professional nurse is assumed to update herself about the profession to maintain competence in practice. The nursing management process is a topic for both staff and head nurses. This major function of the management process establishes formal authority. It defines qualifications and also includes staffing: A. Planning B. Organizing C. Directing D. Controlling On the other hand, this major function of the management process actuates efforts towards the accomplishment of goals. It includes updating policies and procedures: A. Planning B. Organizing C. Directing D. Controlling She noticed that policies and standard operating procedures (SOP’s) are strictly implemented in the hospital. What management function is this? A. Planning B. Organizing C. Directing D.Controlling Management process involves five functions which follow the following sequence: A. Planning, staffing, organizing, controlling, directing B. Planning, organizing, directing, staffing, controlling C. Organizing,planning, directing, staffing, controlling D.Planning, organizing, staffing, directing, controlling Which of the following statements about management is true? A. It focuses on clinical excellence B. It tends to attract people who like quiet, routine work without interruptions C. It focuses on issues such as cost, productivity, effectiveness, and staffing D. It is synonymous with leadership The management function that involves determining the objectives of an organization and tasks needed to complete objectives is A.Staffing B.Directing C.Planning D.Controlling Chief Nurse Vera and Nurse Supervisor Victoria developed a five-year staff development plan. Which type of planning are they engaging in? A.Strategic planning B.Operational planning C.short range planning D.Visual planning Which plans extends from a few months to a year? A.Strategic planning B.Operational planning C.Short range planning D.Visual planning Planning, technically, can be considered as long term when the coverage ranges: a. 1-3 years b. 3-5 years c. 5-7 years d. 7-10 years The purpose of organizational structure is to: A.Have a written plan of organizational structure of her governing bodies – NOT a plan B.Explain to each member the line of authority Show but not explain C. Inform all her staff members of the philosophy and goals of the institution → Planning function D. Provide mechanism through which tasks are distributed among members for goal realization When giving responsibilities to the staff members she should consider the following: A.Job description B.Abilities of the staff – Strength only C.Preference of the staff D.Her own decision Jun is the new supervisor of the medical-surgical unit with 40 bed capacity A critical component of the supervisory process is delegation. Which of the following is the most empowering to the staff? A.Delegation starts at top management - B.Delegation frees the manager to do other task C.Effective delegation requires the nurse manager to determine the abilities of the staff. D. Delegation enables the staff to improve their confidence and competence. Which task can be delegated to the nursing aid when the patient is stable? A.Administering tap water enema B.Incorporating potassium chloride intravenously – C.Teaching patient to administer insulin – Licensed D.Taking CVP  Rationale: 4 pointers of Delegation 1. Consider the position → if Licensed or not 2. Ward → know where she came from 3. Capabilities of the staff → which will depend on the staff 4. Condition of the patient In the situation 1. Not licensed 2. Skip the ward, since not licensed 3. Unlicensed → Simple tasks 4. Stable patient TIP: We delegate the dirty tasks to your unlicensed A nurse manager assigned a registered nurse from the telemetry unit to the pediatrics unit. There were three patients assigned to the RN. Which of the following patients should not be assigned to the floated nurse? A.A 9-year-old child diagnosed with rheumatic fever B.A young infant after pyloromyotomy C.A 4-year-old with VSD following cardiac catheterization D. A 5-month-old with Kawasaki disease THE registered nurse is planning to delegate tasks to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP). Which of the following task could the registered nurse safely assigned to a UAP? A.Monitor the I&O of a comatose toddler client with salicylate poisoning – Complicated B.Perform a complete bed bath on a 2-year-old with multiple injuries from a serious fall - Complicated C.Check the IV of a preschooler with Kawasaki disease – Complicated needs strict monitoring of I &O D.Give an oatmeal bath to an infant with eczema – bed baths A nurse in charge in the pediatric unit is absent. The nurse manager decided to assign the nurse in the obstetrics unit to the pediatrics unit. Which of the following patients could the nurse manager safely assign to the float nurse? A. A child who had multiple injuries from a serious vehicle accident B. A child diagnosed with Kawasaki disease and with cardiac complications – Cardiac – do not assign C. A child who has had a nephrectomy for Wilms’ tumor – Surgery: Removal of kidney → Location of surgery : abdominal D. A child receiving an IV chelating therapy for lead poisoning → Toxicology AS the supervisor, you plan to implement change in the nursing unit from team nursing to primary nursing. You anticipate that there will be resistance to change. In order to avoid such, which of the following should be done? A.Determine the need for change B.Confront the staff individually C.Develop the change one step at a time D. Use coercion to implement change The supervisor has implemented to change. A nurse aide seems to be resistant to the change. Which of the following should be done? A.Ignore the resistance B.Utilize coercion C.Give reward to the nursing assistant D. Talk to the nurse assistant and encourage verbalization of feelings 19. As a medication nurse, you are tasked to give digoxin to a patient with arrhythmia. You noticed that the heart rate is 40 beats per minute and the potassium level is below normal. The physician orders digoxin STAT. An assertive response of the nurse should be: A.“I think we have first to monitor the patient’s cardiac rate before giving the drug.” B.“I don’t want to carry out your order” C.“Don’t you know the precaution for giving this drug?” D.“Yes doctor. I will give it right now.” Determining the standard of the institution is one of the concerns in controlling. When the institution has reached the minimum level of excellence, it should: A.Be contented on the result of the evaluation B.Do something to improve the standard C.Help maintain the standard of the institution D.Publish the result to the publication When Conducting nursing audit the following are considered EXCEPT: A.Outcome B.Quality C.Process D.Structure The most effective way in conducting the nursing audit is to: A.Evaluate the records of the patient B.Determine the job description of the staff C.Evaluate staffing patterns D.Determine job performance  A deliberate course of action that results in alteration of something different in a nursing unit is referred to as: A.Change management B.Nursing care Systems C.Specialty certification D.Nursing process When resistance threatens needed change, what important measure would you use to overcome the resistance? A.Send a memorandum of change B.Use a problem-solving strategy C. Gain early support from staff D. Conduct staff re-education – will not solve the problem This is a factor influencing acceptance of staff