Engine Company OPS..pdf

ENGINE COMPANY OPERATIONS A MANUAL FOR THE CFD FIREFIGHTER SECOND EDITION Second Edition 01/31/22 ENGINE OPERATIONS UNDERSTANDING THE ENGINE COMPANY This manual was created to help guide Columbus Firefighters in their path to a better understanding of Engine Company Operations as they progress...

ENGINE COMPANY OPERATIONS A MANUAL FOR THE CFD FIREFIGHTER SECOND EDITION Second Edition 01/31/22 ENGINE OPERATIONS UNDERSTANDING THE ENGINE COMPANY This manual was created to help guide Columbus Firefighters in their path to a better understanding of Engine Company Operations as they progress through their apprentice training. However, this book is not limited to apprenticeship training; it has been designed as a reference material for all members of the department. The information within this manual has been gathered from past experiences, manufacturer manuals, calculations, and previous training. The most important of these sources are the experiences shared by members of the Columbus Fire Department (CFD). Their successes and failures have been used to construct this manual to give all CFD members a better understanding of their role on the engine company. CFD Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) pertaining to the engine company’s actions at fire scenes and other emergency scenes are very important, and you should familiarize yourselves with these SOPs. They are a guideline to aid your initial actions and help you work with other companies during an emergency response. It is important to understand that SOPs should be followed whenever possible. However, it is impossible to create an SOP for every situation you will encounter on this job. Some decisions must be guided by experience and what the situation presents to you. This manual has been organized into nine sections: Experiences, Equipment, Foam, General Considerations, Nozzle Options, Hose Line Deployment, Pump Operations, Elevated Master Streams, and Teach-Backs and Hands-On Skills. In the first section of this manual, you will find experiences shared by current and retired CFD members. These stories have been shared to allow you to learn from their experiences, good or bad, and to help you make your own decisions when the time comes. The fire service is an experience-based job; unfortunately, there is no substitute for experience. We should pay close attention to what others have learned as we strive to work hard and train day in and day out. The second section will cover the tools and equipment carried on the engine that is vital to the success of any operation. The equipment section is designed to help you become more familiar with the capabilities and limitations of your tools. CFD provides us with a great complement of resources and equipment. It is our responsibility to be proficient in their uses and capabilities. The third section will cover information about foam. Foam is not used on a daily basis, and because of that it can easily be forgotten. However, foam can be very helpful for fire attack and a variety of other tactics when needed. Placing foam products into operation takes special tools, equipment, and a knowledge base of how these things work together. Use this section to increase your understanding of when to use foam and how to successfully use it on the fireground. Second Edition 01/31/22 The fourth section will cover general considerations about apparatus positioning on roadway incidents. These incidents can be very dangerous for firefighters; it is important that apparatus drivers understand how to best position their vehicles to provide protection for firefighters operating at these emergency scenes. The fifth and sixth sections will cover the nozzle options, hose loads, and hose deployment techniques commonly used by CFD engine companies. One of the most important functions of the engine company is the successful deployment of initial and back-up attack lines. For this reason, you should become very familiar with the capabilities and limitations of each CFD hose load. Take time to understand the flow and pressure needed to properly supply and operate CFD nozzles. Work to know what hose line works best in certain situations. Ask yourself, is this the right nozzle for this size line? Is this an appropriate attack package? We are first and foremost a professional fire department. This is one of the main reasons we need to be better than just average at things like hose deployment. Quickly stretching the first attack line sets the tone for how the rest of the fire will go. If our initial line is quick and set in the right place, chances are high that we will be very successful at the emergency scene. To help you accomplish this goal, these sections show you how to best deploy basic types of CFD hose loads to aid you in faster and smoother stretches. The heart and soul of Engine Company Operations is the pump. For this reason, a section has been created to help you understand how our engine pumps work and what their limitations are. This section will cover the capacity, ratings, and parts of our fire pumps. Along with these basics, CFD firefighters should know how the Pump Boss pressure governor functions. The Pump Boss is a very helpful tool that can aid pump operators. However, understanding the Pump Boss settings and limitations are vital for becoming a proficient pump operator. This section will also discuss how the two-stage pump works, advantages and disadvantages of the pressure and volume modes, and when to use one or the other. Knowledge of water supply is needed when you are operating a fire pump. This section discusses information on supply lines and how they can be used in certain situations, why series pumping is beneficial to us, and when you should be setting up for bigger water. When acting as the pump operator, you are making decisions by yourself that could ultimately determine if we will be successful on an emergency scene. This responsibility handed to the pump operator should not be taken for granted, nor should it be taken lightly. It is our obligation as professional firefighters to become true pump operators, not just “lever pullers.” Next, this manual will cover supplying elevated master streams. Supplying ladder trucks is something that all pump operators should have a solid understanding of. When supplying these pieces of equipment, you will be required to use a greater volume of water than if you were supplying hand lines. This section is designed to add to your knowledge of how to make your connections, as well as the different types of flows you should expect from the different tip sizes. Second Edition 01/31/22 The final section contains both hands-on skill sheets and teach-back topics. These skills are not just for apprentice firefighters, but for the veteran firefighter as well. The practical hands-on skills required of the engine company firefighter will make or break any emergency scene. The basics like getting our gear on or operating a handline are the core foundation of what we do. As you transition from an apprentice to an experienced firefighter, you will need to teach the next generation of firefighters what you have picked up throughout your career. Doing live teachbacks to coworkers will help you prepare for this next step. Take time to prepare the material and conduct a class for your crew. This is an opportunity for you to practice, and