FA2022_CHE304_M4L1-Farahalduweesh-Municipal-Solid-Waste.pdf

Introduction to Environment Engineering DR. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH CHE 304 1 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 2 What is MSW? FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 3 What is Solid Waste made of ? Source: EPA FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 4 MSW is mainly made of? •Paper •Food or Plants (organic matter...

Introduction to Environment Engineering DR. FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH CHE 304 1 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 2 What is MSW? FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 3 What is Solid Waste made of ? Source: EPA FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 4 MSW is mainly made of? •Paper •Food or Plants (organic matter) •Metals •Glass •Plastic •Textiles and other FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 5 MSU Around the World FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 6 Developed countries tend to generate more organic was than developing countries FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 7 The highest generator in waste is equivalent to the highest GHG emitter which is USA Is MSU A World Crisis? FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 8 Is MSU A World Crisis? FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 9 The world is generating around. 2 billion tons of MSW annually At least 33% is not managed in an environmental way à so not so bad yet! FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 10 MSU Control in US FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 11 Americans Generate 250 Million Tons of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Annually FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 12 Americans Generate 250 Million Tons of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Annually Total MSW Generation before recycling, composting, etc. in 2012 by material (left), by category (right) FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 13 What can we do with MSW? FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 14 Waste Processing Technologies •Landfills If interested in landfill design (page 461 course book) •Recycling •Composting •Anaerobic Digesters •Incineration FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 15 About half of MSW Is Landfilled; the Rest Is Recycled, Composted or Incinerated FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 16 Only of one-third of MSW in USA Is through Recycling or Composting, mostly paper FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 17 Landfilling FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 18 Waste Processing Technologies FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 19 In the US, landfills are highly regulated FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 20 Methane (CH4) from landfills is either flared or collected FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 21 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills are the third-largest source of human-related methane FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 22 The US is trying to increase the capture of methane for power generation FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 23 There are a lot of politics in the waste industry Is collection of methane in landfills efficient ? Only ~20-30% efficient FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 24 Recycling FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 25 Recycling Rates Are On The Rise, and Finally Passed One Third FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 26 There are several ways to implement recycling •Recycling Evolution -Multi-sort Collection -Dual Stream -Single Stream FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 27 Recycling reduces the need for virgin materials FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 28 Statistics that make recycling feasible FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 29 Recycling reduces the need for virgin materials FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 30 Composting and Anaerobic Digestion FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 31 Food scraps (or sewage) can go to a composting facility or anaerobic digestion facility FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 32 Waste Processing Technologies FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 33 Waste Processing Technologies FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 34 Waste Processing Technologies FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 35 Renewable Natural Gas FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 36 Waste- to- Energy : Incineration FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 37 Waste Processing Technologies: Incinerators •Incinerators FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 38 Incinerators burn MSW, typically to create heat for power production or heat to sell FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 39 Much of The MSW Stream Is Energy Dense Fibers and Plastics FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 40 Unrecyclable Plastics And Fibers Residue Can Be Turned Into Fuel Pellets FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 41 Solid recovered Fuel (SRF) Pellets Can Be Used To Displace Fossil Fuel FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 42 Many people assume incineration is the best way to handle MSW… FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 43 Incineration FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 44 Many people assume incineration is the best way to handle MSW… but there are trade-offs FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 45 Many people assume incineration is the best way to handle MSW… but there are trade-offs FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 46 Many people assume incineration is the best way to handle MSW… but there are trade-offs FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 47 Linear Wasting System FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 48 Future of Resources “not waste” FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 49 MSW in Kuwait Source: “Municipal solid waste in Kuwait”, Parviz A. Koushki, Jasem M. Alhumoud, and Usama Al-Duaij ”Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management in the State of Kuwait”, A. Al Lahou and M. Alsabbagh “Analysis and overview of industrial solid waste management in Kuwait”, Jasem M. Alhumoud and Fatima A. AlKandari FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 50 Kuwait is 17,818 km2 of land and MSW in 2 Kuwait is ~18 km Population in Kuwait has been at an exponential rate of increase from 2.213 million in 2005 till 4.419 million 2022 (a rate if increase of ~6.25 % per year) Affluence is a major factor in MSW increase. Generation rate of MSW in Kuwait increased from 269,248 tons per year 1986 to If Kuwait is Affluent why aren’t 8000,000 tons per year 1986 to we a Developed country? 1,100,000 tons per year in 2002 51 Kuwait is Affluent but lacks Awareness of Negative Health impacts of Solid Waste •Kuwait Households have one of the highest generation rates •of MSW in the world. •1.6 kg average waste per person per day (2016) •No comprehensive recycling program in the state. •Scavengers or side business collect (cans, plastic or paper) •If those individuals were guided with an institutional support waste management in Kuwait would be highly modified. 52 How Motivation to Recycle Can be Driven Need governmental polices to encourage reuse and recycle and proper awareness campaign programs. •Get paid when recycled •Pay a fee for every bottle bought •Have recycling trash bins at every Household , industrial sector and Shopping mall Encourage paperless-transactions 53 Currently in Kuwait Plastic Waste materials of all types are being collected and exported to other Arab countries (Egypt and Lebanon) •Kuwait Plastics are sent to Egypt and Lebanon for further processing. While, Developing countries such as Bangladesh and India recover/recycle most of their plastic waste •Bangladesh: - Out of 95% of plastics waste , 40% is recovered first year and the rest 55% is recovered the next year •India: 75% of plastic waste is recovered 54 Currently in Kuwait Plastic Waste materials of all types are being collected and exported to other Arab countries (Egypt and Lebanon) •Kuwait Plastics are sent to Egypt and Lebanon for further processing. While, Developing countries such as Bangladesh and India recover/recycle most of their plastic waste •Bangladesh: - Out of 95% of plastics waste , 40% is recovered first year and the rest 55% is recovered the next year •India: 75% of plastic waste is recovered 55 Based on a Study in Kuwait by Selecting a Random of 1500 household residing in 64 districts •Average household in Kuwait - 6.5 persons - KD 1017 (US$ 3356) monthly income - 2.4 trips per week for grocery shopping - KD 52/week (US$ 172) on groceries - 2.4 gatherings each both - 7.3 guests per gathering ( guests 2-20) 3322 kg/yr/person 56 How Bad Kuwait is in MSW Capacity (Kg/capita/yr) 57 Kuwait vs. GCC in MSW Capacity (Kg/capita/day) 58 Families in Kuwait of 8 or more generate more than 11 kg of garbage daily 59 Most of Kuwait’s MSW is from Residential/ Household 60 MSW in Kuwait by Sector, most MSW in Kuwait is from Household mainly Food 61 MSW Household Waste mainly Food, next Plastic and Paper 62 Total and per Capita MSW in Kuwait Total household waste; In 1994 (93%) In 2016 (68%) 1.6 kg/capita in 2016 63 Industrial Solid Waste Management in Kuwait •How solid waste is produced, segregated, collected, stored and transported in Kuwait? Industrial waste: - Food waste - Ashes - Demolition (steel, wood products, plaster etc..) and construction (brick, asphalt, concrete etc..) waste not part of MSW by EPA USA called (C&D) debris - Hazardous waste (regards to Safety and health ) 64 Classification of the Industrial Activities in Kuwait is mostly on Clothing and Fabrics sector 65 MSW Management in Kuwait Source: “Municipal solid waste in Kuwait”, Parviz A. Koushki, Jasem M. Alhumoud, and Usama Al-Duaij ”Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Management in the State of Kuwait”, A. Al Lahou and M. Alsabbagh “Analysis and overview of industrial solid waste management in Kuwait”, Jasem M. Alhumoud and Fatima A. AlKandari FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 66 There are 15 Landfills in Kuwait (3 are Open currently ) •Currently Open (3): - Mina Abdullah - Al Jahra - South 7th Rind Road (most waste disposed here, since it’s the largest area) •4th is Sulaibiya, operated until 2005 67 Mina Abdullah Landfill not constructed random dumping 68 What is the worst non-hazardous Solid Waste? FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 69 Plastic is the Worst MSW since it is not biodegradable (made from chemicals) •Need to minimize plastic waste (awareness campaigns) •Old reference suggests there are 12 recycling companies in Kuwait all non-govermental of course! •No data on waste diversion rate ( e.g. energy recovery, composting of organic waste, recycling, or landfill waste) •MSW in Kuwait is direct Dumping mostly not structured 70 But! Hazardous Waste is regulated in Landfills in Kuwait (There is hope!) •Hazardous waste landfill us a waste disposal facility, engineered and constructed to prevent migration of wastes or waste-driven effluents either inti ground or atmosphere. •Landscape of Hazardous Waste Landfill in Kuwait •13 m depth, area 125 m x 125 m and surrounded by a 30 cm-high berm (avoid rainwater infiltration) 71 Before final disposal of Hazardous Solid Waste is placed in temporary cells for <24 hrs 72 Steep Slope 73 You could be the next addition to change FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 74 Farah M. Al Duweesh Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering [email protected] FARAH M. AL-DUWEESH 75 Supplementary Material USA Data on Waste Recovery Break down and Emissions rate 76 77 78