for change: A.Externally imposed B.Share its benefits C.Staff participants D. Planned Change 25. These are important qualities of a change agent except: A.Leadership skills B.Sociability C.Credibility D.Management skills 25. Having to deal with a lot of people, the nurse manager’s most important communication skill is which of the following? A.Questioning B.Assertiveness C.Affirmation D.Listening An old ventilator often malfunctions and has inefficiencies resulting from the speed of the equipment or downtime (amount of time it is out of service for repairs). The organization decided to purchase new technology because the old one is too expensive to maintain. What type of budget is allotted for the equipment? A.Operational budget B.Capital Budget C.Construction budget D.Any of the above A project would need physical expansion of the hospital so that a mammography unit will be included. However, the Hospital Director suggested to include this in 2023 budget planning for reason that this type of budget is considered in: A. Operational budget B. Capital expenditure budget C. Cash budget D. Flexible budget Nurse Laila is the project head for a feeding program; she requested extra funds in anticipation for fluctuations in resource needs or meet contingency expenses. This type of budget is called: A. Operational budget B. Capital expenditure budget C. Cash budget D. Flexible budget Which of the following is NOT included in the Operational budget? A.Repairs and maintenance B.Medical/surgical supplies C.Purchase of a major equipment - Capital budget D.Purchase of consumable materials An operational budget is a financial tool that outlines anticipated revenue and expenses over a specified period. Which of the following are incorrect regarding budget? A.The budget translates operational plans into financial and statistical terms so that income can be projected with associated costs B.Budget serve as standards to plan, monitor, and evaluate the performance of a health care system C.Budget account for the relationship of income to the expenses needed to deliver the services D.All of the Above 32. Which among the following is the purpose of monitoring a budget? A.Keep expenses above budget B.Maintain revenue above the previous year’s budget C.Ensure revenue is generated monthly D.Generate revenue and control expenses within a projected framework 32. Mr. Cabrido gives strong orders, makes decisions and thinks less of his subordinates. He is a leader who is: A.Autocratic B.Laissez-faire C.Democratic D.Bureaucratic  When the situation calls for compliance of the followers to ensure the success of the activity, the best leadership style that Nurse Beng will use is: A.Laissez-faire B.Autocratic C.Democratic D.Authoritative A leader who defers decision making to his or her followers is called what type of leader? A.Laissez-faire - member-focused B.Democratic C.Autocratic D.Employee-centered What kind of communication style should a nurse manager possess? A.Passive B.Assertive C.Aggressive D.Sarcastic The morning supervisor was visiting the ward when the doctor of a patient complained to her about the staff nurse who failed to give the “stat” medication. Applying the principle of “line of authority”, you expected the supervisor to first: A.Reassure the patient that next time the nurse will not miss the medication B.Report the incident to the chief nurse C.Ask the staff nurse to explain the incident D. Talk to your head nurse about the doctor’s complaint 32. You delegate to the nursing assistant the task of taking the client’s vital signs every 2 hours and recording the vital signs in the patient’s chart. Later you check the client’s chart and discover that the vital signs have not been recorded. What is your BEST action? A.Take the vital signs because it is not the nursing assistant’s scope of practice B.Speak to the nursing assistant privately to determine why the vital signs were not recorded C.Notify the head nurse D.Call the nursing assistant to the nurses’ station to reprimand 40. Several nurses complain to the nurse manager that one of the nursing aides constantly takes extensive lunch breaks. The nurse manager should: A.Convene a group meeting of all nursing aides to review their responsibilities related to time management. B.Talk with nursing aide to explore the reasons for the behavior and review expectations C.Arrange a meeting with the nurse so they can confront the nursing aide as a group D. Document the nursing aide’s behavior and place it in the aide’s personnel file The Nurse should therefore consider that the following means can be utilized in resolving conflict, EXCEPT: A. Making a compromise B. Reporting C. Majority rule D. Smoothing When conflicts arise in the unit, the best thing that the unit manager should do is: A. Discuss with the situation with the group and make a move to resolve it. B. Ignore the situation C. Give warning to staff D. Recommend shifting of the staff Desirable goals for a nurse manager include all of the following EXCEPT: (-) A.Select a style of leadership that works best for the individual and to practice it exclusively B.Use a style of leadership that promotes high – level work performance C.Use a style of leadership that creates the least amount of disruption D.Adopt a leadership style that best suits the task to be accomplished Katherine tells one of the staff, “I don’t have time to discuss the matter with you now. See me in my office later” when the latter asks if they can talk about an issue. Which of the following conflict resolution strategies did she use? A. Smoothing B. Compromise C. Avoidance D. Restriction She notes that there is an increasing unrest of the staff due to fatigue brought about by shortage of staff. Which action is a priority? A. Evaluate the overall result of the unrest B. Initiate a group interaction C. Develop a plan and implement it D. Identify external and internal forces. 40. Kathleen knows that one of her staff is experiencing burnout. Which of the following is the best thing for her to do? A.Advise her staff to go on vacation. - this is okay B.Ignore her observations; it will be resolved even without intervention C.Remind her to show loyalty to the institution. D. Let the staff ventilate her feelings and ask how she can be of help St. Raphael Medical Center just opened its new Performance Improvement Department. Ms. Valencia is appointed as the Quality Control Officer. She commits herself to her new role and plans her strategies to realize the goals and objectives of the department. Which of the following is a primary task that they should perform to have an effective control system? A. Make an interpretation about strengths and weaknesses B. Identify the values of the department C. Identify structure, process, outcome standards & criteria D. Measure actual performances Ms. Valencia develops the standards to be followed. Among the following standards, which is considered as a structure standard? A. The patients verbalized satisfaction of the nursing care received B. Rotation of duty will be done every four weeks for all patient C. All patients shall have their weights taken recorded D. Patients shall answer the evaluation form before discharge 40. She knows that performance appraisal consists of all the following activities EXCEPT: (-) A.Setting specific standards and activities for individual performance. ✓ B.Using agency standards as a guide.