FELINE-LABORATORY-ANIMAL.pdf

FELINE LABORATORY ANIMAL BERNARDINO, ARDEL JAY GANO, MARICEL D. LUIS, JOHN LLOYD GALLA, SHIVA SAI LOMIBAO, SHIENA LYN IBASCO, MARINELLE C. ROBILLOS, JAMAICA CLASSIFICATION ▪ KINGDOM: ANIMALIA ▪ PHYLUM: CHORDATA ▪ CLASS: MAMMALIA ▪ ORDER: CARNIVORA ▪ FAMILY: FEL...

FELINE LABORATORY ANIMAL BERNARDINO, ARDEL JAY GANO, MARICEL D. LUIS, JOHN LLOYD GALLA, SHIVA SAI LOMIBAO, SHIENA LYN IBASCO, MARINELLE C. ROBILLOS, JAMAICA CLASSIFICATION ▪ KINGDOM: ANIMALIA ▪ PHYLUM: CHORDATA ▪ CLASS: MAMMALIA ▪ ORDER: CARNIVORA ▪ FAMILY: FELIDAE Cat - Description Normal Temperature: 38°C to 39.2°C Pulse Rate: 140-220 beats per minute Estrous cycle: every 2 to 3 weeks Gestation period: 63-65 days Weaning age: 6-8 weeks Mating age: 5-6 months Litters: 4-5 kittens Room Temperature: 20-25°C Humidity: 40-60% Weight: 8- 10 pounds CAT CHARACTERISTICS Cats erect ears, large eyes with vertical pupils ▪ Covered by fur ▪ Cats have an excellent sense of hearing and smell. ▪ Cats are designed for speed and flexibility ▪ Cats have their largest muscle on their rear legs which gives them power for jumping and running. ▪ Cats have spoon-shaped tongues to allow the cat to lap up liquids.  Cat as an experimental animals Cats are frequently used in neurology research to study spinal cord injury, as well as problems related to vision, sleep, and hearing. They are also used to study cancer, genetic disorders, and SARS-CoV. Research on cat leukosis Veterinary Research  Housing And Care Of Laboratory Cats Good welfare is related to the breadth of the behavioral repertoire individuals are allowed to perform, which requires knowledge of specie specific behaviors and needs. An environment that does not meet the animal’s needs can be very stressful, especially for cats. This stress can cause changes in behavior and physiology if the animal’s state is challenged beyond its capacity to adapt to its environment. Housing And Care Of Laboratory Cats The five main elements of the design of cat housing in research laboratories (adapted from Bloomsmith et al., 1991) are as follows: ▪ Physical: the size of the enclosure, internal structure, and complexity ▪ Social: socialization-contact with conspecifics and humans ▪ Sensory: olfaction and marking behaviors, visual, and auditory stimuli, surrounding area within the cat’s sensory range. ▪ Occupational: opportunities to explore the environment, exercise, and play ▪ Nutritional: provision of food and water, toileting (elimination)  Housing And Care Of Laboratory Cats HOUSING ▪ Space allowances and minimum dimensions of cat enclosures have been clearly defined (CoE Convention ETS 123, 1986). The required minimum dimensions for a 10-cat group are 2 m in height, 8.25 m2 of floor area, and a total of 2.75 m2 of raised vertical structures. ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ▪ The cats should be offered a variety of environmental enrichment. Enrichment items need to be well-designed and critically evaluated (Newberry, 1995; Shepherdson et al., 1998). Cats have individual preferences for environmental conditions, level of activity, and social interaction with other cats or caregivers.  Housing And Care Of Laboratory Cats HEALTH AND SPF STATUS CHECK ▪ The SPF status must be evaluated regularly by sensitive diagnostic methods, and access to the SPF facility must be permitted only to persons who have had no contact with other cats or veterinary clinical institutions that day. Before entering the facility, clothes and shoes should be changed and hands and clogs disinfected to minimize the risk of introducing pathogens.  Housing And Care Of Laboratory Cats FEEDING ▪ Nutrient recommendations have been formulated by the National Research Council (NRC) (Subcommittee on Dog and Cat Nutrition, 2006). The amount of food provided to experimental cats may depend on the goals of the experiments. ▪ For infectious disease studies and for maintaining blood donors, kittens are ideally fed ad libitum and adults twice per day with commercial dry, semi-moist, or canned cat food.  