Employability Skills Class XII PDF

Unit 1 Communication Skills Introduction Communication is a two-way process through which information or message is exchanged between individuals using language, symbols, signs or behaviour. Speaking, listening, r...

Unit 1 Communication Skills Introduction Communication is a two-way process through which information or message is exchanged between individuals using language, symbols, signs or behaviour. Speaking, listening, reading and writing are the parts of communication, which help us to understand others. To learn a language, one needs to develop four key skills, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing as shown in Figure 1.1. Figure. 1.1: Key communication skills Speaking more than one language can help a person communicate well with people around the world. Learning English can help one communicate with people who understand English, besides the language the person has been exposed to since birth. The ability to communicate effectively is an essential skill in today’s information age. Communication skills are needed to communicate effectively with people and customers.  This Unit on communication skills aims to help you to understand the importance of various aspects of communication and develop effective communication skills. You should try to learn as many languages as possible as it will help you to understand others’ culture. It will also equip you with knowledge and skills, which are necessary to take advantage of the opportunities the twenty-first century offers. If you know many languages, you will be able to converse with people and read signage while travelling to different places. Communication involves a sender, who encodes and sends a message through a channel, and a receiver, who decodes the message and gives feedback as shown in Figure 1.2. Feedback is important in communication as it helps in knowing whether the receiver has understood the message or not. Figure 1.2: Elements of communication Session 1: Active Listening Effective communication involves skills that can be utilised to send messages that are clear, concise and accurate. Let us now try to understand what we mean by clear, concise and accurate. A clear statement is one which conveys the exact message that you are trying to convey to the other person. Here, we have two sentences. Now, which one do you think is a clear statement? (i) He went to his manager and said, “Please allow me to reach office at 11 AM on Tuesday, 11 June 2019, as I have an appointment with a dentist.” (ii) He went to his manager and said, “Please allow me to reach late to the office on Tuesday, 11 June 2019, as I have an appointment with a dentist.” 2 Employability Skills – Class XII  In the first sentence, you must have noticed that the Notes time is mentioned, which makes the statement clear. A concise statement is appropriately brief or to the point. Now, let us consider the two sentences given below. (i) The manager replied, “Alright, you may come late.” (ii) The manager replied, “Alright, you may come late. But it is a matter of great concern that most employees come late and you are also developing the same habit.” Now, you can see that in the second sentence, there is no need to tell the employee about the concern that the employer had at the moment. This could have been shared at a different forum or separately. An accurate statement is one that is factual, i.e., its correctness can be verified. Now, once again, let us learn through examples. (i) She informed the office that 50 per cent of the books given for binding have been completed. (ii) She informed the office that most of the books given for binding have been completed. Now, you can see that in the first sentence, a measurable information is mentioned, which makes the sentence accurate. It is, thus, important to ensure that our communication is clear, concise and accurate. Effective communication skills help us to communicate the message correctly, precisely and completely. Lack of communication skills can result in confusion, frustration, wasted effort and missed opportunities. Listening skill Every effective conversation starts with listening. Listening skill is one of the most important skills in communication. It is important to learn to give undivided attention to a person with whom a conversation is taking place. Given below are some reasons why listening attentively is important. We listen to obtain information. We listen to understand. Communication Skills 3  Notes We listen to enjoy. We listen to learn. We listen to build and maintain relationships. We listen to resolve conflicts. Without the ability to listen attentively, messages can be easily misunderstood. Thus, communication breaks down and the sender of the message can easily become frustrated or irritated. Active listening Active listening is an art, which comprises both a desire to comprehend, as well as, offer support and empathy to the speaker. It can affect your job effectiveness, the quality of your relationship with others, and hence, your overall well-being. Active listening allows you to understand the problems and collaborate to develop solutions. The various factors that affect active listening are as follows. Eye contact: It is a form of body language. It is one of the most important aspects in the communication process. Maintaining an eye contact with the person you are talking to sends a