✓ C.Determine areas of strength and weaknesses✓ D. Focusing activity o n a d d r e s s i n g a n d correction of identified behavior Which of the following statements is NOT true about performance appraisal? A. Informing the staff about the specific impressions of their work help improve their performance. – Review Session B. A verbal appraisal is an acceptable substitute for a written report - Incidental C. Patients are the best source of information regarding personnel appraisal. D. The outcome of performance appraisal rests primarily on the individual performance There are times when Katherine evaluates her staff as she makes her daily rounds. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of conducting an informal appraisal? A. The staff member is observed in a natural setting. B. Incidental confrontation and collaboration are allowed. C. The evaluation is focused on objective data systematically. D. The evaluation may provide valid information for compilation of a formal report. She conducts a 6-month performance review session with a staff member. Which of the following actions is appropriate? A.She asks another nurse to attest the session as a witness. B.She informs the staff that she may ask another nurse to read the appraisal before the session is over. C.She tells the staff that the session is manager centered. D.The session is private between the two members. 40. When she presents the nursing procedures to be followed, she refers to what type of standards? A.Process B.Outcome C. Structure D. Routine 54. Ms. Valencia prepares the process standards. Which of the following is NOT a process standard? - a. Initial assessment shall be done to all patients within twenty-four hours upon admission. b.Informed consent shall be secured prior to any invasive procedure c. Patients’ reports 95% satisfaction rate prior to discharge from the hospital. d.Patient education about their illness and treatment shall be provided for all patients and their families. Which of the following is evidence that the controlling process is effective? a.The things that were planned are done b.Physicians do not complain. c.Employees are contended d.There is an increase in customer satisfaction rate. 54. Nurse Mary is the head nurse and tells Nurse Fatima her staff nurse what to do. What kind of communication is this? a.Upward communication b.Downward communication c.Lateral communication d. Diagonal communication  Nurse Jane is coordinating with the OR department for a scheduled surgery of one of her patients. This kind of communication is a. Upward Communication b. Grapevine c. Diagonal Communication d. Lateral Communication When responsibilities have to be delegated to the member, the manager must: a. Ensure that the member is capable of doing the task b. Supervise the new members all the time – c. Perform the task based on the acceptable standard – d. Let the member write an accident report in case of mistakes He was asked how the staff will be evaluated. He probably will show them the following EXCEPT: a. Performances Evaluation sheet b. Performance Checklist c. Ranking Device d. Nursing Audit Performance appraisal consists of the following activities, EXCEPT: a. Setting specific standards for individual performances b. Determining areas of strength and weakness c. Focusing the criticisms made for the staff - d. Basis of determining progression or deterioration Jun just received his appointment paper as permanent employee. He was told by the head nurse that it was his loyalty, commitment, competence, and caring attitude that contributed to his present appointment. Which response describes Jun as an assertive person? a. “I am used to this. I am born a winner.” b.“I don’t know why I became permanent. Probably they like me.” c. “Thank you. I hope I will be able to contribute to the goals of the department.” d.“I expected this to happen. I know I did my best.” The nurse revised the system for the delivery of nursing care which is referred to as: a.Patient Classification system b.Variable staffing c.Pattern of nursing care d.Scheduling  Nursing Care System – system that is used to deliver nursing care Or Modalities of Nursing Care or Patterns of Nursing Care Case Nursing or Case Method – total care nursing ○ 1:1 ○ Private Duty Nursing ○ Ideal used in the ICU (but not common practice) Functional - tasks are delegated among the staff ○ Act according to function Team Nursing – group of nurses assigned to a group of patients where in there is a team leader ○ Team leaders assess the situation and delegates tasks  Primary Nursing – 24 hour continuous coordinated comprehensive nursing service of 5-6 patients from admission to discharge ○ 1:5 or 6 (maximum) ○ Primary nurse ○ Associate primary nurse ○ Reliever – replaces when the primary and associate nurses are off ○ Primary Nurse – responsible for creating the NCP ○ Cannot be altered by the associate except if there is changes in the patient’s condition provided that he will report it to the primary ○ Ideal used in the ward ○ Triple A’s and 2 C’s  Modular Nursing – combination of team and primary nursing ○ Group of nurses assigned to a group of patients responsible for 24 hours nursing care ○ Geographical assignment of patients ○ Take care of patients or case finding ○ Used in disasters or crisis Case Management – utilizing the healthcare delivery system wherein the goals are: ○ deliver quality care ○ to promote the quality of life ○ Focus is long term treatment ○ Rehabilitation Centers and Psychiatric Facilities ○ to decrease fragmentation ○ Decrease feeling of isolation and to contain cost ○ cost effective ○ Utilized in nursing homes A new nursing graduate is attending an agency orientation regarding the nursing model of practice implemented in the facility. The nurse is told that the nursing model is team nursing approach. The nurse understands that planning of care delivery will be based on which characteristic of this type of nursing model of practice? a. A task approach method is used to provide care to clients b. A single registered nurse (RN) is responsible for providing nursing care to a group of clients c. Managed care concepts and tools are used in providing client care d. Nursing personnel are led by an RN leader in providing care to a group of clients Jun was assigned to take care of 5 to 6 patients from admission to discharge. The system is: a. Primary nursing b. Team nursing c. Nursing case management d. Modular nursing One of his patients who have a chronic hypertensive vascular disease asked Jun if he can be available to take care of her even before admission and even after discharge. What system does the patient refers to? a. Case method b. Team nursing c. Nursing case management d. Primary nursing Which pattern of nursing care involves the care given by a group of paraprofessional workers led by a professional nurse who take care of patients with the same disease conditions and are located geographically near each other? a. Case method b. Nursing case management c. Modular nursing d. Team nursing The most traditional method of nursing care delivery is: a. Case method b. Team Nursing c. Primary Nursing d. Functional Nursing A mother requested for a nurse to take care of her daughter who has systemic lupus erythematosus at home. What patient assignment supports this? a. Primary b.Functional c. Case method d.Team nursing You noticed that one of the senior nurses is assigning a patient care based on the concept of allocation of specific duties to her staff nurses. This would be a characteristic of: a. Case method nursing b. Primary