Housing And Care Of Laboratory Cats ROUTINE TRAINING ▪ A minimal adaptation period of five weeks should be observed before starting experimental manipulations (Rochlitz, 2002) so that the cats can adapt to their new environment and establish trust in the people responsible for the experiment. Researchers should spend time petting and playing with the cats. EUTHANASIA ▪ Laboratory cats may need to be euthanized at the end of an experiment to collect tissue and blood samples for scientific investigations or during an experiment, when levels of pain, distress, or suffering are likely to exceed the designated level. FELINE RESTRAINT  PHYSICAL RESTRAINT- RING GRIP RING GRIP ▪ Cats amendable to minimal restraint can be held using a “ring-grip” just below the chin, with your body behind the cat to prevent him from backing up. Ensure that your ring grip is not a closed circle around the neck; it is essential that you do not apply pressure, especially to the trachea. Head scratches during this restraint are appreciated. ▪ This restraint will allow a second person can access the jugular vein, or other regions in the front of the cat. PHYSICAL RESTRAINT- THREE-FINGER HOLD Three-finger hold ▪ This can be used as an alternative to scruffing. The entire hand is used in the restraint, positioned so that three fingers remain on the top of the cat’s head.  PHYSICAL RESTRAINT- HALF-BURRITO WRAP ▪ The half-burrito wrap, leaving cat’s head and neck exposed  PHYSICAL RESTRAINT- SCARF WRAP ▪ The scarf wrap, leaves the cat’s front and hind end accessible but also allows the handler to decrease the movement of the cat without applying a scruff. This technique is also effective in small dogs. PHYSICAL RESTRAINT- OTHER TOOLS Cat muzzles: A muzzle applied to a cat has several advantages: 1.Less likely to get bitten during restraint when placed properly 2.Distracts the cat 3.Cat cannot see / hiding sensation PHYSICAL RESTRAINT- OTHER TOOLS Protective gloves: Heavy leather gloves (that extend to cover the forearm) can be used by a restrainer to avoid being bitten, or scratched when handling fractious animals. Restraint bag: Feline restraint bag (cat bag) is normally used to restrict the movement of the cat and also to protect the handler from scratches. The technique is to place an open bag on the table and to place the cat on top of the opened bag; then pushing the cat down as in scrunches, and zipping up the bag with the head out. PHYSICAL RESTRAINT- OTHER TOOLS E-collar: It is used to keep the mouth away from the handler though because cats are more agile.  CHEMICAL RESTRAINT Anaesthesia – drug-induced state of unconsciousness that is characterised by depression of the central nervous system and varying degrees of analgesia. Tranquillisation – a state of behavioural change, wherein anxiety is relieved, behavioural responses suppressed and the animal is relaxed but aware of its surroundings. Spinal and other reflexes are not affected RESTRAINING A CAT FOR BLOOD SAMPLING  Restraining a Cat for Blood Sampling Cephalic Vein Position the cat near the edge Gently restrain the Place your other of the examination table, cat’s head by placing hand behind the either sitting or in sternal a hand under its cat’s elbow and recumbency, with its head head/neck. extend the limb facing towards the person forward a little. taking the blood sample. Restraining a Cat for Blood Sampling Cephalic Vein Use your arm to gently Use your thumb to raise the vein. Place your hold the cat against your thumb over the dorsal aspect of the forelimb body, this will help at the level of the elbow and slightly rotate the thumb laterally to bring the vein to an prevent the cat from optimum position. The person taking the wriggling. blood sample will also often hold the distal end of the limb to help stabilise the leg.  Restraining a Cat for Blood Sampling Jugular Vein Position the cat near the edge Hold the cat’s head Use your other hand to hold of the table either sitting or in upwards by placing the the cat’s forelimbs. Place your sternal recumbency, with its fingers of one hand under hand underneath the body head facing towards the its chin. Ensure your behind the forelimbs. Use your person taking the sample. fingers are not obstructing fingers to hold the limbs the jugular vein. together, with one finger in between the forelimbs. Restraining a Cat for Blood Sampling Jugular Vein Use your arm to gently hold The person taking the sample the cat against your body, this will raise the vein by pressing will help prevent the cat from into the jugular groove near wriggling. the base of the neck.  Restraining a Cat for Blood Sampling Saphenous Vein The cat is held in lateral recumbency. While one hand is used to immobilize the cat’s neck, the opposite hand is used to distend the vein and restrict movement posteriorly. Pressure is applied in the inguinal region to occlude venous return and cause the vein to engorge with blood. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION  TOPICAL ROUTE it used for local treatment of skin, control of external and internal parasites, and transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents. Topical formulations is used in the control of fleas, lice, mites, and ticks. These include insecticidal and acaracidal soaps, foams, shampoos, sprays, and rinses. It is also available as spot-on formulations, as well as flea and tick collars and medallions.  ORAL ROUTE There are several methods for oral administration of compounds including: 1. Incorporation of compound into the drinking water or food. 2.Administration by syringe. 3.Administration of pills 4.Gavage.  PARENTERAL ROUTE Intravascular intramuscular subcutaneous routes intradermal Intravascular (IV) Common sites: The most common site is the cephalic vein that runs along the forward surface of the lower forelimb. The medial saphenous vein of the lower hindlimb and the external jugular vein of the neck are used to a lesser extent. Intramuscular (IM) Sites. The large muscles on the back of the rear legs or the musculature on the sides of the spinal column.  Subcutaneous (SC or SQ) Site: Dorsum (top) of the neck and back. Subcutaneous administration of compounds by needle and syringe is easily accomplished in cats due to the pliable skin and large subcutaneous space on the dorsum (top) of the neck and back.  Intradermal (ID) Intradermal injection is disposition of the material into the structure of the skin itself. It is not frequently used in cats. Site: usually lateral cervical region and the lateral aspects of the thorax. Consideration of Administration of Substance Consideration relating to the use of topical dosage forms the potential for residues to exist in wool and mohair COMMON VACCINES USED IN CATS CORE VACCINES FVRCP Vaccine Rabies Vaccine Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Vaccine (Kittens) NON-CORE CAT VACCINES Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Vaccine Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Vaccine Chlamydophila Felis Vaccine Bordetella Vaccine COMMON INJECTION SITES Subcutaneous Injections Intramuscular Injections appropriate sites for IM: Quadriceps Lumbodorsal muscle Triceps muscle Intravenous Injections cephalic lateral saphenous veins medial saphenous and femoral veins VACCINATION SITES: FeLV vaccine should be given as far distal as possible into the left hindlimb Rabies vaccine should be given as far distal as possible into the right hindlimb. Vaccines (particularly adjuvanted products) or other injectables should not be administered into the interscapular region. Vaccines (particularly adjuvanted products) should be administered into other subcutaneous (and not ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA Definitions: Analgesia Loss of sensation of pain. Anesthesia Total loss of sensation in a part or in the whole body, generally induced by the administration of a drug that depresses nervous tissue activity. CONSIDERATIONS WHEN USING ANESTHESIA REGIMEN The type of procedure being performed The duration of the procedure The amount and type of pain that may accompany the procedure The goals of the project The properties of the anesthetic The condition of the animal Pre-Anesthetic Evaluation Prior to induction of anesthesia, animals should be carefully evaluated for good health. If there are any doubts about the animal's health, anesthesia should not be initiated until a thorough veterinary exam has been conducted.  Monitoring Anesthesia Monitoring to assure that the level of anesthesia is adequate for the procedure being conducted is a major component of proper care. Monitoring the anesthetized animal involves four body systems : ( 1 ) the central and peripheral nervous system; (2) the respiratory system; (3) the cardiovascular system; and (4) the musculoskeletal system Normal values of heart rate and respiratory rate should be obtained prior to anesthesia. Anesthesia Recovery The anesthesia recovery period commences at the end of the surgery and ends when the animal is fully awakened. In general,an unconscious animal should not be left unattended. When the animal reaches a semi-conscious state it should be monitored at least every 1 5 minutes. Some drug effects can b e reversed t o speed recovery o r to minimize adverse side effects. DISEASES OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM  DERMATOPHYTOSIS (RINGWORM) - dermal infection with a fungus - caused by Microsporum canis - Infection may be subclinical or characterized by hair loss, reddening of skin, and crusts or scabs on face, ears, and forelimbs - diagnosis is made by clinical appearance, culture of hairs at the lesion margins on dermatophyte test media (DTM) or by microscopic examination of lesion scrapings mounted on 10% KOH - infect humans as well - treatment: - griseofulvin EAR MITES - cat ear mites (Otodectes cynotis) - causes irritation to ear canal - infested cats scratch ears and have excessive black exudate in the ear - white specks may be seen moving over the surface of the exudate - definitive diagnosis: - smearing exudate on a slide and observing under low-power microscopy for the mite - daily cleaning with mineral oil for 10-14 days - single treatment with 400 microgram ivermectin/kg BW SubQ are usually effective - colony wide treatment and sanitation should be explored to reduce the possibility of recurrence DISEASES OF GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM  DIARRHEA IN CATS WHAT IS DIARRHEA? Diarrhea is unformed or loose stools, usually with increased amount and frequency. It is a result of faster movement of fecal material through the intestine combined with decreased absorption of water, nutrients, and electrolytes. DIARRHEA IN CATS CAUSES: Infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, coccidia, and intestinal worms (hookworms, roundworms, whipworms), or non-infectious irritants, such as chemical toxins or poisonous plants, are some of the more common causes of diarrhea. Changes in diet, food intolerances, or allergies to specific ingredients in a diet can also be responsible for diarrhea. DIARRHEA IN CATS SYMPTOMS: Along with having unhealthy-looking stools (usually loose or watery in appearance), cats with diarrhea may have the following symptoms: Mucus or blood in the stool Worms in the stool Defecating with increased frequency Straining to defecate DIARRHEA IN CATS SYMPTOMS: Nausea or vomiting Loss of appetite Tiredness or weakness Abdominal pain Weight loss DIARRHEA IN CATS DIAGNOSIS: Veterinarians may use several tools to determine the cause of your cat's diarrhea: The cat's medical history A physical examination Basic lab work (blood work, fecal exam) DIARRHEA IN CATS DIAGNOSIS: Gastrointestinal function tests (blood tests) Endoscopy/colonoscopy and biopsy (to retrieve a tissue sample) Medication trials (assessing a response to medication) Food trials (assessing a response to certain foods) DIARRHEA IN CATS TREATMENT: withhold food for up to 24 hours or to feed small quantities of a veterinary diet for gastrointestinal problems. Anti-diarrheal agents, de-wormers, and/or probiotics (bacteria that support intestinal health) may be prescribed. There are several probiotic products that may be helpful in cats with diarrhea.  Feline Inflammatory Bowel Disease ∙ It is a condition in which inflammatory cells penetrate the wall of the intestine, causing the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to become inflamed (irritated and swollen) and interfering with important digestive and immune functions of the gut.  Feline Inflammatory Bowel Disease Causes: There are many causes of inflammatory bowel disease; however, the cause is often unknown or undetermined. Possible causes include: bacterial infection parasitic infection with worms or single- celled parasites an allergy or intolerance to a specific protein in the diet genetic factors.  Feline Inflammatory Bowel Disease Clinical Signs Diagnosis Frequent vomiting X-rays Chronic diarrhea Urinalysis Blood in the stool Complete blood count Weight loss Fecal analysis Decreased appetite Biochemistry profile Lethargy Mucus in the stool Bloating Straining in the litterbox  Feline Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment and Prevention ∙ Deworming ∙ Diet ∙ Vitamin B12 ∙ Immunosuppressive medications Diseases of the Urogenital System  Urinary Incontinence - Is the involuntary (accidental) leakage of urine. In cats, it can be a congenital (birth defect) or acquired (occurring later in life) problem with either storing urine or urinating. - Most commonly due to trauma Causes of Urinary Incontinence in Cats ❑ Congenital - Congenital causes are seen when the anatomy of the bladder or urethra did not correctly develop when the cat was in the womb. ❑ Acquired - Acquired urinary