signal to the speaker that “Yes, I am talking to you or listening to you”. Avoiding eye contact could mean that you do not want to listen to the person speaking to you. Gestures: These indicate to the speaker if you are listening or not. Keep your hand and feet still while talking to someone. Avoiding distractions: You need to identify the things that distract you. You must physically remove the distractions in order to listen attentively. For example, reducing the ringtone of your mobile phone or switching it off while attending a meeting or listening to someone will avoid distraction. Another example is that you should avoid glancing at the wristwatch frequently. Giving feedback: Feedback can be positive or negative. But in both the cases, one needs to be polite so that the person to whom the feedback is being given is not hurt or offended. 4 Employability Skills – Class XII Stages of active listening The best kind of listening is ‘active listening’. It happens when you hear, understand, respond and remember what is being said. The five stages of active listening are as follows. 1. Receiving: It involves listening attentively. 2. Understanding: It is an informed agreement about something or someone. 3. Remembering: It refers to the retrieval or recall of some information from the past. 4. Evaluating: It is about judging the value, quantity, importance and amount of something or someone. 5. Responding: It is about saying or doing something as a response to something that has been said or done. How to ensure active listening? You can remember the acronym ‘RESPECT’ to ensure active listening (Table 1.1). Now, let us see what each letter stands for. Table 1.1: Active listening R Remove distractions that may hamper listening. For example, reducing the volume of television, radio or mobile phone while talking to a person. E Eye contact refers to looking at the speaker while listening. S Show that you are listening attentively to the speaker through gestures. P Pay attention and focus on what the speaker is saying. Communication Skills 5 E Empathise and feel the emotions of the speaker. Empathy is the ability to share someone’s feelings or experiences by imagining what it would be like to be in that person’s situation. C Clarify doubts. Ask questions to clarify doubts. T Tune yourself to the timing of the speaker, i.e., wait for the speaker to finish, and then, respond. You have learned about various factors and stages of active listening. Now, let us try to understand how to overcome these barriers (Table 1.2). Table 1.2: Overcoming barriers to active listening Factors How a factor can How to overcome the barrier? become a barrier? Being pre‑occupied When pre-occupied, Do not let emotions take over your mind. you may not be Keep away phones and digital devices. listening to a person carefully. Noise and visual You may not be able to Create a conducive environment to avoid distractions hear the other person misinterpretations and distractions. clearly in a noisy environment. Past experiences You may have Avoid developing biases and be objective in or mindset developed biases or your approach when interacting with others. prejudices based on past experiences and interactions. Personal factors Your personal feelings Allow the other person to finish speaking, may affect your and then, respond. listening, for example, your preconceptions about the other person. 6 Employability Skills – Class XII  Notes Practical Exercise The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the e-learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/Employability_ Skills.html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics, as well as, detailed instructions for some activities given below. Initial thinking activity After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for this topic, write the answer of the question — why is it important to listen actively? Activity 1 Group discussion Factors affecting active listening Material required Notebook, pen, etc. Procedure Form groups of three students each. Each group selects any one of the factors (as given in Table 1.2), which acts as a barrier to active listening. Discuss how it can affect or become a barrier to active listening in the following situations. (i) Family gathering for a wedding ceremony (ii) At a busy retail store (iii) Team discussion during sports day at school (iv) Birthday celebration of a friend Each group shares its experiences and ways to overcome these barriers. Activity 2 Poster making Active listening Material required Chart paper, pencil, sketch pens, etc. Procedure Make a poster on either of the below mentioned scenarios using the acronym RESPECT, which you have studied in this Session for practising active listening. (i) Depicting a conversation between two friends (ii) Parent–child conversation Activity 3 Role-play Negative effects of not listening actively Material required Notebook, pen, etc. Procedure Scenario: Kapil works in an organisation. His manager Sunita is having a discussion with him regarding a marketing plan. As Communication Skills 7  Notes soon as Kapil enters the meeting room, he sits in a slouched position. He has not kept his phone on silent mode and keeps looking at it frequently. Even though he is listening to Sunita, his thoughts seem to be elsewhere. At the end of the session, Sunita feels Kapil is disinterested and hands over the marketing plan to some other employee. Check Your Progress A. Multiple choice questions Read carefully the questions given below and choose the correct option. 