Nursing c. Functional Nursing d. Team Nursing 54. The nurse in the medication unit passes the medications for all the clients on the nursing unit. The head nurse is making rounds with the physician and coordinates clients’ activities with other departments. The nurse assistant changes the bed lines and answers call lights. A second nurse is assigned for changing wound dressings; a licensed practitioner nurse takes vital signs and bathes the clients. This illustrates of what method of nursing care? a. Case management method b. Primary nursing method c. Team method d. Functional method 54. What is the function of the primary nurse in primary nursing? a. acts as patient advocate and coordinate the health care team for specific group of patients b. act as the charge nurse, organizing staff assignments and help in solving problem in the unit c. plans and coordinate the patient care assigned to her from admission to discharge d. coordinates the care given to a group of patients by support staff 54. Primary nursing is MOST advantageous and satisfying to the patient and nurse because of which of the following principles? a. autonomy and authority for planning care are best delegated to a nurse b. accountability is clearest since our nurse is responsible for the overall plan and implementation of care c. the holistic approach provides for a therapeutic relationship continuity of care and efficient nursing care d. continuity of patients care promotes efficient nursing care 54. Which is the role of the associate nurse in primary nursing? a. over-all manager of the unit – Head nurse b.responsible for the over-all care of the patient during off days of primary nurse c. patient advocate in the health care team d.coordinator of comprehensive, holistic patient care 54. In primary nursing, the nurse is responsible for which of the following group of patients? a. the whole ward b.small group of patients like 3-5 patients c. big group of patients like 10-15 patients d.the whole unit In primary nursing who among the following is needed to her leadership and quality control in the ward? a. the chief nurse b. the head nurse c. the nurse supervisor d. the service director In team nursing who among the following is needed to her leadership and quality control in the team? a. the registered nurse b. the associate nurse c. the nursing aide d. the nursing service director NURSING RESEARCH CONCEPTS TO FOCUS Situation: MJ is chosen to be a part of the research team of the hospital and as a researcher she made a review of the following important nursing concepts was made. As a professional nurse, MJ knows that a nurse can do research for varied reason except:(-) a. To improve nursing care b.For financial gains c. Professional advancement through research participants d.To validate results of new nursing modalities Professionalism - enhance the profession Accountability - increase accountability Social Relevance - contribute to society Research and Decision Making What is the Primary Goal in Conducting Nursing Research a. For financial advancement b. For knowledge development c. To improve nursing and patient care d. For competition in quality What is the major contribution of research in nursing education and practice? a. For financial gains b. For decision making c. For theoretical basis for nursing education and practice d. All of the above ULTIMATE GOAL OF NURSING RESEARCH Ultimate Goal of nursing research: To improve the practice of NURSING - Client care - Patient Care - Nursing Care - Healthcare Question: MJ was asked to identify a problem. After the identification of the research problem, which of the following should be done a.Methodology b.Formulate hypothesis c.Review of related literature d. Acknowledgement STAGES IN RESEARCH PROCESS C- Conceptual Phase P- Planning and Design Phase E- Empirical and Implementation Phase A- Analytic Phase D- Dissemination and Utilization Phase Simplified Stages of Research Process Identification of the Problem Review of Literature Data Gathering and Processing Data Analysis and Interpretation Research Dissemination and Utilization FIRST NURSE RESEARCHER AND FIRST NURSE THEORIST AND STATISTICIAN FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE FIRST BOOK DEVOTED TO NURSING NOTES AND CASES IN NURSING QUESTION Which of the following methods allows the use of any group of research subject? a.Snowball b.Convenience c.Quota d.Purposive PROBABILITY SAMPLING Probability - random (no idea, non zero chance) - everyone has a chance 1. Simple - no grouping, everyone is included 2. Stratified - there is a grouping, has basis, grouped according to certain characteristics 3. Cluster - big grouping but has no basis 4. Systematic - kth of the list- interval 5. Multistage- Stratified different layers NON- PROBABILITY Non-Probability - Non-random (there is idea) - Not everyone has a chance 1.Convenience – samples are readily available 2.Quota – there is limit 3.Purposive – Judgemental, samples are handpicked 4.Snowball - referrals QUESTION HE checks if his instruments meet the criteria for evaluation. Which of the following criteria refers to the consistency or the ability to yield the same response upon its repeated administration? a.Validity b.Reliability c.Sensitivity d.Objectivity CRITERIA OF INSTRUMENT Criteria used to Known Effectivity of RESEARCH INSTRUMENT Validity - measure what is supposed to be measured Reliability - consistency or the repeatability of the tool Sensitivity - able to detect small variations or find differences - Avoid False Negatives Specificity- Avoid False Positives Which criteria refer to the ability of the instrument to detect fine differences among the subjects being studied? a. Sensitivity b.Reliability c. Validity d.Objectivity Which of the following terms refer to the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to be measure? a. Validity b.Reliability c. Meaningfulness d.Sensitivity If a person participating in a research study refuses to continue participating, what should a nurse do? a.Respect his right to refuse b.Respect his right but tell him you will withhold treatment c.Respect his right but do not give his honorarium d. Refer the matter to the author of the study AUTONOMY- self determination with no condition Which among the following is the most important characteristic of a sample? a.Location b.Randomization c.Representativeness d. Adequacy Characteristics of a sample: Randomization Representativeness Appropriateness Adequacy A researcher does review of related literature for the purpose of: a.answering the research question b.to identify if problem can be replicated c. gathering data about what is already known or unknown about the problem d.determine statistical treatment of data research The device or techniques an investigator employs to collect data is called? a. Instrument / Tools b. Hypothesis c. Sample d. Concept The use of another person’s ideas or wordings giving appropriate credit results from inaccurate attribution of materials to its sources. Which of the following is referred to when another person’s idea is inappropriate credited as one’s own? a. Paraphrase b. Quotation c. Assumption d. Plagiarism TOOL TO DETECT: TURNITIN SIMILARITY A patient is participating in a cardiac study in which his physician is directly involved. Which statement by the patient indicates a lack of understanding about his rights as a research study participant? (-) a. “I can withdraw from the study anytime” b.