incontinence is when the inability to urinate begins after birth and is not associated with a birth defect. It is most commonly due to trauma. - Injury to the spine or vertebrae can affect the nerves in the bladder or sphincter. - Urethral blockage is the most common cause seen in cats. Clinical Signs Not squatting or Urine found in Cat unaware of in position to bed during sleep urinate urination or rest Reoccurring Urine staining or urination in Pain during smell near the certain urination urethral opening areas of the (under the tail). house Diagnosis ❑URINALYSIS - to check the status of the urine itself present in the urine. ❑BLOOD CHEMISTRY - Blood cell counts may be altered with an infection. ❑RADIOGRAPHS, ULTRASOUND, OR ENDOSCOPE - can be used to look at the anatomy of the bladder and urethra. Treatment ❑ Treatment of urinary incontinence in cats is based on the underlying cause. - Medications, supportive care, and symptomatic treatment may be tried. - Antibiotics are needed to remove any infection that was found. Prazosin is a commonly prescribed medication in cats. Treatment ❑Surgical Repair - Depending on the cause of the urinary incontinence, surgery could be an option. A bladder stone must be removed if it is causing bladder or urethral irritation. Prevention and Control Management ❑Weight Management - Is key to preventing many diseases, including feline lower urinary tract disease and diabetes. Be aware of your cat’s body condition score ❑Food Quality and Type - Lower-quality food has been linked to urinary tract diseases. The concentration of certain electrolytes affects the pH of the urine, allowing crystals and stones to form. - Canned food has also been linked to decreasing occurrence of feline urinary tract disease. It’s important to stay up to date on your cat’s annual exam to catch underlying diseases that must be treated immediately. FELINE IDIOPATHIC CYSTITIS (FIC) is a common condition in cats that affects the urinary bladder. FIC is a form of lower urinary tract disease that causes bladder inflammation and dysuria (painful or difficult urination) in cats. Importantly, it occurs without any obvious underlying cause. The term “idiopathic” means that the condition has no known specific cause. Previously, it was referred to as Idiopathic Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (iFLUTD). Cause When the cause of cystitis—inflammation of the bladder—in cats remains unknown despite thorough diagnostic evaluation, it is referred to as feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC). In large retrospective studies of cats with FLUTD conducted at University of Minnesota and Ohio State University, FIC was the most common diagnosis (54% and 79% of cats, respectively). It was recently suggested that FIC is part of a larger disorder that could be termed Pandora syndrome. The name Pandora has been proposed for 2 reasons: The syndrome does not identify any specific cause or organ It captures the dismay and dispute associated with the identification of many problems beyond the bladder/urethra. Cause Conditions that must be ruled out first include: Bladder stones, crystals, and urethral plugs Bladder infections Trauma Neurologic disorders affecting bladder function Anatomic abnormalities Neoplasia (tumors of the urinary tract) Cause Some predisposing factors include: Overweight body condition Restricted outdoor access Decreased activity level Lack of perches or hiding spaces Multi-cat households Inter-cat aggression Dry food diet Nervous disposition More common in young to middle-aged cats, with male cats being over- represented. Clinical Sign Cats with FIC exhibit symptoms similar to other urinary diseases: Straining to urinate Bloody or discolored urine Frequent urination Urinating in unusual locations Inability to urinate, especially in male cats (this is a critical emergency, and immediate veterinary attention is crucial). Diagnosis FIC is diagnosed by eliminating known causes of abnormal urination. Diagnostic tests may include: Thorough medical history and physical examination Blood tests (complete blood cell count and serum chemistries) Complete urinalysis Urine culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests Abdominal radiographs (to assess bladder abnormalities or stones) Treatment Treatment includes medical management and environmental modification to reduce stressors that triggered the clinical signs. If a urinary obstruction is suspected or diagnosed, your cat will need emergency treatment. Environmental modification Pain medication Diet THANK YOU REFERENCES: Berman-Thacker, E., DVM. (2023, September 12). Urinary incontinence in cats. PetMD. https://www.petmd.com/cat/conditions/urinary/c_ct_incontinence_urinary C. P. Geret, B. Riond, V. Cattori, M. L. Meli, R. Hofmann-Lehmann, H. Lutz, Band 153, Heft 4, April 2011, 157 – 164 DOI 10.1024/0036-7281/a000175. Retrieved from https://sat.gstsvs.ch/fileadmin/media/pdf/archive/2011/04/SAT153040157.