for your crew to review some of the tools we carry. As you progress through your career in the fire service, it is important to stay proficient in these skills. Finally, it is important to understand that this manual is not written in stone. It can and will be changed as our department continues to learn new ideas and techniques. If there is something you do not understand, ask. One of the greatest things about CFD is the amazing people that can be found in the Division. Our membership is our most valuable resource. Please pass on what you have learned, as this is the life blood of the fire service. Respectfully, Lt. Steve Chesshir Second Edition 01/31/22 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXPERIENCE • • • • • • Experience Considerations – Lt. Steve Saksa The Process – Ret. Capt. Jim Lewis Reverse Lay – Lt. Steve Kerns Outside of the Box – Capt. Steve Riley It’s Your Engine…Train – Capt. Ian Garriott Adapt and Attack – Lt. Steve Treinish 2 4 6 8 9 11 EQUIPMENT • • • • • • 904K Piercing Nozzle Bresnan Distributor Elkhart Brass R.A.M. XD Mercury Quick Attack Monitor/MQA Fire Extinguishers Recharging Water Cans 13 14 15 16 17 18 FOAM • • • Foam Reference Task Force Tip PRO/Pak Elkhart Brass Inline Eductor 21 22 23 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS • Apparatus Positioning on Roadways 25 NOZZLE OPTIONS • • • • • • Nozzle Overview Smooth Bore Nozzles 2 ½” Smooth Bore Nozzles Fixed Gallonage/Automatic Nozzles Nozzle Construction Nozzle Maintenance and Checks Second Edition 01/31/22 31 32 33 34 35 36 HOSE LINE DEPLOYMENT • • • • • • • • • • • • Hose Deployment Overview Reviewing the Basics Hose Line Selection Considerations Expectations for Medium and Large Diameter Handlines Hose Loads Building a 100’ Minuteman Bundle Deploying a Modified Minuteman Load Estimating the Stretch Splitting Cars Splitting the Door Extending a Hose Line Garden Stretches 39 40 43 44 53 55 59 63 64 69 72 75 PUMP OPERATIONS • • • • • • • • • • Pump Principles Estimating Available Hydrant Flow Understanding Supply: Advantages of a Series Supply Driver Priorities and Supply Guidelines Single-Stage vs. Two-Stage Pumps FRC Pump Boss 400 Pressure Governor Discharge Relief Valve Intake Relief Valves Back Flushing the Pump Cold Weather Maintenance 81 85 89 94 97 102 105 107 111 116 ELEVATED MASTER STREAMS • • Tiller Master Streams Platform Master Streams 119 121 TEACH-BACKS AND HANDS-ON SKILLS • • • • • • TB 1 – Extinguishers TB 2 – Foam TB 3 – General Pump Operations Knowledge HO 1 – Back Flushing the Pump HO 2 – Big Water: Maximizing a Hydrant HO 3 – Handline Deployment ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Second Edition 01/31/22 124 125 126 127 128 129 EXPERIENCE OVERVIEW ENGINE OPERATIONS MANUAL SECTION TOPICS Experience Considerations – Lt. Steve Saksa Outside of the Box – Capt. Steve Riley The Process – Ret. Capt. Jim Lewis It’s Your Engine…Train, Train, Train – Capt. Ian Garriott Reverse Lay – Lt. Steve Kerns Adapt and Attack – Lt. Steve Treinish SECTION OBJECTIVES This section is designed to share past Columbus Fire Experiences with you; good, bad, or indifferent. The objective of this section is for you to read through the material to help better yourself as you progress through the early stages of your career and work toward becoming a well-rounded pump operator. Second Edition 01/31/22 1 EXPERIENCE CONSIDERATIONS OVERVIEW Our current modern generation of firefighting is different than it was 30 or 40 years ago. The reality is that we missed out by not working in the late 70s, 80s, or early 90s. We just do not fight as many fires as we used to, period. With the exception of a few locations around the country, we do not get to fight multiple fires a week, let alone a shift. Whether you want to relate it to advancement in building construction, fire code, revived economic times, cell phones, early detection and notification systems, etc., the facts are obvious. None of us are getting the amount of experience we want, at least not as quickly as we need. With that being said, one of the biggest resources CFD has is the people who work for it. Learning from those who have come before us is key to our development. There are people all over this Division who have years and years of firefighting experience. While every situation and run are different, it is important that we take the time to listen to good advice when it comes our way. These individuals will not be around forever, and when they leave so too does their experience. Below is a list of some tactical tidbits obtained from the following people: AC Tim Moore, Retired BC Rick Gaal, Retired Capt. Dave Olney, Retired Lt. Jake Cox, Lt. Billy Ross, Lt. Steve Saksa, and Lt. Steve Treinish. Please do not take these as the “end all be all.” They are here for you to simply place in the back of your head to help guide you as you progress throughout your career. TACTICAL TIDBITS • When there is smoke on the first floor, the fire is on the first floor or below you until you prove otherwise. • With smoke on the second floor only, ALWAYS CHECK THE BASEMENT. • All companies need to have an aggressive search mindset. Engine companies can search off the attack line(s). • We must concentrate all efforts in getting the initial hose line to the point of attack; second due engine must help in this effort. Many times, the second due engine will have more work and responsibility than the first due engine. • When an engine company goes to the rear, take a water supply with you or have a concrete plan to get water. A good source is stretching 3” through the yard to the street where the attack and supply engines are parked. • Be careful with the water on the fire benchmark. It can lead to a false sense of security. A better gauge is fire knocked down and we’re checking for extension. Second Edition 01/31/22 2 TACTICAL TIDBITS CONT. • Always be concerned with high heat at low levels in the building, usually the 3-4 foot marker, that’s a red flag. • Always coordinate fire attack with ventilation. • Our water delivery system starting from the pump then piping, hose, and nozzles is designed for high GPM flow; you have the water. Use it. • Always be thinking aggressive interior attack until arrival on scene, that’s a CFD trademark. • Fast water is best and should be our go-to; big water is a fall back because it slows us down and allows rapid fire growth. Laying lines going into the scene is a losing mindset. • Match the size of your attack line to the volume of visible fire or the potential for large fire, and more importantly your staffing levels. • Have a street fight mentality with fire attack; go for the knock-out punch. We will NOT be defeated. • Engine companies are either moving forward or moving back; we don’t stand still for long periods of time. • On fires in vacant buildings, look for the open door. It’s there somewhere. • Single engine houses must have this mindset: “No one is coming, it’s up to us.” Also, those companies must be good at everything—streets, pumps, hose, nozzles, forcible entry, search, etc. • Being first due will expose your weaknesses. The entire incident hinges on good initial decision making. • The first line goes to the fire. If you cannot make an aggressive knockdown or control the fire, it’s time to back up, reload, and regroup. • Water for them, water for you, then water for everyone else: the engine