“I’ll have to find a new physician if I don’t complete this study” c. “My confidentiality will not be compromised in this study” d.“I understand the risk associated in this study” FULL DISCLOSURE: B- benefits A- alternatives R- risk You decided to include 5 barangays in your municipality and chose a sampling method that would get representative samples from each barangay. What should be the appropriate method for you to use in this care? a. Systematic sampling b. Cluster sampling c. Stratified sampling d. Random sampling The sampling method that is most appropriate to give each element of the population the probability to be included in the study, “Relationship between social class and nutritional status of children under 6 years of age living in Metro Manila”, is: a. Simple random sampling - no grouping b. Systematic sampling c. Stratified sampling d. Cluster sampling Since Metro Manila is a big area for the study, Noel can do successive random sampling to choose the district from where he can eventually select the study sample. This type of sampling is: a. Simple random sampling b. Systematic sampling c. Stratified sampling d. Cluster sampling When a researcher in a qualitative study chooses the participants based on what they may be able to contribute to the study, the sampling method selected is called as: a. Cluster sampling b. Quota sampling c. Snowball sampling d. Purposive sampling The information that an investigator collects from the subjects or participants in a research study is usually called: a. Concept b. Variable c. Hypothesis d. Data 85. Which of the following quantitative research designs is most appropriate if Noel, a nurse investigator assigned in a City Health Office, is interested to determine the relationship between social class and nutritional status of children under 6 years of age living in Metro Manila? a. Case control - also a study of a case, b.Descriptive correlational c. Experimental d. Quasi- Experimental Which of the following quantitative research designs is most appropriate if Noel, a nurse investigator assigned in a City Health Office, is interested to determine the relationship between social class and nutritional status of children under 6 years of age living in Metro Manila? The independent variable in said study is: a.Social class b.Children c.Age - X d.Nutritional status While the dependent variable is: a.Social class b.Children c.Age d.Nutritional status  Best data Gathering tool for assessing nutritional status a. Interview b. Observation c. Survey d. Physiologic Measures The relationship nutritional status of children in the study, “Relationship between social class and nutritional status of children under 6 years of age living in Metro Manila”, is determined by ‘weight by age’. Weight is an example of what level of measurement? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio Levels of measurement 1. Nominal - categorical: Name the category Gender, Marital status 2. Ordinal - categorical: Ranking Student level grades 3. Interval - numerical: 0 is not absolute Temperature 4. Ratio - numerical: 0 is absolute Height, Weight, Weekly food spending 85. The sex of the children included in the study, “Relationship between social class and nutritional status of children under 6 years of age living in Metro Manila”, will be classified as male and female. This measurement is: a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio The social class of the students si classified as level of education. This is what type of variable: a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio Which of the following is qualitative research A. Study influencing weight control behavior B. The effect of sleep deprivation C. The study on bereavement process and depression D. The study on touch and pain reactions Which of the following studies is based on qualitative research? a. A study examining client’s reaction to stress after open heart surgery - b.A study measuring nutrition and weight loss/gain in clients with cancer c. A study examining oxygen levels after endotracheal suctioning d.A study measuring differences in blood pressure before, during and after the procedure MJ implemented a medication regimen using a new type of combination drugs for manic patients while another group of manic patients will receive the routine drugs. The researcher however, handpicked the experimental group for they are the clients with multiple episodes of bipolar disorder. MJ utilized what research design? a. Experimental b.Quasi-experimental c. Descriptive d.Case study  Which of the following research designs would be appropriate for this study if she wants to find out a cause-and-effect relationship between the structured discharge plan and the compliance to home care regimen among the subjects? a. True experiment b. Descriptive c. Quasi-Experiment d. Correlational The hypothesis, “Compliance to home care regimen is greater among patients who received the structured discharge plan instructions than those who received verbal discharge instructions.” Which is the independent variable in the study? a. Verbal instructions b.Discharge plan instructions c. Compliance to home care regimen d.Patients Which is the dependent variable in the study? a. Verbal instructions b.Discharge plan instructions c. Compliance to home care regimen d.Patients Community A was selected randomly as well as Community B. Nurse Beth conducted teaching to Community A and assess if Community A will have a better status than Community B. The design best suited for this study is: a. Comparative b.Correlational c. Experimental d.Descriptive Ricky researched on pneumonia. Its transmission, causative agent and factors, treatment signs and symptoms as well as medication and all other in-depth information about pneumonia. This study is best suited for which research design? a. Survey b. Historical c. Analytical d. Case Study Marlon is always eating high fat diet. You want to determine what will be the effect of high cholesterol food to Marlon in the next ten years. You will use: a. Comparative b.Longitudinal c. Correlational d.Historical Joseph is to perform a study about how nurses perform surgical asepsis during WWII. A design best for this study is: a. Historical b.Case Study c. Descriptive d. Experimental Melinda conducts sampling at barangay 156. she collected 100 random individuals and determine who is their favorite comedian actress. 