Human Anatomy and Physiology PDF

○ Bony projections - ANATOMY landmarks for locating deeper structures From greek, ana ‘up’ + tomia ○ Ex:...

○ Bony projections - ANATOMY landmarks for locating deeper structures From greek, ana ‘up’ + tomia ○ Ex: sternum - listening ‘cutting’ (from temnein ‘to cut’) heart sounds To dissect, or cut apart and separate Study of the structures of the ANATOMICAL IMAGING body Involves the use of radiographs, ultrasounds, magnetic resonance ○ Organ involvement SYSTEMIC ANATOMY ○ Ex: stroke (bleed or Study of the body by systems ischemia), bone fracture Ex: cardiovascular, nervous, ○ Radiograph - black and white skeletal, & muscular systems ○ CT scan - organs of the body, cheaper REGIONAL ANATOMY ○ MRI - magnetic resonance imaging Study of the organization of the body by areas PHYSIOLOGY Ex: head, abdomen, or arm Greek word physis - “nature” or “origin” and logos - “study” Deals with processes or functions of living thighs SYSTEMS OF THE BODY Responses to stimuli & Integumentary system maintenance of stable internal Skeletal system conditions Muscular system Nervous system CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY Endocrine system Processes inside cells such as Cardiovascular system the manufacturing of substances Lymphatic system Respiratory system Digestive system SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY Urinary system Functions of organ systems Female reproductive system Male reproductive system SURFACE ANATOMY Study of external features STRUCTURAL AND TISSUE LEVEL FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION Group of similar cells OF HUMAN BODY Characteristics of the cells and 1. Chemical level surrounding materials determine 2. Cell level the functions of the tissue 3. Tissue level Four primary types: 4. Organ level 1. Epithelial 3. Muscle 5. Organ system level 2. Connective 4. Nervous 6. Organism level ORGAN LEVEL CHEMICAL LEVEL Composed of two or more Structural and functional tissue types - together perform characteristics of all organisms one or more common functions are determined by their chemical Ex: heart, stomach, liver, urinary makeup bladder are all organs Molecule’s structure determines its function ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL Ex: collagen Group of organs that together ○ Molecules are strong, perform a common function or set ropelike fibers - skin’s of functions structural strength and Ex: urinary system flexibility ○ Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & CELL LEVEL urethra Basic structural and functional ○ Kidneys produce urine > units of organisms ureters > urinary bladder Most cells contain smaller (storage) > eliminated from structures - organelles (little the body through the organs) urethra ○ Particular functions - digestion & movement ORGANISM LEVEL ○ Ex: nucleus - cell’s Any living thing considered as a hereditary information whole - human ○ Mitochondria - Human organism is a network of manufactured adenosine organ systems that are mutually triphosphate (ATP), a dependent upon one another molecule cells use for a source of energy INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Provides protection, regulates Exchanges oxygen and carbon temperature prevents water loss, dioxide between the blood and and help produce vitamin D air and regulates blood ph SKELETAL SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM Provides protection and support, Removes waste products from allows body movements, produce the blood and regulates blood ph blood cell, and stores minerals and adipose FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MUSCULAR SYSTEMS Produces oocytes and its the site of Produces body movements, fertilization and fetal development, maintains posture, and produces milk for the newborn produces body heat MALE REPRODUCTIVE NERVOUS SYSTEMS SYSTEM A major regulatory system that Produces and transfers sperm detects sensations and controls movements physiological process, cells to the female and produces and intellectual functions hormones that influence sexual functions behaviors ENDOCRINE SYSTEM A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Transport nutrients, waste products, gasses and hormones throughout the body LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue balance