operator’s three priorities. • Always announce when you secure a water supply over the radio. It can change the mindset and tactics of the crews inside. Second Edition 01/31/22 3 THE PROCESS By Retired Capt. Jim Lewis It was an ideal early summer night. We had already had a few decent EMS runs throughout the day and had just finished up at a working apartment fire. It was contained to one apartment with no extension to the other apartments. An arsonist had slipped a lit newspaper into an open window and started a couch on fire. It was a Friday and the two primary engine drivers were on Kelly Day. A newer firefighter had volunteered to drive for the day. He was an excellent driver and knew his streets as well as anyone in the station. However, he was an inexperienced pump operator; he had not had the opportunity to operate the pump on an actual fire scene prior to today. We had just cleared the scene and were returning to the station. We had not made it two blocks from the previous fire when sure enough, we were dispatched on another report of fire a mere three blocks away. The driver knew the street and wheeled the engine flawlessly to the scene. The rest of the crew scrambled to get dressed in time so there would be no delays once we arrived. Upon arrival we found a two-story, single-family residence belching smoke from the first floor. It was shaping up to be a good night. A second working fire early enough in the night, leaving plenty of the shift left to catch a rare third. The driver positioned the truck perfectly. Plenty of room had been left for the ladder to take the front of the residence, and the tail board was pointing toward the front yard facilitating an easy stretch for the attack line. The attack line with two members of the engine made a good stretch to the front door and found it unlocked. From the appearance of the exterior, it appeared to be a vacant structure. However, upon a quick look at the interior of the structure, signs of recent human activity not only made search a priority, but extinguishment as well. The officer called for water. The fire was contained to one room at the moment and provided good visibility due to the window of the fire room already self-venting. With no water in the line at this point, the officer again radioed to the pump operator to charge the line. Line still limp, the officer makes the decision to close the door to the fire room, and he and his crew member make a dash for the second floor to complete a quick primary all clear. Grateful, they find the second floor is clear of victims. At this point the heat within the structure continues to build and visibility has now decreased significantly. The officer and the crew member come to the realization that something is wrong on the other end of the hose line. Had the pump failed? Had the pump operator failed to operate the pump properly? The officer says to his partner, “It’s time to get out of here.” They make it as far as the stairs, only to run into a stairwell of fire! The fire had now broken through the stairwell wall. The officer and firefighter were forced to retreat, finding a second story window. At this point they were now contemplating the critical decision to either bail out of the window, or to wait as long as possible for the line to fill with water. Fortunately, prior to making the commitment to bail out, the line begins to fill with water and the pump operator radios, “Water Second Edition 01/31/22 4 is on its way!” The attack crew is now able to attack the fire and is able to advance down the stairwell and into the fire room for a quick knockdown. With the fire controlled, the ladder crew checks for extension and completes a more thorough secondary search. The officer of the engine asks the second due engine officer to mop up hot spots with the ladder crew and heads straight to his pump operator. “What happened out here? It got a little dicey in there and I didn’t make a good decision advancing into the structure; that’s on me! So, what happened?” The young engine driver apologizes and is clearly rattled. “I screwed up, luckily one of the medics on scene came over and went through his process and realized I hadn’t pulled the tank to pump lever. I had closed it after filling the tank at the last fire; I failed to follow my process!” The officer looked at the young firefighter and said, “Well, I guess you’ll never forget to follow the process again! That’s a great lesson learned, and no one got hurt. Let’s get the engine back together. I feel like we have a third fire in our future tonight! Let’s see how well you do on the next one!” Second Edition 01/31/22 5 REVERSE LAY By Lt. Steve Kerns Approximately 10 years ago we were sitting around the kitchen table at Station 8 when a report of a fire was dispatched on the south end of town. While we were not on the initial dispatch, crews were familiar with the location as numerous fires had occurred there in the past. The location was a large recycling facility located in Station 14’s first due district. The facility processed large amounts of Class A materials for trash/recycling purposes. Accessibility had been an issue there in the past in regards to getting fire apparatus in and out. There was only access from the main drag, which was located north of the plant. There was no access to the facility from the east, west, or south, with the only hydrants located on the northern side of the property. However, we did know from past incidents that the water main feeding the street was a larger main capable of flowing a high volume of water. Knowing the fire history of the dispatched location, we flipped the radio on just in time to hear the FAO relay to crews responding that they were receiving multiple calls of thick black smoke in the area, and employees were quoted as stating there was active fire on the property. We listened to the initial crews mark on scene, give their run down of a large trash fire, and make the incident a working fire. We knew that we would be dispatched on the working fire assignment, and we headed for the engine. We responded with a crew of 1 and 2 that day. The driver of Engine 8 had about five years of service at the time. He was a proficient pump operator and a smart firefighter. The back-step member was a senior member of the engine company and had seen his fair share of fire. As we were responding, it became apparent that things on scene were escalating quickly, and crews were struggling to contain the incident. Luckily, because of our familiarity with the location due to past incidents and the on-scene radio traffic, we were able to paint a decent visual picture of what was occurring before our arrival, which was very helpful later in the incident. The initial attack crews on scene did a forward lay into the facility and set up a simple supply between themselves and the hydrant. The lay was about 400’ from the hydrant to the engine intake. They then attempted to quickly contain the fire using their deck gun and were trying to set up an elevated master stream with one of the ladders on scene. Conversely, they were running into issues due to a lack of water and were unable to supply both their deck gun and the ladder master stream. When Battalion 4 arrived, he quickly recognized the need for big water due to the large amount of fire showing and the potential fire load being impinged upon. Battalion 4 ordered