50% said Eugene Domingo, 20% said Ai Ai, while some answered Ruffa Mae Quinto, Candy Pangilinan, Tuesday Vargas. Melinda conducted what type of research study? a. Case Study b.Quasi-Experimental c. Analytical d.Survey  Sheena researched on the development of a new way to measure intelligence by creating a 100-item questionnaire that will assess the cognitive skills of an individual. The design best suited for this study is. a. Survey b. Experimental c. Comparative d. Methodological MJ is chosen to be a part of the research team of the hospital and as a researcher she made a review of the following important nursing concepts was made Which of the following communicate the results of the research to the readers? They facilitate the description of the data. a. Tables and graphs b. Statistics c. Hypothesis d. Research problem In the value: 85, 76, 93, 88, 90; what is the mean? a. 85.5 b. 86.4 c. 87 d. 93 In the value: 86, 85, 91, 91, 85, 83, 87, 85, what is the mode? a.88 b.85 c.91 d.87 In the value: 86, 85, 91, 91, 85, 83, 87, 85;what is the mode? a.88 b.85 c.91 d.87 MJ wants to determine some of the problems that are experienced by diabetic patients when using an insulin pump. She went into a clinic where she personally knows several diabetic clients having problem with insulin pump. The type of sampling done by MJ is called: a. Quota b. Snowball c. Purposive d. Incidental If she implemented a new structured counseling program with a randomized group of subjects and a routine counseling program with another randomized group of subjects, the research is utilizing which design? a. Experimental b. Comparative c. Quasi-experimental d. Methodological 108. In any research study where individual persons are involved, it is important that an informed consent of the study is obtained. The following are essential information about the consent that you should disclose to the prospective subjects except:(-) a. Consent to incomplete information b. Assurance of anonymity and confidentiality c. Description of benefits, risks and discomforts d. Explanation of the procedure 108. In the hypothesis: “Taller people and people with higher caloric intake weigh more than shorter people and those with lower caloric intake.” Which is the dependent variable of the study? a. Height and weight b. Height and caloric intake c. Weight and caloric intake d. Weight 108. Which is the independent variable of the study? a. Height and weight b. Height and caloric intake c. Weight and caloric intake d. Weight  In the hypothesis: “Patients receiving warmed solution for body cavity irrigation during surgical procedures will maintain a higher core body temperature than patients receiving a room temperature solution.” Which is the independent variable in the study? a. Surgical procedures b. Solution for body cavity irrigation c. Core body temperature d. Temperature of the room Which is the dependent variable in the study? a. Surgical procedures b. Solution for body cavity irrigation c. Core body temperature d. Temperature of the room 108. “Women who have participated in Lamaze classes request pain medication during labor less often than women who have not taken these classes.” Which of the following is the independent variable? a. Request of pain medication b. Women in labor c. Attendance in Lamaze classes d. Labor 108. Which of the following is the dependent variable? a. Request of pain medication b. Women in labor c. Attendance in Lamaze classes d. Labor Melissa plans to conduct a study about nursing practice in the country. She decides to refresh her knowledge about the different types of research in order to choose the most appropriate design for her study. 108. She came across surveys, like the Social Weather Station and Pulse Asia Survey. Which of the following is the purpose of this kind of research? a. Obtains information regarding the prevalence, distribution, and interrelationships of variables within a population at a particular time b. Get an accurate and complete data about a phenomenon c. Develop a tool for data gathering d. Formulate a framework for the study Melissa reads about exploratory research. Which of the following is the purpose of doing this type of research? a. Inductively develops a theory based on observations about processes involving selected people - Grounded Theory b. Makes new knowledge useful and practical c. Identifies the variables in the study d. Finds out the cause and effect relationship between variables TAKE NOTE THAT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN: 1. Phenomenological - experiences 2. Grounded Theory - researcher develops a theory, there is no theory – the first to create is the researcher 3. Case study- in-depth 4. Ethnographic - studying beliefs, practices, cultures and traditions She reviews qualitative design of research. Which of the following is true about ethnographic study? a. Develops theories that increase the knowledge about a certain phenomenon - Grounded-theory b. Focuses on the meanings of life experiences of people c. Deals with patterns and experiences of a defined cultural group in a holistic fashion d. In-depth investigation of a single entity - Case Study She knows that the purpose of doing ethnographic study is to: a. Understand the worldview of a cultural group b. Study the life experiences of people - Phenomenological a. Determine the relationship between variables - Descriptive Correlational a. Investigate intensively a single entity - Case Study Alyssa wants to learn more about experimental design. Which is the purpose of this research? a. Test the cause and effect relationship among the variables under a controlled situation b. Identify the variables in the study - Exploratory c. Predicts the future based on current intervention - Prospective a. Describe the characteristics, opinions, attitudes or behaviors of certain population about a current issue or event - Analytical One of the related studies that she reads is phenomenological research. Which of the following questions is answered by this type of qualitative research? a. “What is the way of life of this cultural group?” - Ethnographic a. “What is the effect of the intervention to the dependent variable?” - Experimental b. “What is the essence of the phenomenon as experienced by these people?” c. “What is the core category that is central in explaining what is going on in that social scene?” - Analytical d. What is the core category of explaining social phenomenom 108. Ms. Ajina wants to know the coping abilities of female patients who are newly diagnosed to have terminal cancer. She has decided to focus on the meaning of their experiences of coping. Which of the following types of research design is most appropriate? a. Ethnography b. Phenomenology c. Grounded theory study d. Case study 108. Other studies are categorized according to the time frame. Which of the following refers to a study of variables in the present which is linked to a variable that occurred in the past? a. Prospective design b. Cross sectional study c. Retrospective design d. Longitudinal study  In Evaluating instruments validity which of the following is being used? A. Content of the Questionnaire B. Theoretical Framework C. Ability to detect variations D. Ability to yield same answers The split half technique, test, retest and equivalent test administration are ways to evaluate the instruments: a. Reliability b. Validity c. Sensitivity d. Probability An investigator wanted to determine if there is a significant difference in the mean systolic blood pressure of 10 women before and after oral contraceptive use for 3 months. The appropriate statistical test for significance of this study is: a. Analysis of variance b.Student t-test c. Chi-square analysis d.Paired t-test FOCUS INFERENTIAL STATISTICS KAPANGYARIHAN Box the Population = prioritize the SETS 3 or more set → ANOVA 2 set → STUDENT T TEST 1 set Before and after→ paired t-test numbers→ Pearson r Not number → Chi square 135. Considering the said study on oral contraceptives, what is the independent variable of the study? a. Systolic b. Oral contraceptive c. Mean systolic blood pressure d. Women 135. If the investigator studied the relationship between the timing of hemodialysis and the levels of daytime sleepiness, what appropriate statistical treatment would be significant for this study? a. Analysis of variance - b. Student t-test - c. Chi-square analysis d. Paired t-test  Considering the hypothesis for the study is “The timing of hemodialysis is not related to the levels of daytime sleepiness of patients in the renal unit.” What is the independent variable