1. You work at the front desk of a telecom company. A customer approaches you while you are working. The customer has a query regarding a bill. What would you do? (a) Not pay attention to the customer (b) Keep the work aside and help the customer (c) Continue doing your work while talking inattentively to the customer (d) Ask the customer to talk to someone else 2. Which of the following can be a barrier to active listening? (a) Noisy environment (b) Not maintaining an eye contact with the speaker (c) Not being attentive (d) All of the above 3. Which of the following is not a stage of active listening? (a) Receiving (b) Understanding (c) Non-responding (d) Evaluating 4. What are the characteristics of an ideal message? (a) Clear (b) Concise (c) Accurate (d) All of the above B. Short answer question (80–100 words) 1. Write down a situation you faced at school, wherein, you overcame a barrier and practised active listening. What have you learnt? After completing this Session, you will be able to: identify the barriers to active listening. identify the stages of active listening. follow the steps towards removing barriers for active listening. 8 Employability Skills – Class XII Session 2: Parts of Speech Introduction In any language, parts of speech are the categories of words based on their function within a sentence. These are the ‘building blocks’ of a language. When we speak or write, we use sentences to express ourselves. Therefore, sentences are important. A ‘sentence’ is a group of words that communicates a complete meaning, thought or action. For example, Raju goes to school. A group of words, which does not make complete sense, is known as a ‘phrase’, for example, Raju goes. A sentence always begins with a capital letter, and ends with a full stop, question mark or exclamation mark. Read aloud the examples given below. Did you work on your project? I completed it yesterday. That is good! Using capitals We know that all sentences begin with a capital letter. It is easy to know what to capitalise if you remember the acronym ‘MINTS’. MINTS is a set of simple rules that help you to capitalise words correctly. Each letter in the word MINTS refers to one capitalisation rule as shown in Table 1.3. Table 1.3: Capitalisation rules Alphabet M I N T S Months I Names Titles Starting letter of sentences Rule Capitalise CapitaliseCapitalise the Capitalise the Capitalise the the first the letterfirst letter in the first letter in first letter in letter in ‘I’ when names of people, the titles used every sentence. the names used as a places, rivers, before people’s of all word. seas and oceans, names. months. mountains, islands and days. Example I will go to Every This Tuesday, Dr Shah and The cat ran out college in day, I play Vidya is in Mr Patel work of the house. June. tennis Rajasthan. together. with him. Communication Skills 9  Punctuation There are 15 basic punctuation marks or signs used in English. These include full stop or period, comma, question mark, exclamation mark, apostrophe, colon, semi‑colon, dash, hyphen, parenthesis, quotation mark, bracket, brace, ellipsis and bullet point (Table 1.4). Table 1.4: Punctuation marks Punctuation Sign Use Example mark Full stop. It shows the end of a sentence. It is This is a sentence. This is also used to show short form of long another sentence. words. For example, ‘Professor’ can be Sanjay is a Professor. shortened as Prof., when used as His patients call him a title before a name. Prof. Sanjay. Comma , Sometimes, we use comma to indicate After the waiter gave me the pause in a sentence. menu, I ordered food. We can also use comma to separate I bought apples, oranges items when we are listing more than and grapes. two items in a row. Question ? We use question mark at the end of What is your designation? mark a question. How much is your work experience? Exclamation ! We use an exclamation mark at the What a pleasant surprise! mark end of a word or sentence to indicate You are late! a strong feeling, such as surprise, shock or anger. Apostrophe (’) We use an apostrophe followed by That is Divya’s desk. an ‘s’ to show that something belongs Are these Abdul’s books? to someone. We also use an apostrophe to indicate Let’s go instead of Let us go! the shortened form of some words in He isn’t here instead of He is informal speech. not here. Basic parts of speech The different types of words we use in sentences are called parts of speech. The basic parts of speech are nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs (Table 1.5). Figure 1.3: Basic parts of speech 10 Employability Skills – Class XII  Table 1.5: Basic parts of speech Parts of What they do Example sentence Example speech words Noun Nouns are words that refer to In the sentence: “Reema wrote Dog a person, place, thing or idea. a letter.” Both Reema and India They are ‘naming words’. letter are nouns. Sanjay Pronoun A pronoun is a word used in In the second sentence: I place of a noun. “Reema wrote a letter. She is They tired.” She is used in place He of the noun Reema. It is a You pronoun. Adjective Adjective is a word that In the sentence: “Reema wrote Small describes other words. a long letter.” Long is an Blue adjective that describes the Sharp noun ‘letter’. Loud Verb Verb is a word that shows In