the next engine to lay in from a separate hydrant because of the water supply issues crews were having. The next engine company grabbed a hydrant northwest of the scene that they thought was on a separate water main and proceeded to lay into the fire. The lay was approximately 700’ from the hydrant to the intake of the engine. They quickly realized after attempting to supply water to additional companies on scene that they were on a feeder line Second Edition 01/31/22 6 connected to the first engine’s water main. Because both supply lines were operating off the same main and feeder, they were simply stealing water from each other and were unable to supply all the defensive master streams needed. At that time, on-scene crews were attempting to flow deck guns from three engines and the ladder’s elevated master stream. Battalion 4 had to direct crews to shut down certain master streams to successfully flow the ladder, which was needed to stop the spread of fire in locations the deck guns could not reach. Essentially, crews were faced with the no win situation of robbing Peter to pay Paul. They needed both the deck guns and elevated streams if they were to contain this incident. At this point in time, we arrived and marked on scene over the fireground channel. Battalion 4 instructed us to find a hydrant on a separate water main on the opposite side of the roadway that the facility was located on. As we were struggling to locate an appropriate hydrant on a separate main, we decided as a crew that we would back into the scene to the ladder, drop off our 5 inch hose, and reverse lay out to the hydrant that the initial supply line had been established on. We communicated our plan to command and advised that we felt, after looking at the water atlas, as if we could adequately supply the ladder and the first engine by placing our engine directly on the hydrant. Once we reverse laid out from the ladder and parked on the hydrant, we radioed to the crews flowing water and briefly turned off the hydrant. We quickly connected Engine 8 to the hydrant and charged the 5 inch line now laying between the engine and ladder, and we successfully got the elevated master stream in service. After supplying the ladder, we still had enough residual pressure to connect two 3” lines into a trigate and supply a 5 inch to the initial attack engine, allowing them to flow their master streams. When it was all said and done, we were able to supply both the ladder master stream and the initial supply engine with the deck gun operation while maintaining a residual supply of approximately 5-10 PSI. We were only able to do this because we parked the engine directly on the hydrant. Eventually after multiple alarms were called and after a long night, the situation was contained. Interesting side note: later in the evening they were trying to send us back to quarters to rotate fresh crews. The initial plan was to switch out Engine 8 on the hydrant with the relief crew’s engine. However, when attempting to switch out trucks, we realized that the hydrant had broken, and Engine 8 became stuck on the hydrant. We had to leave Engine 8 on the hydrant all night until the situation was contained the next day. Luckily, we had a full tank of fuel! I felt as if this incident was a great learning experience for our crew and provided lessons that will stick with us for the rest of our careers. The first lesson that we took was how reverse laying helped with scene congestion and organization. With so many companies responding to an incident like this with limited access to the fireground, it really demonstrated how important it is to slow down, avoid the moth to a flame mentality, and set up our operations with the mindset that they could always progress and develop to larger incidents. Lastly and most importantly, this was a great experience for all of us to truly see the benefits of series supply operations firsthand. It can’t be overstated how important placing an engine on the hydrant was for this incident and our ability to maximize the supply. We do not have big water fires like this often, but it’s crucial that we set ourselves up for these types of incidents and are prepared to handle them if they come our way! Second Edition 01/31/22 7 OUTSIDE OF THE BOX By Capt. Steve Riley Following morning roll call the crew made our way to the engine bay to begin daily equipment checks. Our crew for the day was minimum staffing consisting of myself and two firefighters. I had a sense of confidence going into the day as between the driver and the back seat firefighter there was over 50 years of firefighting experience. A few minutes into our “daily routine” the station PA opened up and the fire tone sounded: “Report of a fire, possible victims trapped.” The dispatched address was close, about a mile south of the fire house. Battalion 4 had just pulled out of the station for his morning rounds when the dispatch came out, and therefore arrived first. The Chief marked on the scene of a single-story wood frame residential structure with smoke and fire showing from the alpha side, and with information from the neighbor advised Engine 14 that we did have a confirmed elderly occupant still inside. Chief was waiting at the officer’s door on our arrival and informed us that the victim was most likely in the front room as that is where he reportedly spent most of his time according to the neighbor. The decision was made to make fast entry and take up an immediate search for the victim. The back seat firefighter quickly forced the door and gained access. To speed up our interior search we decided to split at the door with the back-step firefighter going right and myself going left. As we progressed through our search, we quickly met back up with each other towards the rear of the structure as this residence was a single story, and only approximately 1,000 square feet. As we met up on the search we heard the driver of the engine yell from the front door, “Heads up boys, I’m gonna hit it!” Unknown to us at the time, as we were conducting our primary search, the pump operator had pulled the 200’, 13/4” driver side pre-connect, placed it in position for fire attack, and charged it on his own. He was then able to, from the relative safety of the front door, communicate with us and darkened down the main body of fire while we continued our search. Ultimately the victim was overcome by fire and pronounced inside. The veteran pump operator demonstrated the ability to act “outside of the box” during a very stressful situation without being directed. Knowing that his crew was committed to an interior search for a confirmed life hazard and under active fire conditions, he took action to ensure the safety of his crew. I assure you that during morning equipment checks the driver was NOT considering that he may have to accomplish every initial attack function of the engine company by himself. Understand that making entry as the initial arriving engine company without an attack line is not a common practice. Due to multiple on scene factors, the risk vs. reward decision was made to initiate a primary search without one. This was an ideal scenario to showcase the importance of remaining flexible and thinking outside the box. In the fire service there are no “always” or “never” scenarios. Second Edition 01/31/22 8 IT’S YOUR ENGINE…TRAIN, TRAIN, TRAIN By Capt. Ian Garriott