in the study? a. Patients in the renal unit b. Renal disorder c. Levels of daytime sleepiness d. Timing of hemodialysis What is the dependent variable in the study? a. Patients in the renal unit b. Renal disorder c. Levels of daytime sleepiness d. Timing of hemodialysis 135. The investigator would like to compare the levels of postpartum depression in three groups of women: middle-class white mothers of term infants, middle-class white mothers of preterm infants, and low-income African American mothers of term infants. The appropriate statistical test for significance of this study is: a. Analysis of variance - b. Student t-test c. Chi-square analysis d. Paired t-test 135. In considering the above study, what is the dependent variable/s of the study? a. Race, term of infants and levels of postpartum depression b. Postpartum depression c. Race, term or infants and economic status d. Postpartum depression, term of infants and economic status 135. What is the independent variable/s of the study? a. Race, term of infants and levels of postpartum depression b. Postpartum depression c. Race, term or infants and economic status d. Postpartum depression, term of infants and economic status 135. Effect of special diet on the cholesterol level of elderly men and measured before the intervention then after 2 months. The appropriate statistical test for significance of this study is: a. Analysis of variance b. Student t-test c. Chi-square analysis d. Paired t-test - 1 set Considering the said study,what is the independent variable of the study? a. Special diet a. 2 months b. Elderly men c. Cholesterol level 135. What is the dependent variable in the study? a. Special diet b. 2 months c. Elderly men d. Cholesterol level 135. If the investigator studied the maternal competence among women discharged early and those discharged later. What appropriate statistical treatment would be significant for this study? a. Analysis of variance b. Student t-test c. Chi-square analysis d. Paired t-test 135. Considering the hypothesis for the study is “Women who were discharged early will have lesser maternal competence than those women who were discharged later.” What is the independent variable in the study? a. Women discharged early b. Maternal competence c. Time of discharge d. Women discharged later 135. What is the dependent variable in the study? a. Women discharged early b. Maternal competence c. Time of discharge d. Women discharged later The researcher would like to study the effects of nursing instructions on patients’ compliance with a self-medication regimen. The appropriate statistical test for significance of this study is: a. Analysis of variance b. Student t-test c. Chi-square analysis d. Paired t-test In considering the above study, what is the dependent variable/s of the study? a. Medication b. Nursing instructions c. Compliance with instructions d. Compliance with medication regimen WHAT IS THE INDEPENDENMT VARIABLE IN THE ABOVE STUDY a. Medication b. Nursing Instruction c. Compliance with instructions d. Compliance with medication regimen 135. The investigator would like to compare the effectiveness of different interventions on people on cigarette smoking. One group of smokers receives intensive nurse counseling; a second group is treated with nicotine patch; and a third group is given an electronic cigarette. The appropriate statistical test for significance of this study is: a. Analysis of variance - 3 sets b. Student t-test c. Chi-square analysis d. Paired t-test 135. In considering the above study, what is the dependent variable of the study? a. Nicotine patch b. Cigarette smoking c. Nurse counseling d. Interventions 135. What is the independent variable of the study? a. Nicotine patch b. Cigarette smoking c. Nurse counseling d. Interventions 135. If an independent variable is weight gain during pregnancy and the dependent variable is infant birth weight, the appropriate test statistic is a(n): a. t-test - X walang before and after b. ANOVA - X c. Chi-square d. Pearson r - Weight (about numbers) 135. The independent variable is race (Caucasian/African American) while the dependent variable is pulse rate. What is an appropriate statistical test? a. t-test b. ANOVA c. Chi-square d. Pearson r  To compare the mean BP of teachers before and after semester, which statistical tests will be used? a. t-test → Paired t-test b. ANOVA c. Standard deviation of blood pressure d. Pearson product moment correlation 158. A good researcher needs to examine the ethical implications of her research. The code of research ethics which requires informed consent in all cases involving human subjects is the: a. Belmont Report b. Helsinki Code c. Nuremberg Code d. Code of Ethics FOCUS Research involves human experimentation 3 research ethics Nuremberg Code Helsinki Code Belmont Report - recognizes that there a lot ethical principles involved in human experimentation ○ Beneficence ○ Respect for human dignity ○ Justice 158. The Belmont report summarizes the basic ethical principles which include the following EXCEPT: a. Beneficence b. Respect for Human Dignity c. Justice d. Confidentiality 158. One knows that only competent people should conduct research and that in the process, subjects are assured of protection from harm. This primary ethical principle is: a. Beneficence b. Respect for Human Dignity c. Justice d. Informed consent 158. Once a researcher has fully described to prospective study participants the nature of study, their rights to refuse participation and likely risks and benefits that would be incurred, he has done: a. Full disclosure b. Informed consent c. Fair treatment d. Debriefing FOCUS What Nurse should witness during Informed Consent 1. Actual conversation between doctor and patient 2. Full explanation of MD 3. Full understanding of patient 4. Patient has voluntarily consented 158. The last act of informed consent is said to have been fulfilled when: a. Adequate information about research has been given b. The subject has understood the information c. The subject has voluntarily consented (or declined) to participate in the study d. The subject has voluntarily signed the consent form 158. Fair and non-discriminatory selection of subjects for research is an important aspect of what ethical principle? a. Respect for human dignity b. Beneficence/Non maleficence c. Justice d. Confidentiality 158. Emily who is admitted to the hospital with autoimmune thrombocytopenia and a platelet count of 20,000/æL develops epistaxis and melena. Treatment with corticosteroids and immunoglobulin has not been successful. Her physician recommended splenectomy. Emily states “I don’t need surgery. This will go away on its own.” In considering your response to Daria, you must depend on the ethical principle of: a. Beneficence - to do b. Autonomy - Patient’s have the right to self-determination c. Advocacy d. Justice 158. Luna is terminally ill and is experiencing severe pain. She has bone and liver metastasis. She has been on morphine for several months now. Luna is aware that they are having financial problems. She decides to sign a DNR form. What ethical principle did Luna and her family utilize as a basis for their decision to sign a DNR? a. Justice b. Autonomy c. Beneficence d. Advocacy 158. Based on your answer in question no. 165, what role did the nurse employ in the situation? a. Counselor b. Manager c. Advocate d. Liaison Myrna, a staff nurse working in a cancer unit is considered a role model not only by