Exam 2 Review: Infancy PDF

**Exam 2 Review: Infancy** **The following are the topics that you should know from lecture for exam 2.** 1. How does the brain and nervous system develop? a. This includes neuron development and myelination. i. Infants born with all neurons (decrease with age) ii. As chi...

**Exam 2 Review: Infancy** **The following are the topics that you should know from lecture for exam 2.** 1. How does the brain and nervous system develop? a. This includes neuron development and myelination. i. Infants born with all neurons (decrease with age) ii. As child matures 1. Axons grow in length 2. Dendrites and axon terminals multiply a. Networks become more complex 3. Myelination occurs around the axons b. Doesn't stop until 25 c. Allows impulses to transmit quickly b. Is brain development due to nature, nurture, or both? How so? iii. Both iv. Maturation (nature) v. Sensory stimulation and motor activity (nurture) 2. How does motor development change from birth through 2? c. Include gross motor and fine motor skills vi. 3.2 months: rolling over vii. 3.3 months: grasping rattle viii. 5.9 months: sitting without support ix. 7.2 months: standing while holding on x. 8.2 months: grasping with thumb and finger xi. 11.5 months: standing alone well xii. 12.3 months: walking well xiii. 14.8 months: building tower of 2 cubes xiv. 16.6: walking up steps xv. 23.8 months: jumping in place d. Is motor development due to nature, nurture, or both? How so? xvi. Both xvii. Maturation (nature) 4. Myelination and differentiation 5. Motivation xviii. Experience (nurture) 6. Experimentation 7. Training 3. How do children grow from birth until age 3? e. What should children be eating from birth until age 3? xix. Newborns: breast milk or formula xx. 6 months: solid foods xxi. 12 months: whole cow's milk f. Pros and cons of breastfeeding xxii. Influenced by 8. Health 9. Attitudes about bonding 10. Fear of pain 11. Unease with breastfeeding 12. Working arrangements 13. Social support 4. How do children develop cognitively from birth until age 3? g. Hearing xxiii. Begins in utero xxiv. Recognize mother's voice at birth h. Smell xxv. Well developed at birth xxvi. Recognize familiar odors i. Taste xxvii. Sensitive to different tastes xxviii. Prefer sweet because of breastmilk j. Touch xxix. Enjoy being cuddled, rocked, stroked k. Visual xxx. Nearsighted early on xxxi. Prefer faces l. Convergence (control of eyes) xxxii. Not until 7 or 8 weeks m. Depth xxxiii. With crawling at 6 months n. Perceptual xxxiv. 4 months 5. Who is Piaget and what did he believe? o. Cognitive development p. What are schemes, assimilation, and accommodation? xxxv. Schemes 14. Concepts 15. Ways to organize knowledge xxxvi. Assimilation 16. Fit new ideas into existing schemes xxxvii. Accommodation 17. Modify schemes to accept new ideas (test) q. Describe the 6 substages of Piaget's 1^st^ stage of development with examples. 18. 1^st^ 2: infants responses to his/her own body d. Simple reflexes i. Birth to 1 month (only dependent on reflexes) ii. Sucking, grasping iii. Modify reflexes based on experience e. Primary circular reactions iv. 1 to 4 months v. Primary: focus on infants own body vi. Circular: repeated behaviors 19. 2^nd^ 2: infants responses to objects and people f. Secondary circular reactions vii. 4 to 8 months viii. Secondary: focus on objects or events g. Coordination of secondary schemes ix. 8 to 12 months x. Coordinate schemes to attain specific goals xi. Beginning of intentionality 20. 3^rd^ 2: creative with action and ideas h. Tertiary circular reactions xii. 12 to 18 months xiii. Deliberate trial and error behaviors xiv. "Little scientist" i. Beginning of thought xv. 18 to 24 months xvi. Mental exploration xvii. Begin to think before doing xviii. Deferred imitation r. Pros and cons of Piaget's theory xxxviii. Pros 21. Comprehensive 22. Research support 23. Sequence appears cross-culturally xxxix. Concerns 24. Stages are more gradual than discontinuous 25. May underestimate infants competence 26. Generalizability 6. How does language develop/change from birth to age 3? s. Birth: perceive speech, cry, response to sound t. 1 ½ - 2: coos and laughs u. 3: plays with speech sounds 7. Where does language come from...nature, nurture, or both? How so? v. Both (Interactionist Perspective) xl. Learning Theory (Skinner): operant conditioning (parents reinforce sounds that their children make xli. Nativism (Chomsky): human brain is made to do this by nature 8. What is attachment? w. Attachment: emotional bond/trust x. Is there a critical period for humans to create attachment? xlii. Not critical, but sensitive period of 1^st^ 6 months of life y. Who studied attachment and what have we learned? xliii. Harlow studied attachment xliv. We learned that attachment to a mother isn't only a result of being the provider of a child's food, but also comfort and close bodily contact z. What are the different types of attachment? **With Mom Mom Leaves Mom Returns** Secure Explores (w/ mom) Distressed Happy Insecure-avoidant Explores (w/o mom) Little Distress Avoids Insecure-ambivalent Clings to mom High Distress Ambivalent Insecure-disorganized Confused Little Distress Confused - Secure is most common a. Is attachment style due to nature, nurture, or both? How so? xlv. Both, biological and environmental impact 9. How would Erikson describe who we are (using his first two stages)? b. Trust v. Mistrust: depend on people and their surroundings (birth -- 1 year) c. Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt: being independent (1 -- 3 years) 10. What are the basic components of emotion? d. Where do emotions come from (i.e., theories)? xlvi. Biologically based theories 27. Temperament: early-appearing biologically based tendency to respond to the environment in predictable ways; consistent and enduring 28. Ekman: emotional expressions are similar across all cultures, so they have a genetic basis 29. Izard: theory of emotion identified ten primary and discrete emotions (fear, anger, shame, contempt, disgust, guilt, distress, interest, surprise, and joy) xlvii. Cognitive-Socialization 30. Children learn to process information and make meaning from their experiences; influenced by environment; helps develop skills 31. Lewis: emotional development is an orderly process; complex emotions unfold from simpler ones 32. Michalson xlviii. Emotions as a Socially Embedded Process 33. Look to caregivers for clues as to whether a situation is secure or frightening 34. Campos and Saarni e. What do you know about early emotional development? xlix. Basic emotions present from birth l. Young infants can discriminate and imitate basic facial expressions 11. What is self-awareness and when does it develop? - Self awareness: cognitive understanding that they have a recognizable identity, separate and different from the rest of their world - Starts to develop around 12 months