Late one evening, M21 arrived on the scene of a working fire in a large commercial structure which held multiple businesses. A size-up was completed, and a run-down was reported. Soon after the battalion chief arrived, fire was through the roof of the structure, and a defensive second alarm was struck. When we arrived, I instructed the driver to stop at the hydrant (which had a large water main) and advised the crew to standby as I went to the battalion chief to receive orders. Engine 20 was staffed with myself and a solid crew; the driver/pump operator was an apprentice firefighter only out of the academy five months. Engine 20 was dispatched on the second alarm. The order was given to supply Ladder 23 on the delta side of the structure. Four hundred feet of 5” was “hand jacked” to Ladder 23. Once Ladder 23 received water, the pump operator and I verified the gauge for the remaining incoming (residual) pressure. Engine 20 was supplying 400’ of 5” at 100 PSI. The remaining pressure on the intake gauge was around 30 PSI. I then ordered the crew to “hand jack” 400’ of 3” to Ladder 23 so a quick attack monitor could be flowed off its pump panel discharge. When the quick attack monitor was flowing, the incoming pressure gauge dropped to 0 PSI. This was not an issue due to a defensive fire; give all the water you can give. In order to maintain the required pressure for the ladder pipe and quick attack, Engine 20 was pumping around 200 PSI. Constant communication between the Engine 20 pump operator and the Ladder 23 operator was maintained throughout the incident which was vital to ensuring our success. Engine 20’s pump was working hard and you could tell. The pump was screaming very loudly as it pushed the required water down to Ladder 23. I was eventually needed up near the structure and couldn’t remain with the pump operator. I instructed him to maintain this pressure. I told him that no matter what anyone said not to reduce the pressure. I told them that if they had an issue, to tell them he got the order from me and they could address any issues with me. Engine 20 continued supplying water at this pressure for well over two hours as the incident went on. At the end of the incident, my pump operator told me that two different crews approached him and told him to lower the pressure. He did not. Second Edition 01/31/22 9 LESSONS LEARNED The First • This apprentice firefighter was trusted to operate Engine 20, because of TRAINING. A lot of training • We worked countless days and nights on engine operations, until he and I were confident in his ability to operate unsupervised • He earned his right to drive and pump The Second • We knew Engine 20 was loud when pumping at 200 PSI • We also knew Engine 20 could handle 200 PSI, because of TRAINING • This was not the pump or driver’s first time. They had been there before The Third • It’s your engine • Don’t let someone else take charge of your engine • Because of training, you will be confident in your engine’s capabilities and your decisionmaking ability Second Edition 01/31/22 10 ADAPT AND ATTACK By Lt. Steve Treinish More than a few years ago, I was doing a shift as the driver of Ladder 2. At that time, Ladder 2 was a Sutphen platform with its own 1500 GPM pump, and 1000’ of 5” hose. Yes, platform companies carried hose. We even had a cross lay attack line! Anyhow, I was very comfortable with pump operations and hydraulics, and we frequently trained on throwing big water. All the firefighters assigned to 2s knew how to run each piece of apparatus, including both engines assigned there. Sometime after lunch, a fire call came in on the south end, a report of a house explosion. While responding, the dispatcher informed arriving crews that they were getting multiple calls, and we could see smoke on the tree line as we traveled south from downtown. We knew Engine 14 would be first in, and we knew they were very likely going to approach from the south. The discussion on the ladder while responding was to expect big fire, and to approach as if we were going to set up the platform, either as a direct fire attack or to cover potential exposures. Engine 14 quickly had a wrench thrown in their gears when they were blocked a good distance from the fire building by a fallen, live power line. They reported a fully involved 2.5 story house, with exposures on each side in jeopardy. We still had good access from the north, and the driver of Engine 2 knew the ladder would need to go first to get the front of the building. He pulled over to the left at an intersection and let the ladder by. Lesson #1, a good driver, whether it is an engine, ladder, medic, whatever, will stay aware of the need to balance their job while not interfering with others trying to do their job. By swinging left, the driver allowed us to have an easy turn and take the front of the building. What threw more than a few folks off the rocker in the moment was our crew laying a 5” supply, rather than going straight in. (This was before series pump supply operations). We knew full well we were going to need water to the ladder, and that the bucket was going up. But, since this was somewhat out of line with a “normal” operation, some firefighters were…..let’s say, “concerned” that the engine couldn’t get an attack line down, and that we had drifted away from how things were always done. I merely told the driver to bring up a bed of 1 ¾”, connect it to one of our pump discharges, and I would supply it. And that’s exactly what happened. I had great pressure from the hydrant, enough residual pressure to supply a couple handlines, and had thought outside the box enough to get a good “atta-boy” from the Chief. The lesson learned is to know the capabilities of the truck you are on, not only for the bread and butter runs, but also the runs that get some “street-smart” adjustments as they progress. Become comfortable running everything with a pump, in a bunch of different evolutions. Think ahead during the run (even while responding), be ready to change the game plan if required, and know how you’re going to handle problems before they come up. Second Edition 01/31/22 11 EQUIPMENT OVERVIEW ENGINE OPERATIONS MANUAL SECTION TOPICS 904K Piercing Nozzle Mercury Quick Attack Monitor/MQA Bresnan Distributor Fire Extinguishers Elkhart Brass R.A.M. XD Recharging Water Cans SECTION OBJECTIVES State the Piercing Nozzle’s basic operating pressure and flow rate Understand the tactical considerations when using the MQA State the Bresnan Distributor’s operating pressures and flow rates Identify all extinguishers carried on CFD engines Be able to place all specialty nozzles in service Explain the UL classification/rating for each extinguisher Identify tactical scenarios in which each special nozzle could be used Explain the specifications for each type of extinguisher Understand the flows and pressures associated with the R.A.M Understand how to properly fill a water can Understand the active safety system built into the R.A.M. Identify the differences between a normal water can and a Badger WP-61 State the pressure and flows for the Mercury Quick Attack Understand how to fill a Badger WP-61 water can Second Edition 01/31/22 12 904K PIERCING NOZZLE SPECIFICATIONS • 904K – K refers to the built-in shut off valve • 1.5” National standard threaded connection • 1.25” diameter shaft • Up to 25’ of coverage in all directions (2,500 square feet) • Limited back pressure due to check mark piping • Replaceable hardened steel tip • Comprised of 1020 soft alloy steel (10 is iron, 20 is carbon) • Nozzle only has to be driven in 3.75” to have full penetration of the sprayer head • Removable safety strike handle • Replaceable strike plate • 24” extensions • 175 GPM at 100 PSI USES • Attic fires • Basement fires • Box truck or semi-truck fires • Dumpster fires • Car fires • Hidden compartment fires • Confined space fires OPERATION • Completely assemble the nozzle with the desired number of extensions • Attach a short section of hose and a shut-off (disregard if model K with built in shut-off) • Locate the fire area and place the hardened tip on the exterior surface • Drive the nozzle into the compartment and open the shut-off valve ADVANTAGES • Safely extinguishes confined space fires • Allows steam expansion to suppress the fire • Limits structural damage due to a small opening DISADVANTAGES • May need multiple firefighters to place it in service • May hit hidden electrical or gas services within the structure when driven into the building • Possible smoke explosions when introducing fresh air into starved air confined spaces • Limited reach Click here to view Vector Solutions video on Using Piercing Nozzles with Aerial Ladders Second Edition 01/31/22 13 BRESNAN DISTRIBUTOR ELKHART BRASS MODEL • Covers a 36’ diameter area when flowing • 2 ½” female coupling • Chrome plated finish • Length—6.25” • Weight—7.5 lbs. • Nine outlets ranging in size from .5” to .625” • 340 GPM at 50 PSI; 495 GPM at 100 PSI AKRON BRASS MODEL • Covers a 14’ diameter area when flowing • 2 ½” female coupling • Length—5.125” • Weight—4.5 lbs. • Nine variable angle orifices—three 3/8” and six 13/32” • 250 GPM at 100 PSI EXAMPLES OF USE • Basement fires • Attic fires • Limited access fires (such as warehouses with high rack storage) PLACING IN SERVICE • Inspect for cleanliness and obvious damage • Attach a short section of hose with a 2 ½” shut off device (ball valve) • Select a location directly above the fire and cut a hole approximately 12”x12” • Lower the nozzle down one to two feet below the opening to clear the joist or rafter INDIRECT ATTACK VS DIRECT ATTACK • Indirect Attack—Extinguishing fire by converting the water to steam and using heat absorption to cool the environment. This allows an attack team to follow up with a direct interior attack and place water on the remaining burning material • Direct Attack—Applying water directly to the fire and using water, steam, and thermal disruption to extinguish the fire ADVANTAGES • Makes the job easier for the entry team • Coarse water droplets absorb more heat than solid streams DISADVANTAGES • May conduct electricity (not Class C compatible) • Limited stream reach; must be set up directly over the hazardous fire compartment Second Edition 01/31/22 14 ELKHART BRASS R.A.M. XD SPECIFICATIONS • Has a patent pending hydraulic stability system that harnesses the reaction force to stabilize the RAM • Has four fold-out aluminum forged legs with carbide tipped ground spikes (Rear ground spikes are angled to help with grip) • Locking pin holds valve in a closed position to prevent accidental opening (allows RAM to be carried while attached to a charged hose line) • Attached safety strap comes with a storage pouch • Has a 2 ½” inlet and outlet Click here to view Brass Tacks and • Has 20 of travel left and right from center Hard Facts video on the R.A.M • Can be set from 51 to 35 while unmanned • Can be lowered from 35 down to 14 when manned PRESSURE AND FLOW • Operation is not to exceed 500 GPM and/or 150 psi • Comes with 1 3/8” deluge tip • 1 3/8” deluge tip = 505 GPM at 80 psi NP (55 lbs of friction loss per 100’) • To achieve optimal flow, ensure there is 20 feet of hose in a straight line behind the RAM • 9.5 lbs of friction loss within the RAM when flowed at 500 GPM ACTIVE SAFETY SYSTEM • The RAM XD has a built-in safety system with an upper and lower pivot point. The offset configuration of the two pivot points creates a condition where the reaction force of the water acting upon the upper pivot point (if sufficient enough) will cause the nozzle to rotate upward about the lower pivot point • This produces a self-correcting increase in nozzle angle to protect against possibly dangerous unmanned use of the monitor at nozzle angles less than 35 above horizontal • The hydraulic effect of the system is active at approximately 350 GPM Second Edition 01/31/22 15 MERCURY QUICK ATTACK MONITOR/MQA SPECIFICATIONS AND PERFORMANCE • Rated for flows up to 500 GPM • Only 6 PSI friction loss through the unit at 500 GPM • Tip can rotate 20 left or right from center • Can be operated from 60 to 30 when unmanned • Top handle contains a springloaded mechanism that allows the user to travel down to 20 (will self-adjust back to 30) PRESSURE AND FLOW • Generally comes with triple stacked tips • 1” = 266 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (15 lbs of FL per 100’) • 1-1/8” = 336 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (25 lbs of FL per 100’) • 1-1/4” = 415 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (38 lbs of FL per 100’). With the 1-1/4” tip, over pumping the MQA to 115 psi nozzle pressure is an option. Doing so results in the max rated flow of 498 GPM • 1-3/8” = 502 GPM at 80 psi nozzle pressure (55 lbs of FL per 100’) • Some models may have 1-1/2” deluge tip on them (shown above) • 1-1/2” = 496 GPM at 55 psi nozzle pressure (55 lbs of FL per 100’)* *This tip must be pumped at or below 55 psi nozzle pressure. Higher pressures would exceed the GPM rating of the MQA and 2-1/2” hose TACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS • Most companies will forgo running the 1” tip on the end of the MQA • The 1” tip provides no GPM advantage over a 1-1/8” tip at 50 psi on a handline • The MQA has a 2-1/2” inlet and outlet • Hoselines can be extended from the MQA after initial knockdown for clean-up and hot spots o A 1-3/4” hoseline can be connected to the end of the 1-1/4” stacked tip o MQA 2-1/2” outlet allows for a 2-1/2” attack line to be extended off the outlet base of the unit Second Edition 01/31/22 16 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS WATER CAN • Also called “the can” or “pw can” (pressurized water) • Common model is the Amerex 240 H (shown on the right) • The UL (Underwriters Laboratories) Classification/Rating System is a water equivalency rating; this model has a 2A rating • Each A = 1.25 gallons (2A = 2.5, 3A = 3.75, etc.) • Intended for Class A fires • Six year warranty • Polished stainless-steel construction • 2.5 gallon capacity (7.5 lbs. empty; roughly 28.3 lbs. full) • Max effective range is 44-55 feet with a 55 second discharge time DRY • • • • • • • • • • • CHEMICAL EXTINGUISHER Common model is the Ansul Sentry 10 (shown on the right) Has Class A:B:C capabilities Use caution with certain electrical equipment; the powder is corrosive Use caution in small/contained areas; the powder is an irritant UL rating comes with two different ratings: 10-A:60-B:C 10-A means the agent is as effective as 12.5 gallons of water 60-B:C is equivalent to the square footage an operator can extinguish; 60-B:C means it will cover 60 square feet 10 lbs. of extinguishing agent (17 lb. weight total) Max effective range is 19 feet with a 21 second discharge time After