her colleagues but also by her patients. She goes out of her way to help others. She is very active in their professional organization, and she practices what she teaches. What ethical principle is she practicing? a. Beneficence b. Autonomy - not decision making c. Advocacy d. Justice - fair treatment 167. You are commuting to work riding the LRT. An older person collapsed, and nobody seems to notice her. The security guard tried to make her sit down buts she remained unconscious. You saw what happened and you decided to help. With help, you brought the patient to the nearest hospital. You learned later that the woman was diabetic. She was on her way to the diabetes clinic to have her blood sugar tested. She developed hypoglycemia. You were able to save a life. You felt good. What principle was applied? a. Advocacy b. Beneficence - you did something c. Justice d. Autonomy  A group of Level 4 students will conduct a study that aims to determine the similarities / differences in the clinical performance of the student nurses under the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) program and Associate in Health Sciences Education (AHSE) as perceived by the faculty members of 4 selected colleges of nursing. The clinical performances of the students in the following areas MS, MCN, CDN, CHN will be determined. 167. The most appropriate design for the said study is: a. Descriptive – correlation b. Descriptive – comparative c. Evaluate survey d. Classical Experiment 167. The respondents will be clinical instructors from 2 schools that offer the BSN program and 2 with AHSE program. After obtaining the sampling frame every 15th in the list of the faculty will be taken as research subject. This sampling technique is referred to as: a. Quota b. Stratified c. Simple random d. Systematic 167. Which of the following is the dependent variable in the study? a. Nursing program b. Grades c. Academic performance in MS, MCN, CDN, CHN d. Clinical performance in MS, MCN, CDN, CHN 167. Which of the following is the independent variable in the study? a. Nursing program b. Grades c. Academic performance in MS, MCN, CDN, CHN d. Clinical performance in MS, MCN, CDN, CHN`  : Eloisa, an RN and two other nurses were summoned to appear before the Board of Nursing due to an administrative case filed against them for alleged negligence which caused the death of a certain Mr. Santibañez, who was admitted due to COPD. 167. Which of the following terms refer to Eloisa and the two other nurses? A. Defendant b. Witnesses C. Plaintiffs D. Accomplices 167. Ms. Almira Santibañez, the daughter of Mr. Santibañez was the one who filed the case against the nurses. Which terms refer to her in this case? a. Plaintiff - complainant b. Respondent - C. Defendant D. Jury 167. Eloisa is ordered by the Legal Department to bring along with her the initial assessment form and the progress notes she used for the patient. What legal order from the hearing officer refers to this? a. Subpoena duces tecum b. Summon C. Subpoena ad testificandum D. Writ 167. Which of the following doctrines will apply if it is proven that Eloisa did not go through a rigid training before being deployed as a staff nurse due to an acute demand for her services? a. Res ipsa loquitor b. Respondeat superior c. Force majeure d. Assumption of Risk FOCUS Elements of Res Ipsa Loquitur 1. Injury will not normally occur unless there is negligence 2. Agency / Instrumentality is within the exclusive control of the defendant / nurse 3. The plaintiff / patient did not participate 167. At the ER, RN Supervisor Corazon, while making her round, was informed that a patient fell from stretcher the side rail gave way due to defective lock. The situation can establish a case of: a. Incompetence b. Omission c. Force majeure d. negligence 167. In the above situation, Corazon may be held liable based on the doctrine of: a. Res Ipsa Loquitur b. Assumption of Ris - Respondeat superior C. Force majeure D. Rs ipsa loquitor 167. In the above cited case, the patient was informed that the stretcher was effective but because it was the only one available & he wanted to lie down, and so, he used it. The RN was then involved in a malpractice suit. RN may invoke in her defense. a. Respondeat Superior b. Assumption of Risk c. Force majeure d. Rs ipsa loquitor 167. “A Negligent Act” is established by the presence of the following 4 Elements EXCEPT: a. Duty owed on the part of the Plaintiff b. Breach of duty c. Occurrence of foreseeable injury d. Guilt beyond reasonable doubt - quantum of proof needed in crimes 167. During strong typhoon, a glass fragment from the broken window of the Hospital hit the patients arm causing an open wound that needed suturing. The RN defendant can invoke as defense the Doctrine for. a. Res Ipsa Loquitor b. Force Majeure c. Respondeat Superior d. None of these 167. RN Corazon gave Mr.Y steam inhalation. Hours later, a blister was noted at the right paranasal area. Corazon’s malpractice can be established by the doctrine of: a. Res Ipsa Loquitor b. Lack of Care c. Respondeat Superior d. incompetence 167. Mark found out that one of the midwives in their health center injected Penicillin to a 6-year-old child without the consent of the parents. The midwife will be accused of? a. Negligence b. Battery c. Assault d. Malpractice 167. Mark is taking care of a client with sexually transmitted disease. If he divulges information about his client, he may be liable for: a. Libel b. Tort c. Slander d. Breach of confidentiality 167. Bea’s job includes collecting secretions from the surgical site of the patients. One of her patients refused, however she insisted and proceed to do the collection. She would then be liable for: a. Slander b. Invasion of privacy c. Battery d. Assault 167. Two of the security guards are assigned in screening patients entering the hospital. Bea overheard them discussing the case of an HIV suspect. Which is an appropriate action to be done by the nurse? a. Ask the two if there is something they need to be clarified about – X b. Ignore the two guards as this is not against the hospital rules – X c. Advise them that it is not right to discuss the case of any patient – protects the right of the patient d. Inform the supervisor about what she heard 167. One of the patients confided that his companion is not the legal wife. Bea will be held liable if she divulges the information to others, otherwise known as: a. Assault b. Libel c. Breach of confidentiality d. Slander 167. Two utility personnel were having heated argument as to who shall dispose the infectious wastes of a patient with typhoid fever. The first one calling the second one with names “like lazybones, incompetent and pain in the neck,” within the hearing distance of the rest of the nurses. If the latter decides to file a case against him, what kind of case would he likely file? a. Negligence b. Incompetence c. Libel d. Slander 167. Should the above case be written in a newsletter of the hospital, such liability known as? a. Slander b. Malpractice c. Libel d. Assault 167. Mr. Hiroshima is a Japanese national, suspected of COVID-19 and advised to be confined in a negative pressure room with strict protective gadgets of the health workers taking care of him. He vehemently resented being confined in that room. Moreover, he was denied of accepting visitors. He threatened to sue the hospital. Which case should he file? – Quarantine yan sis a. Illegal detention b. Battery c. Incompetence d. Defamation