the sentence: “Reema wrote Run action. a letter.” Wrote is a verb. It Eat tells what action Reema did. Think Sit Adverb Adverb is a word that adds In the sentence: “Reema Easily meaning to a verb, adjective, quickly wrote a letter.” Quickly Always or other adverb. It answers is an adverb. It tells us how Inside the questions — how? how Reema did the action (writing). Before often? when? and where? Sometimes, the same words can be used differently. Will you book a movie for 3 pm? ‘Book’ is used as an adverb. I need to find my English book. ‘Book’ is a noun. His total cricket score was 145. ‘Total’ is an adjective. That is totally awesome. ‘Totally’ is an adverb. She is always watching a football match. ‘Football’ is an adjective. She got a new football for her birthday. ‘Football’ is a noun. The experienced sailor was able to hold up the ‘Sail’ is a noun. sail despite heavy storm. Satish was able to sail through despite the storm. ‘Sail’ is a verb. Kapil promised his father that he will be a good boy. ‘Promised’ is a verb. Kapil was unable to keep the promise given to his father. ‘Promise’ is a noun. Communication Skills 11  Let us now see how these words are used. Read out aloud the sentence given below. Wow! Reema went to the studio and met a famous actor. We already know that Reema, studio and actor are nouns. Famous is an adjective because it describes the actor (noun) and the words went and met are verbs because they describe an action. What about the remaining words in this sentence — wow, to, the, and? What are these words called? We use such supporting words to join the main parts of speech together and to add information to the sentences that we frame. Let us now look at supporting parts of speech. Figure 1.4: Supporting parts of speech Supporting parts of speech Along with the main ‘Parts of Speech’, there are some more words we need for connecting words, phrases, clauses or sentences. Such words are called ‘supporting parts of speech’. (Figure 1.4 and Table 1.6). Table 1.6: Supporting parts of speech Supporting Use Example parts of speech Articles The words ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are The car stopped suddenly because known as articles. a cat ran in front of it. Articles are, generally, used A book before nouns. An apple ‘An’ is used before words with a An umbrella vowel (a, e, i, o, u) sound. The sun ‘A’ is used before nouns starting with a consonant (all except those starting with a, e, i, o and u) sound. ‘The’ is used to refer to specific or particular words. 12 Employability Skills – Class XII Conjunctions Conjunctions are words that join Instead of – Sheela went to the two nouns, phrases or sentences. market. I went to the market. Some common conjunctions are Sheela and I went to the market. ‘and’, ‘or’ and ‘but’. Instead of – Do you want oranges? Do you want apples? Do you want oranges or apples? Prepositions Prepositions connect one word The cat is on the roof. with another to show the The shop is at the end of the road. relationship between them. They, Rahul is standing under the tree. usually, answer the questions I live in Delhi. ‘where’, ‘when’ and ‘how’. Some common prepositions are ‘on’, ‘at’, ‘under’ and ‘in’. Interjections These words express strong Wow! emotions, such as happiness, Oh! surprise, anger or pain. They have Oh no! an exclamation mark at the end. Thanks! Help! Practical Exercise The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the e-learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/Employability_ Skills.html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics, as well as, detailed instructions for the following activities. Initial thinking activity After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for this topic, write down what do you think was wrong with Seema’s letter. Activity 1 Group practice Identifying ‘parts of speech’ Material required Notebook, pen, etc. Procedure Form groups of four students each. Read aloud the paragraph given below. “on sunday, i have an appointment to meet dr. patel in delhi. my house is near dr. patels clinic i went to a shop near the clinic on friday to buy vegetables I bought potatoes onions carrots and a cabbage dr. patel is a friendly man have you met him” This paragraph contains examples of parts of speech that you have learnt about in this Session. Identify as many parts of speech as you can and mark them. Discuss what was difficult in this activity. Write the paragraph with correct capitalisation and punctuation. A member of one group Communication Skills 13  Notes volunteers and presents before the class what the group marked. The person writes the paragraph on the classroom board with the punctuations. The other students point out the mistakes, if any. Activity 2 Group practice Constructing sentences Material required Notebook, pen, etc. Procedure Form pairs of students. List the five basic parts of speech that you have learnt in this Session. Select one of them and form two simple sentences, which use these parts of speech. For example, if you have chosen adjectives, form two sentences that have adjectives. For each part of speech, a volunteer reads out the sentences the group has framed. The other students say if it is correct or not. Check Your Progress A. Multiple choice questions Read carefully the questions given below and choose the correct option. 