use, can be exchanged at Tools and Equipment Should be inspected yearly; check the inspection tag CO2 EXTINGUISHER • Common model is the Badger B10V-1 (shown on the right) • Class B:C capabilities; ideal for sensitive electrical equipment because it leaves no residue behind • UL Rating is the square footage that an operator can extinguish; 10-B:C means it will cover 10 square feet • Note the lack of a pressure gauge; operating pressure is 850 psi • Max effective range is 3-8 feet with a ten second discharge time. The reach is greatly affected by any wind or air movement • Five year hydrostatic test interval; six year warranty • After use, can be exchanged at Tools and Equipment • Should be inspected yearly; check the inspection tag Second Edition 01/31/22 17 RECHARGING WATER CANS AMEREX 240 H WATER CAN 1) The water can should be filled any time it is discharged. The pressure gauge should be inspected daily to ensure that there has not been an undetected leak, or that the extinguisher was not recharged after previous use. 2) Ensure that the extinguisher is fully depressurized prior to removing the valve assembly. 3) The extinguisher can be depressurized via normal operation of the discharge handle (discharging both air and the water), or by inverting the extinguisher and operating the discharge handle (air and the contents within the pickup tube). 4) Remove the valve assembly and pickup tube by unscrewing the valve collar nut. 5) Prior to filling the extinguisher, rinse the unit with clean water to remove any residue that may be left over from foam/soap. Filling the unit without rinsing can lead to excessive foaming, giving a false indication through the fill tube that the unit is full. 6) When filling the extinguisher, ensure the plastic fill tube is in place. The extinguisher is full once the water overflows from the top of the fill tube. 7) Once the extinguisher is full, remove the fill tube. An additive can then be added to the extinguisher. This can either be Class A Foam concentrate or normal dish soap. A few ounces of additive should be sufficient (about 1 cup). Soap will not have the blanket effect like Class A foam, but it will still reduce the surface tension in the water to allow for better “wetting” of Class A materials. Second Edition 01/31/22 18 8) Replace the fill tube and valve assembly. The locking collar only needs to be installed hand tight. Using a wrench can cause overtightening and damage the collar and valve assembly. 9) Use the Schrader valve to pressurize the extinguisher until the gauge reads 100 psi; over pressurizing can cause the valve assembly to fail (eye protection is recommended). Be sure not to rely solely on the pressure gauge when inspecting the extinguisher during morning checks. There may be times the extinguisher has adequate air pressure, but contains less than the rated 2.5 gallons of water. Pull the extinguisher from the bracket to feel its weight (roughly 28 lbs. full). If in doubt about the extinguisher’s water level, depressurize it and fill it. BADGER WP-61 The Badger model of extinguisher can only be filled via the nozzle. This model can be identified by the lack of a Schrader valve opposite the pressure gauge. These extinguishers require the firefighter to hold the fill line onto the nozzle of the extinguisher to keep it from detaching while pressurizing. For air to enter into the extinguisher, the firefighter will also have to open the water can’s discharge handle. Firefighters must remember to release the discharge handle prior to detaching the air hose! Second Edition 01/31/22 19 FOAM OVERVIEW ENGINE OPERATIONS MANUAL SECTION TOPICS Foam Reference Elkhart Brass Inline Eductor Task Force Tip PRO/Pak SECTION OBJECTIVES Understand different classifications of foam concentrates Understand basic operating pressures and flow rates for the PRO/Pak Understand the operating ranges of Class A and Class B Foam Demonstrate how to clean the PRO/Pak after use Understand the difference between Polar Solvents and Hydrocarbons Understand the dangers of mixing different types of Foam concentrate Understand basic Foam Operations and how to troubleshoot problems Identify all the components of the inline eductor Understand situations in which Class A and Class B Foam should be used Understand the pressure needed for the 95 GPM and 125 GPM eductors Successfully identify all parts of the PRO/Pak State the maximum hose lengths that can be used with each eductor Discuss tactical considerations for the PRO/Pak Understand how to operate the inline eductor Second Edition 01/31/22 20 FOAM REFERENCE TYPES OF FOAM • Class A Foam • Class B Foam o Older Class B Foam will be in the 3-6% range; newer Class B Foam will be in the 13% range • CFD foam has a nearly unlimited shelf life when left in sealed containers • Foam carried on engines comes in 5-gallon pails EXAMPLE OF CLASS A USE • Ordinary combustible materials, such as overhaul at a house fire (.1 – 1%) • Recommended application rates: o Air Aspirating Nozzle (PRO/Pak low and medium nozzles): 0.3-0.5% o Non-Air Aspirating Nozzle (SM-20FLP): 0.3-0.6% EXAMPLE OF CLASS B USE • Fuel spills and vehicle fires • Recommended application rates: o Hydrocarbons, such as gasoline or diesel, do not mix with water; they float on top. A 3% application rate is recommended o Polar solvents, such as alcohol base or acetone, do mix with water. A 6% application rate is recommended TROUBLE SHOOTING FOAM OPERATIONS • Excessive back pressure in the foam system is the most common cause of eductor failure. This can be caused by any of the following: o Kinks in the hose line o Nozzle elevated too high above the eductor o Too much hose between the eductor and the nozzle o Nozzle clogged or not fully opened; clogged pickup tube o Nozzle GPM does not match the eductor GPM o Pressure at eductor is too low (Elkhart inline eductor=200 psi; PRO/Pak=100 psi) o Poor maintenance leading to a clogged control unit or stuck check valve ball Second Edition 01/31/22 21 TASK FORCE TIP PRO/PAK COMPONENTS • Control Unit • Percentage Knob • Pull Pins • Twist Grip Flow Control • Tank (2.5 Gallons) • Outlet Hose (2.7’ long) • Straight Stream Nozzle – 50’ Reach • Low Expansion Nozzle – 37’ Reach • Medium Expansion Nozzle – 9’ Reach • Tank Fill • Cap • Selector Wheel PRESSURE AND FLOW • Minimum pressure – 40 PSI (7 GPM); maximum pressure – 500 PSI (27 GPM) • Recommended pressure – 100 PSI at the PRO/Pak (12 GPM) CLASS A USE • Ordinary combustible materials, such as mop-up and overhaul operations. The recommended percentage knob setting for Class A operations ranges from 0.1% – 1% CLASS B USE • Fuel spills and vehicle fires • Hydrocarbons (gasoline, diesel) are fuels that are mostly distilled from crude oil or vegetable matter. Hydrocarbons do not mix with water; they float on top. The recommended percentage knob setting for hydrocarbons is 3% • Polar solvents (alcohol base, amines, acetone, ethers, esters, ketones) do mix with water. The recommended percentage knob setting for polar solvents is 6% PRO/PAK ASSEMBLY • Attach fire hose to the coupling on the inlet side of the PRO/Pak • Connect the outlet hose to the control unit • Select the appropriate nozzle and connect it to the outlet hose CLEANING AFTER USE • Reduce pump pressure to 100 PSI or less. Remove the nozzle and hose from the unit • Remove the two pull pins, then pull straight up to remove the control