English 3 Notes on Reading Academic Texts PDF

ENGLISH 3 NOTES Critical Reading Strategies Before Reading − Determine which typ...

ENGLISH 3 NOTES Critical Reading Strategies Before Reading − Determine which type of academic text (article, review, thesis, etc.) you are reading. Fundamentals of Reading Academic Texts − Determine and establish your purpose for reading. Identify the author's purpose for writing. Academic vs Non-Academic Text − Predict or infer the main idea or argument of the text based on its title. Characteristics Academic Non-Academic Audience academia mass public − Identify your attitude towards the author and the text. Purpose Inform the readers Inform, entertain or − State what you already know and what you want to learn with solid evidence persuade the about the topic. readers − Determine the target audience. Style Formal and Personal, − Check the publication date for relevance. personal impressionistic, − It should have been published at most five years earlier emotional or than the current year. subjective − Check the reference list while making sure to consider the Structure Standard structure No rigid structure correctness of the formatting style. Language Formal language Informal and casual − Use a concept map or any approriate graphic organizer to avoids language, may colloquialisms contain note your existing ideas and knowledge on the topic. Subject/Content Shared historical Personal life and During Reading events or literature everyday events or other forms of Annotate important parts of the text. knowledge Annotating a text can help you determine essential Nature and Characteristics of Academic Texts ideas or information, main ideas or arguments, and new information or ideas. Structure − Unlike fiction or journalistic writing, the overall structure After Reading of an academic text is formal and logical (Introduction, Body, Conclusion). It must be cohesive and possess a Reflect on what you have read. logically organized flow of ideas; this means that various React on some parts of the text through writing. parts are connected to form a unified whole. Discuss some parts with your teacher or classmates. Tone Link the main idea of the text to what you already − The overall tone refers to the attitude conveyed in a piece know. of writing. The arguments of others are fairly presented and with an appropriate narrative tone. When presenting a SQ3R Method position or argument that disagrees with one's perspectives, Survey describe the argument accurately without loaded or biased language. Question Language − It is important to use unambiguous language. Clear topic Read sentences enable a reader to follow your line of thinking without difficulty. Formal language and the third person Recite/Recall point- of-view should be used. Technical language Review appropriate to the area of study may also be used, however, it does not mean using "big words" just for the KWL Method sake of doing so. Citation Know – what you want to know about the topic − Citing sources in the body of the paper and providing a list of references as either footnotes or endnotes are a very Want – what you want to learn important aspect of an academic text. It is essential to Learn – what you learned always acknowledge the source of any ideas, research findings, data, or quoted text that has been used in a paper as a defense against allegations of plagiarism. Complexity Locating Main Ideas − An academic text addresses complex issues that require higher-order thinking skills to comprehend. Evidence-based MAIN IDEA Arguments What is valued in an academic text is that opinions are based on a sound understanding of the ⎯ The main idea of a paragraph is the author's message about pertinent body of knowledge and academic debates that the topic. exist within, and often external to a specific discipline. Thesis Statement Thesis- driven. The starting point of an academic text is a ✓ The central idea of a multiple- particular perspective, idea or position applied to the paragraph composition. chosen research problem, such as establishing, proving, or ✓ It is written in a declarative sentence. disproving solutions to the questions posed for the topic. Topic Statement ✓ Presents or describes the main of a Structure of Academic Texts paragraph. ✓ It develops one argument of the thesis Introduction statement. ❖ In some cases, the thesis statement located at the last part of Methods the introduction is replaced with a purpose statement. Results Purpose statement is introduced by signal phrases: "The study examined..." And "This paper examines..." "The aim of this essay is to..." Discussions "This paper begins with..." "The primary objective of this paper is to..."  BASICS OF SUMMARIZING, STYLE GUIDES PARAPHRASING AND DIRECT QUOTING APA - The Publication Manual of the American Pyschological Associaton MLA – The Modern Language Association Style Guide IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer AMA – American Medical Association Manual of Style The Chicago Manual of Style Example: APA STYLE GUIDE (7TH EDITION) In Text Citation - Requires the writer to cite details of the reference used in a certain part of the text. Parenthetical Citation − the author's name and publication date appear in parentheses. Ex: APA style is applied in the social sciences (Sipacio, 2019). Narrative Citation ❖ Summary − the author's name is incorporated into the text as Plagiarism can be defined as using ideas, data, or any relevant part of the sentence and the year follows in information of another without giving proper credit or parentheses. acknowledgment (Standler, 2012). Ex: According to Sipacio (2019), APA style is required for Business ❖ Paraphrase student majors. According to Standler (2012), plagiarism can occur in minor instances, when small parts of a passage are used without ❖ ONE AUTHOR enclosing them in quotation marks and citing the author. It 1. According to Sipacio (2019), APA style is required for can also occur in more grave instances when big chunks of Business student majors. – narrative the original text are used. There may be changes in the 2. APA style is required for Business student majors (Sipacio, format, but the original author is not attributed to and the 2019, p.54). – parenthetical work is claimed as the plagiarist's own and submitted to ❖ TWO AUTHORS comply with academic requirements or as a part of a material 1. According to Sipacio and Barrot (2019), APA style is for publication. required for Business student majors. – narrative 2. APA style is required for Business student majors (Sipacio ❖ Direct Quotation & Barrot, 2019). – parenthetical Standler (2012) states that plagiarism can be "the quotation of ❖ THREE OR MORE AUTHORS a sentence or two, without quotation marks and without a 1. According to Sipacio et al. (2019), APA style is required citation (e.g., footnote) to the true author" (p. 5). for Business student majors. – narrative 2. APA style is required for Business student majors (Sipacio et al., 2019). – parenthetical Evaluating Sources Currency, Location, Authority, Relevance Content Coverage - If you can view the information properly-if it is not limited to fees, browser technology, or software requirement... Accuracy - If your page lists the author and institution that published the page and provides a way of contacting him or her... Currency - If your page is current and updated regularly (as stated on the page) and the links (if any) are also up-to-date... Authority - If your page lists the author credentials and its domain is preferred (.edu,.gov,.org, or.net)... Objectivity - If your page provides accurate information with limited advertising and it is objective in presenting the information... Purpose for Citing Sources 1. To give credit to the original work 2. To promote scholarly writing 3. To help your target audience identify your original source  ❖ ORGANIZATION AS AN AUTHOR ❖ Book Schmidt, N. A., & Brown, J. M. (2017). Evidence-based If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first research (4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. time you cite the source, just as you would an individual person. ❖ Webpage American Nurses Association. (n.d.). Disaster preparedness. Ex: According to the American Psychological Association (2000),... https://www.nursingworld.org/ practice- policy/work-environment/health-safety/disaster- preparedness/ If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, you may include the ❖ Unknown Author abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use King James Bible. (2017). King James Bible Online. only the abbreviation in later citations. However, if you cite work from https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/ multiple organizations whose abbreviations are the same, do not use ❖ Two Authors abbreviations (to avoid ambiguity). Surname, A., & Surname, A. (Copyright date). Title: Subtitle in italic sentence case (edition number if applicable.). First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000) Publisher. Second citation: (MADD, 2000) Dawson, J., & Lucas, R. (1993). Lifestyles of New Zealand ❖ UNKNOWN AUTHOR forest plants (4th ed.). Victoria University Press. ❖ Three or more authors Cite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in parenthesis. Example: Narrative: According to "Indiana Joins Federal Accountability System" (2008) ❖ 21+ Authors Parenthetical: ("Indiana," 2008) ❖ UNKNOWN AUTHOR AND DATE If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the Writing an Abstract, Precis & Summary first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date"). aims to precisely condense a larger work and present only the key ideas Ex: Another study of students and research decisions discovered that tell the audience the gist of what has students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.). been read, listened to, or viewed condense information into around 15 percent of the original length of the text 6000-word research article for an academic journal may require only 200 to 250 words for its abstract DESCRIPTIVE ABSTRACT ❖ Simply pique the interest of the target audience ❖ Do not give away the actual content of the material ❖ ex. publishing companies, libraries, movie catalogues SUMMATIVE ABSTRACT − Readily present the key ideas and major findings of the study − More preferred in an academic setting Structure of an Abstract, a Precis, or a Summary Research Abstract usually contains 150 to 300 words does not any citation Reference Citation - Refers to the complete bibliographic entries of does not include specific result statistics all references used by the writer. last to be written ❖ Journal Article Ashing-Giwa, K. T., Padilla, G., Tejero, J., Kraemer, J., Wright, K., Coscarelli, A., Clayton, S., Williams, I., Rationale (around 20%) & Hills, D. (2004). Understanding the breast cancer Research Problems (around 10%) experience of women: A qualitative study of Methodology (around 20%) African American, Asian American, Latina and Major Findings (around 40%) Caucasian cancer survivors. Psycho-Oncology, Conclusion and Implications (around 10%) 13(6), 408-428. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.750