1. What is a sentence? (a) A group of ideas that form a complete paragraph (b) A group of words that communicates a complete thought (c) A set of rules that we must follow to write correctly (d) A set of words that contains basic punctuation marks 2. Which of these sentences is capitalised correctly? (a) I am Hungry. (b) Divya and sunil are reading. (c) The bucket is Full of water. (d) She lives in Delhi. 3. Which of these sentences is punctuated correctly? (a) Where are you going. (b) I have a pen a notebook and a pencil. (c) I am so happy to see you! (d) This is my house. 14 Employability Skills – Class XII  B. Fill in the blanks Notes 1. Fill in the correct nouns and verbs as given at the top of the table to complete the following sentences. Nouns Verbs girl, girls, boy, milk, dog, skipping, riding, student running, studying, drinking, barking (a) The ____________ is _________________. (b) The ____________ are _________________. (c) The ____________ is _________________. (d) Raju is ____________ _________________. (e) The ____________ is _________________. (f) The ____________ is _________________. C. Short answer question 1. Identify conjunctions and prepositions (remember, conjunctions join two sentences, while prepositions help answer the words ‘where’, ‘when’ and ‘how’) from the list given below and write them in the following columns. Under, and, in, at, or, up Conjunctions Prepositions Communication Skills 15  Notes What have you learnt? After completing this Session, you will be able to: identify the basic parts of speech, such as nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. use capitalisation and punctuation rules for sentences. explain the usage of parts of speech and identify them in a sentence. identify supporting parts of speech, such as articles, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections. Session 3: Writing Sentences Introduction A sentence is a group of words, which together expresses a complete idea that has meaning. A sentence is formed by putting together a group of words in sequence. This means that a sentence must be understood by others. A sentence, typically, contains a subject and an object, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command. Writing is constructed by putting sentences in sequence so that they are understandable. Simple sentence A simple sentence is one that has only one subject and one predicate or has only one finite verb. Complex sentence A complex sentence is one, which consists of two or more coordinate clauses, joined by a coordinating conjunction. As you have studied in English classes, almost all sentences have a subject and a verb. Some also have an object. A subject is a person or thing that does an action. Verb describes the action. Object is the person or thing that receives the action. For example, read aloud the simple sentence — “Nisha sells a laptop”. Let us see the different parts of the sentence in Figure 1.5. 16 Employability Skills – Class XII  A subject is a An object is the person or thing person or thing that that performs an receives the action. action. The question, Nisha Sells a Laptop The question, “who “who performed the received the action?” action?” will help you will help you find find the subject. In Subject Verb Object the object. In this this sentence, ‘Nisha’ sentence, ‘a laptop’ is is the subject. the object. Verb describes the action. The question, “what is the action?” will help you find the verb. In this sentence, ‘sells’ is the verb. Figure 1.5: Parts of a sentence Read aloud the sentences given in Table 1.7 to understand about subject, verb and object. Table 1.7: Parts of a sentence Sentence Subject Verb Object I wrote a letter. I wrote a letter He called the He called the customer. customer She packed the She packed the product product. Dia and Sanjay Dia and booked a cab booked a cab. Sanjay Types of object The object in a sentence can be either direct or indirect. Direct objects are the ones directly ‘acted on’ by the action word (verb). If we ask — “What does Nisha sell?”, the answer is ‘laptop’, which is direct object. A direct object answers the question ‘what?’. An indirect object answers the questions, such as “to whom” and “for whom”. For example, in the sentence — “Abdul gave a gift to his mother.” The verb is ‘gave’. What did Abdul give? A gift. To whom did Abdul give the gift? To his mother. Here, ‘gift’ is direct object and ‘his mother’ is indirect object. Some sentences only have direct objects, while some have both direct and indirect objects. Read out aloud the examples given in Table 1.8. Communication Skills 17  Table 1.8: Direct and indirect objects Sentence Verb Verb + Verb + by Direct Indirect what? whom/to object object whom? Reema bought bought stationery stationery stationery. Fatima and Sonia played tennis tennis played tennis. He offered a coffee offered coffee me coffee me to me. The manager assigned projects us projects us assigned us projects. Types of sentences — Category I Active and passive sentences What is the difference between the following two sentences? 1. Sanjay broke the glass. Figure 1.6: Types of sentences 2. The glass was broken by Sanjay. The action (verb) in both the sentences is breaking of the glass. But the ‘subject’ in both the sentences is different. In the first sentence, the subject (Sanjay) does the action. In the second sentence, the subject (the glass) receives the action. Read the sentences in Figure 1.7: Active and passive sentences Figure. 