unit from the tank • Install the cap on the outlet of the control unit • Turn flow control valve until a trickle of clean water flows out the end of the pickup tube • Turn the percentage knob back and forth to make sure all foam passages are flushed • Shut off the water, reinstall the control unit on the tank, and insert the pull pins • Remove the cap Second Edition 01/31/22 22 ELKHART BRASS INLINE EDUCTOR COMPONENTS • Pick Up Tube • Metering Device PRESSURE AND FLOW • 200 PSI required at the eductor • The 95 GPM eductor should be used with a SM20-FLP nozzle. The max length of 1 ¾” hose that can be used between this eductor and the nozzle is 400’ • The 125 GPM eductor should be used with a SM20-FLP nozzle. The max length of 1 ¾” hose that can be used between this eductor and the nozzle is 200’ CLASS A USE • Ordinary combustible materials, such as mop-up and overhaul operations. The recommended percentage knob setting for Class A operations ranges from 0.1% – 1% CLASS B USE • Fuel spills and vehicle fires • Hydrocarbons (gasoline, diesel) are fuels that are mostly distilled from crude oil or vegetable matter. Hydrocarbons do not mix with water; they float on top. The recommended percentage knob setting for hydrocarbons is 3% • Polar solvents (alcohol base, amines, acetone, ethers, esters, ketones) do mix with water. The recommended percentage knob setting for polar solvents is 6% EDUCTOR OPERATION • Select the appropriate foam concentrate for the burning fuel • Place the foam concentrate by the eductor • Open enough foam concentrate to handle the task, and request more if needed • Check the eductor and nozzle for compatibility as listed above • Adjust the eductor metering valve to the desired percentage • Attach the eductor to a hose capable of effectively flowing the rated capacity of the eductor and nozzle • Attach the attack line and the appropriate nozzle to the discharge side of the eductor; see above restrictions on hose length between the eductor and the nozzle • Place the eductor pick up tube into the foam concentrate and charge the hose line to the appropriate pressure (200 PSI at the eductor) Second Edition 01/31/22 23 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ENGINE OPERATIONS MANUAL SECTION TOPICS Apparatus Positioning on Roadways SECTION OBJECTIVES Understand the differing goals of law enforcement vs. the fire service while operating at auto accident scenes Understand the safety precautions that should be taken during pump operations on roadway incidents Understand size-up considerations for scenes on roadways Understand how to use fire apparatus as a blocker on roadway incidents Understand how road and weather conditions can affect roadway incidents Understand the role of the State Farm Blockers and know what radio channel to contact them on Identify optimal apparatus placement on wires down runs, EMS runs, and when checking hydrants Understand how to position fire apparatus on working extrications to provide room for Rescues Second Edition 01/31/22 24 APPARATUS POSITIONING ON ROADWAYS OVERVIEW Although fires may be predictable, people are anything but. What do you get when you cross the iPhone era with a full-size SUV? A mass of traveling steel that can weigh upwards of 5,000 pounds with an operator who may be distracted by conversations, texting, movies, or even the warning lights on the apparatus. It is absolutely a risk of life and limb to operate around moving traffic, and it scares many firefighters more than any fire they might face. There is no more ill-at-ease feeling for firefighters than trying to extricate a patient with traffic rushing by a few inches away, and there is no excuse for it. E-2 was on the scene of a freeway accident when three cars in oncoming traffic got into another accident. One vehicle ended up this close to the bumper of E-2. One aspect often discussed about working auto accident scenes is the different goals of law enforcement and the fire service, especially on freeways or during heavier traffic conditions. Law enforcement’s general goal is to get traffic moving again to reduce future travel impacts to drivers. While many auto accidents can be moved to a relatively safer location such as the median or other spaces away from the heaviest and fastest traffic flows, this presents two problems. One—a median is not a safe space, especially in slick conditions. Traffic still rushes by, drivers are still distracted, and there are usually only inches separating stationary vehicles from speeding vehicles. Two— emergency crews often are the first arriving companies and have other duties such as size-up, triage, extrication, packaging, and securing the vehicles before being able to move them, if they can be A CPD cruiser after being hit by a vehicle while stopped moved at all. on the side of a freeway to assist a stranded motorist. Second Edition 01/31/22 25 SIZE-UP A good size-up on any accident run starts with giving good consideration to the location, conditions, caller information, and any known hazards such as blind curves and frequent accident locations. Firefighters should also consider how to stage their apparatus best to protect their crews on arrival. Generally, the goal is to keep all personnel in the same safe area, preventing crews from crossing lanes of traffic on foot, and utilizing the bigger trucks as blocking apparatus. ROAD, WEATHER, AND DRIVER CONDITIONS Slick conditions such as rain, snow, and ice all cause both initial and resulting accidents, and these conditions also cause stopping distances to increase for all vehicles. However, even during warm, dry nights, a black vehicle on a poorly lit road may surprise many crews. How many freeway runs has the actual location matched the reported location? Not many. Realizing this and slowing a bit when approaching the dispatched area may help prevent a catastrophe. Good radio communications with other incoming companies can also help with an efficient and safe search for the wreck itself. While the 02:30 am freeway run could be the drunk driver trying to get home after last call, today’s society can have drivers impaired at any time. Many drivers will exhibit a “me first” attitude and will either not reduce speed enough or not reduce it at all. Mechanical issues with a vehicle, such as poorly maintained brakes, might not allow a driver to stop in time to keep from hitting firefighters or apparatus. Also, the driver that swerves around a large truck only to hit the gas may find himself speeding right up into an emergency scene. A driver’s experience or state of mind might also factor into things as new drivers might panic, and older drivers may not see as well or process information as well as when they were younger. Stacking the deck in favor of our safety is paramount, not just during auto accidents, but other times as well. Not only do we possess large, heavy fire apparatus with warning lights all around it, we can place the apparatus very deliberately to protect our firefighters while they work. In addition, CFD also has plenty of apparatus, including some that can almost block an entire freeway by itself. AUTO ACCIDENTS Obviously the most contact firefighters will have with moving vehicles is on our streets and highways. The highway speeds now common will play a huge factor in how to place our apparatus. Out of control vehicles can travel hundreds of yards once a driver reac