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1lyLa603MONEtKOWXCzBeR6uH9NJ2ymGFYi58V8XCR8aP wz4B4vMpE1PQ CaT | Ari.info. (n.d.). ari.info. https://www.animalresearch.info/en/designing-research/research-animals/cat/ Cat. (2024, April 15). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat Day, M., Horzinek, M. C., Schultz, R. D., & Squires, R. A. (2016). WSAVA Guidelines for the vaccination of dogs and cats. t̃he œ Journal of Small Animal Practice/Journal of Small Animal Practice, 57(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.2_12431 Diarrhea in cats | VCA Animal Hospital | VCA Canada Animal Hospitals. (n.d.). VcaCanada. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/diarrhea-in- cats?fbclid=IwAR2sVKkqGmYNNiLcXvwyfxdhNVFJU575FqxZJ67vAZ7jiOkYIfeyp6mZIGw_aem_AU69GUPaPocv_6JmttZRle_dTTn22QjeT- EAOdd7Owvr8DNFlnzbyECdHhM2LVK2RmGW_zDIGa57PtCKgb4X- 2ID#fbclid=IwAR2sVKkqGmYNNiLcXvwyfxdhNVFJU575FqxZJ67vAZ7jiOkYIfeyp6mZIGw_aem_AU69GUPaPocv_6JmttZRle_dTTn22QjeT- EAOdd7Owvr8DNFlnzbyECdHhM2LVK2RmGW_zDIGa57PtCKgb4X- 2ID&fbclid=IwAR2sVKkqGmYNNiLcXvwyfxdhNVFJU575FqxZJ67vAZ7jiOkYIfeyp6mZIGw_aem_AU69GUPaPocv_6JmttZRle_dTTn22QjeT- EAOdd7Owvr8DNFlnzbyECdHhM2LVK2RmGW_zDIGa57PtCKgb4X-2ID Feline Idiopathic Cystitis | VCA Animal Hospital | VCA Animal Hospitals. (n.d.). Vca. https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/feline-idiopathic-cystitis REFERENCES: Grauer, F. (2013, November). Current Thoughts on Pathophysiology and Treatment of Feline Idiopathic Cystitis. Today’s Veterinary Practice. https://www.todaysveterinarypractice.com/urology-renal-medicine/current-thoughts-on-pathophysiology-treatment-of-feline-idiopathic-cystitis/ Inflammatory bowel disease in cats. (n.d.). Vca. Retrieved April 10, 2024, from https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/inflammatory-bowel-disease-in-cats Liss, C., Litwak, K., Tilford, D., & Reinhardt, V. (Eds.). (2015). Comfortable Quarters for laboratory animals (10th ed.). Animal Welfare Institute. https://awionline.org/sites/default/files/publication/digital_download/AWI-ComfortableQuarters-2015.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0aR9MnC7sU8UYznI9Q9RgrVW4PZ4fDAjOVhHtOgRl_gjqnmQar4lGzhpM Live restraint and handling of pest animals used in research-https://pestsmart.org.au/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2020/06/res-002_SOP2005.pdf Martin, B. J. (1997b). The Laboratory Cat. In CRC Press eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482274561 Nutrition, H. P. (2021, March 3). Managing cat diarrhea: Causes, symptoms & treatment. https://www.hillspet.com/cat-care/healthcare/cat-diarrhea-causes-and- treatment?lightboxfired=true&fbclid=IwAR38gvmQUZe1Mwidber1yASj5gO5N8Vktl98_3fqG6Gy5-oaL_IZZzSocWQ_aem_AU7XMzrxHQRvicysn6IG3gwDw7RMp- N1szarmFkBoffwB_bBMm_h9E_dfA25QICraE6Qm6hhMtGjZ1rC51uptNix Rowe, L. (2018, August 20). Feline Idiopathic Cystitis (FIC) | International Cat Care. International Cat Care. https://icatcare.org/advice/feline-idiopathic-cystitis-fic/ Stone, A. E., Brummet, G. O., Carozza, E. M., Kass, P. H., Petersen, E. P., Sykes, J. E., & Westman, M. E. (2020). 2020 AAHA/AAFP Feline Vaccination Guidelines. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 22(9), 813–830. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612x20941784 Turner, P. V., Brabb, T., Pekow, C., & Vasbinder, M. A. (2011). Administration of substances to laboratory animals: routes of administration and factors to consider. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 50(5), 600–613. University of Bristol. (2018).Restraining a Cat for Blood Sampling. https://www.bristol.ac.uk/media-library/sites/vetscience/documents/clinical- skills/Restraining%20a%20Cat%20for%20Blood%20Sampling.pdff Verbrugghe, A., Defarges, A., Phillips, E., Gaitero, L., Abood, S., Raheb, S., & Blois, S. (n.d.). Feline restraint and handling. Pressbooks. https://books.lib.uoguelph.ca/vetm3430/chapter/feline- restraint-and-handling/