1.7 again. Sentences, where the subject does an action, are known to be in active voice. Sentences, in which the subject receives an action, are known to be in passive voice. 18 Employability Skills – Class XII  Table 1.9: Active and passive sentences Active voice Passive voice She wrote an email. An email was written by her. He opened the door for The door was opened by him the customer. for the customer. Mohan sold a bike. The bike was sold by Mohan. Examples of active and passive sentences Active Passive I did not beat him. He was not beaten by me. Kapil made a profit A profit was made by Kapil yesterday. yesterday. The tiger was chasing The deer was being chased by the deer. the tiger. Types of sentences — Category II There are mainly four types of sentences, i.e., declarative, interrogative, exclamatory and imperative. Each of these have been described in Table 1.10. Table 1.10: Types of sentences — Category II Statement or Question or Emotion, reaction or Order or declarative sentence interrogative exclamatory sentence imperative sentence sentence It provides This type of An exclamatory These sentences information or states sentence asks a sentence expresses a show an order, a fact. It always question. It always strong emotion, such command, request ends with a full stop ends with a question as joy, sadness, fear or or advice. It (.). This is the most mark (?). wonder. It always ends can end with a common type of with an exclamation full stop or an sentence. mark (!). exclamation mark (. or !). Read aloud the examples given below. I go to office. Did you go to office? I received the prize for Go to office today. the best employee! It is very cold. How is the weather? Oh, it’s very cold! Wear your sweater. I completed my Did you complete I completed my project! Complete your project. your project? project. Communication Skills 19  Examples of types of sentences — Category II Sentence Type Where is my I-card? Interrogative My arms ache from planting Exclamatory those saplings! Reading mythology will make Declarative you more aware. Come with us right now. Imperative No way! I don’t want a tattoo! Exclamatory Get out of the bed immediately! Imperative Figure 1.8: Types of sentences — Category II You can see that each of these sentences have a different purpose. Paragraph A group of sentences forms a paragraph. While writing a paragraph, make sure the sentences have a common idea. When you want to write about a different idea, make a new paragraph. For example, if you are writing about your school, the first paragraph can be of sentences about the name, location, size and other such details. In the next paragraph, you can use sentences to describe what you like about your school. I go to Government Higher Secondary School, Balachadi. It is not a very big school but has many good teachers. There are about 100 students in my school. My school is on the main road, very close to the city railway station. I love going to school and learning about new things. My school has a small playground, where I play cricket with my friends after the classes are over. It has a library also. I love my school. 20 Employability Skills – Class XII  Notes Practical Exercise The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the e-learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/Employability_ Skills.html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics, as well as, detailed instructions for some activities given below. Initial thinking activity After watching the initial video in the e-learning lesson for this topic, write if you think Sanjay and Dia were able to frame correct sentences. Activity 1 Pair work Making sentences Material required Notebook, pen, etc. Procedure Form pairs of students. First, write three sentences having direct objects. Then, write three more sentences, containing both direct and indirect objects. Use different colours to mark the different parts of each sentence (subject, verb and object). Activity 2 Pair work Active and passive voice Material required Notebook, pen, etc. Procedure With same pairs as above, write a paragraph on any topic. The paragraph should have at least two sentences in active voice and two in passive voice. One student reads out the paragraph that the person has written before the class. The class gives the feedback. Activity 3 Pair work Types of sentences Material required Notebook, pen, etc. Procedure With the same pairs as above, make a list of minimum eight sentences. These should have at least two sentences of each type: declarative, interrogative, exclamatory and imperative. For each type of sentence, different volunteers read out their sentences before the class. The class, then, gives feedback on the correctness of the sentences. Communication Skills 21  Notes Check Your Progress A. Multiple choice questions 1. Identify the subject in the sentence, “The children played football”. (a) The children (b) children played (c) played (d) football 2. Identify the object in the sentence, “The children played football.” (a) The children (b) children played (c) played (d) football 3. Which of these sentences has/have both indirect and direct objects? (a) I am working on a presentation. (b) She bought a blue pen. (c) The girls played cricket. (d) He wrote a letter to his sister. 