Error Monitoring PDF

Error Monitoring 25 January 2024 12:20 Main Ideas Notes A system for error detection a schematic diagram of a system for error detection, showcasing the sequential steps involved in processing an action. emphasizes the importance of the environment, the selection of the action based on decision -mak...

Error Monitoring 25 January 2024 12:20 Main Ideas Notes A system for error detection a schematic diagram of a system for error detection, showcasing the sequential steps involved in processing an action. emphasizes the importance of the environment, the selection of the action based on decision -making (referenced as Decision Making (SF)), and the execution of the action, linked to the primary motor cortex (referenced as Primary Motor Cortex (PH)) Studying errors in the lab Techniques to induce errors emphasizing the need for speed engaging in dual tasks creating conflicting response tendencies Various aspects of errors that can be studied, such as: ○ their frequency, ○ the context in which they occur, ○ different types of errors, ○ the level of awareness individuals have about their errors, ○ and the consequences that ensue from errors Correction /= Detection are partly separate processes with distinct neural underpinnings. ○ Error correction, characterized as automatic, fast, spontaneous, and robust, likened to 'delayed correct responses' that are parallel to impulsive fast errors ○ Error detection, in contrast, described as voluntary, slower, instructed, and more susceptible to interference Error-Related Negativity (ERN) ERN is a negative deflection occurring shortly after an erroneous response, more pronounced than during correct responses It has a fronto-central topography, indicating the brain regions involved ERN is considered a signal of the mismatch between intended and actual responses Factors influencing the amplitude of ERN include the speed and probability of the corrective response, the forcefulness of responses, emphasis on accuracy over speed, reward magnitude, and social pressure The impact of error correction on ERN amplitude, showing that faster error correction and higher probability of error correct ion lead to larger ERN amplitudes The modulation of ERN by response force, with studies by Gehring et al. (1993) illustrating this using a Flanker task and squeezing dynamometers The significance of errors in different contexts, such as low vs. high reward settings and performing alone vs. under supervi sion, and how these factors modulate ERN Notes Anterior Cingulate Cortex Plays a role in generating ERN evidence from various studies, including ○ dipole modeling, ○ simultaneous EEG-fMRI studies, ○ and the use of intracranial electrodes, pinpointing the ACC as the source of ERN Error Positivity a positive deflection occurring approximately 150 -400 ms after a response The characteristics of Pe, being more positive for errors than correct responses more posterior topography of Pe, suggesting different brain areas involved compared to ERN ambiguity in the exact sources of Pe, with possibilities including the parietal and prefrontal cortex role of Pe in the explicit detection and signalling of errors Pe Sensitive to Error Detection findings from Nieuwenhuis et al. (2001), highlighting the sensitivity of Pe to error detection. It discusses: ○ The use of an antisaccade task in the study ○ The observation that the amplitude of Pe was larger for detected errors compared to undetected errors, indicating a link between Pe amplitude and error awareness ○ The lack of sensitivity of ERN to error detection, distinguishing it from Pe Various Concepts and Studies various concepts and studies related to error processing, including: ○ The emergence of error awareness and timing of participants becoming aware of their errors ○ The signalling of decision confidence by Pe, with reference to studies by Boldt & Yeung (2015) ○ Behavioral adjustments following errors, including avoidance of future errors, post-error slowing (PES), and long-term learning from errors ○ The discussion of PES, with evidence showing participants respond more slowly on trials following an error, and the analysis of increased response caution using an evidence accumulation model ○ The correlation of PES with amplitudes of ERN and Pe ○ The exploration of two error detection loops in the context of skilled typists and the impact of error awareness and PES on error detection Learning from Errors Holroyd & Coles (2002) on reinforcement learning of action values. It suggests that the ERN represents an early indication that the consequences of an action are worse than expected This signal is used to train the response production system in a manner consistent with neural network implementations of reinforcement learning. Error Monitoring Across the Lifespan and Summary error monitoring evolves across the lifespan, with studies showing the establishment and increase of ERN and Pe with age, the decrease in error detection rate with aging, and the impact of error observation in social settings Summary Key Points: Human Error Detection: Exploring the systems by which humans detect errors, including factors like environment, action selection, execution, and t he roles of the primary motor cortex and decision-making processes. Error Processing and Adaptation: The lecture discusses error processing, including neural correlates, and how individuals adapt to and learn from errors. Neural Correlates of Errors: Examining the neural basis of error monitoring, highlighting the fronto-central topographical Error-Related Negativity (ERN), which increases with factors like correction speed and intensity of a response. Difference between Correction and Detection: Error correction is distinguished from detection as it is usually automatic, fast, spontaneous, and robust, whereas detection is voluntary, slower, instructed, and susceptible to interference. Amplitude of ERN: The lecture suggests that ERN amplitude increases with factors such as the speed and probability of the corrective response , higher rewards, and social pressure. Error-Related Negativity Modulation: ERN is also modulated by the force of the response demonstrated in tasks such as the Flanker task using dynamometers. Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC): The ACC is identified as the source of ERN generation, confirmed through various methods like dipole modeling and simultane ous EEG-fMRI. Error Positivity (Pe): Pe represents a positive deflection following an error and is more associated with explicit error detection and signalling. Behavioral Adjustments: The concept of post-error slowing is explained as a potentially strategic adaptation to prevent future errors, and its correlation with ERN and P e amplitudes. Error Monitoring Across the Lifespan: Studies show that ERN can be detected in children as young as three and that the Pe increases with age. However, error dete ction rates decrease in older adults. Error Observation and Social Learning: Observing others’ errors can have implications for learning in social contexts. Development of Error Monitoring: Error monitoring develops in early childhood and may gradually decrease with age, affecting how errors are processed throug hout an individual's lifespan. 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