4. Which of these sentences is/are in passive voice? (a) They are watching a movie. (b) The clock was repaired by Raju. (c) He is sleeping in the room. (d) My pet dog bit the postman. B. Short answer questions 1. Write one sentence of each type — statement, question, exclamatory and order. 2. Which job role do you wish to pursue? Write two paragraphs (about 100–150 words) about that industry and your career preferences. Make sure you follow all rules about sentences and paragraphs that you have learnt. Practice work Practise speaking in complete sentences with your classmates. Practise speaking with proper punctuations. Practise writing paragraphs on different topics. What have you learnt? After completing this Session, you will be able to: identify the different parts of a sentence. differentiate between active and passive voice. compose different types of sentences. 22 Employability Skills – Class XII Unit 2 Self-management Skills Introduction Self-management, which is also referred to as ‘self-control’, is the ability to control one’s emotions, thoughts and behaviour effectively in different situations. This includes motivating oneself, and working towards achieving personal and academic goals. Students with strong self-management skills are better at doing certain things well, such as coming to class on time, paying attention, obeying teachers, parents and elders, working with discipline, etc. It helps a person to do better in studies or work. In order to do well at work and life, in general, one must be able to manage and improve oneself in various skills, including timeliness, discipline, problem solving and work habits. To manage oneself well, a person needs to develop the following. Positive thinking: to think that one can get things done and be happy. Result orientation: to dream big and achieve the desired or set results. Self-awareness: to be aware of one’s personality traits and make the best out of one’s strengths. Session 1: Motivation and Positive Attitude Motivation and positive thinking can help us overcome fears and take up new challenges. Similarly, optimism, which is a mental attitude, reflecting a belief or hope, 2020-21  can lead to positive and desirable outcomes. It helps us to achieve our dreams, continue working hard towards achieving success and live a happy life with a positive mindset. “Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. Nothing can be done without hope and confidence.” — Helen Keller Motivation Motivation is derived from the word ‘motive’. Thus, directing behaviour towards certain motive or goal is the essence of motivation. An individual’s motivation may come from within (intrinsic motivation) or be inspired by others or events (extrinsic motivation). Intrinsic motivation It includes activities for which there is no apparent reward but one derives enjoyment and satisfaction in doing them. It occurs when people are internally motivated to do something because it brings them pleasure. They think it is important or feel what they are learning is significant. Incentives related to the motive or goal can satisfy one’s needs. Extrinsic motivation It arises because of incentives or external rewards. Lack of motivation or incentives may lead to frustration, for example, employees who are kept on contractual basis for a long time may get frustrated and leave an organisation. Positive attitude A positive attitude makes a person happier, and helps build and maintain relationships. It even increases one’s chances of success. In addition, it can help the person make better decisions. People, who maintain a positive or optimistic attitude in life situations and challenges, are able to move forward than those with a negative attitude. Positive attitude helps improve mental and physical health. Ways to maintain positive attitude It can take a little time and effort to build a positive attitude (Figure 2.1). Following are some ways that can help one maintain a positive attitude. 24 Employability Skills – Class XII 2020-21  Start the day with a morning routine. Say positive affirmations, smile often and think about the tasks to be accomplished during for the day. Feed the mind with positivity, read motivating books, listen to music with uplifting lyrics, watch inspiring movies, etc. Be proactive. A proactive person decides how one must feel regardless of what may be going around or what the day may bring. Focus on constructive and positive things. Do not approach life with ‘problems’. Approach it with ‘solutions’. Learn from failures. Think what could have been better and work towards the goals. Learn to focus on the present. Negativity mostly stems out from anxiety of the past and future events. Move towards your goals and dreams. Be cheerful and work hard to achieve the dreams. Figure 2.1: Positive attitude Here are some more techniques that can help you to maintain a positive outlook in the long run. Physical exercise and fresh air: Following a healthy lifestyle is essential for students. Practising yoga, meditation and deep breathing exercises help improve blood circulation and relax the body. Taking a walk or playing in the park helps one to get a lot of fresh air, which helps in becoming more active. Healthy diet: A healthy and balanced diet is important for a healthy body and mind. Eating a balanced diet, such as daal, roti, green vegetables and fruits provides the strength required to do daily work efficiently. Organise academic life: By keeping class notes organised, completing assignments on time and keeping track of all deadlines, stress can be reduced to a great extent. When you are not stressed, you can channelise your mind to achieve the goals. Self-management Skills 25 2020-21  Adequate sleep: A good night sleep for at least seven hours is important so that the mind and body can get recharged to function better the next day. Holidays with family and friends: Visiting a relative’s place, such as grandparents’ house or a new place during summer vacation can help one break the the monotonous normal routine and come back refreshed. Positive attitude is of immense value in a student’s life. There are various situations that the student will encounter in life, wherein staying positive will keep the child going. The most common example would be during exam results. At times, a student does not get the desired result in exams. But it is important not to lose hope, accept the result gracefully and work harder with a positive attitude for the next exam. Even during an interview for a dream job, a candidate may not get selected in the first attempt. However, with a positive attitude and persistent efforts, all dreams can be achieved. Thus, it becomes imperative for a child to learn to practise positive attitude in life at all times. What is stress and how to manage it? Stress is a state of feeling upset, annoyed and hopeless. There are times when we feel nothing is working right, we are not able to achieve our goals and feel hopeless. During such times, if we manage and control our emotions, it helps us to sail through. Some of the ways to manage stress are given below. Stay positive and analyse what is going wrong in a certain situation. Resolving the situation is easy once understood. Figure 2.2: Stress Maintain an accomplishment sheet and enter even small achievements. Keep your thoughts in present. Pondering over past issues makes us feel upset and helpless. Talk to friends and family for comfort. Practise meditation and yoga. Whenever you feel negative thoughts are taking over, take a look at your accomplishment sheet. 26 Employability Skills – Class XII 2020-21  Notes Check Your Progress A. Short answer questions 1. Describe the ways you can make positive thinking a habit in life. 2. List the importance of positive thinking. Describe how it can help someone achieve one’s goals. What have you learnt? After completing this Session, you will be able to: explain the meaning of motivation. describe the type of motives. differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. describe the meaning of positive attitude. identify the steps for being positive in life. Session 2: Result Orientation Result orientation is a term used to describe a person’s ability to recognise what results are important and the steps needed to be taken to achieve them. It means to focus on the result of an assigned task. If you know the result you want to achieve, you can focus on the efforts required to achieve it. Hence, result orientation describes an individual or organisation that focusses on outcome rather than the process that has been used to produce a product or deliver a service. An ideal employee needs to be proactive and result driven. The person must always take necessary steps to achieve the set goals or targets. How to become result oriented? (i) Set clear goals: Setting clear and accurate goals is the first step one needs to take to meet the targets. (ii) Prepare an action plan: An action plan describes the way a person or an organisation will meet the set objectives. It gives a detail of the steps to be taken to achieve the target. Therefore, it consists of several actions or steps that need to be taken, and changes that need to be made. Each action, step or change should include the following information. 28 Employability Skills – Class XII 2020-21  What changes will occur after the actions? Notes Who will carry out the changes? When will the changes take place? How long will the changes stay? What resources are needed to carry out the changes? Who should know and what should be communicated? (iii) Use the right resources and tools: One must evaluate the resources and tools needed to achieve those results and whether they are available. For example, you may want to clear the college entrance exam with 70 per cent marks. Do you have the books to study for the exam? If not, from where and how can you get them? (iv) Communicate with mentors and peers: One must talk to teachers, seniors and mentors for help in setting realistic goals. (v) Make a calendar: One must make a calendar to monitor the progress at regular intervals. (vi) Work hard: One must work hard and believe in one’s dreams. Goal setting Goal setting helps us to understand what we want, how to achieve it and how do we measure our success. Writing a goal requires that we should understand its purpose and objective. Let us try to understand how to define a goal. Identify what the goal is about, for example, customer satisfaction, speeding up the delivery process, etc. How the goal would make a difference? For example, will it enhance customer satisfaction, will it result in an increase in demand of a product or service, speed up the delivery process and result in better loyalty and quality of the product. Use the acronym SMART to set goals. Let us see what each letter in SMART implies. Self-management Skills 29 2020-21  Notes S: Specific Goals should be stated in specific terms. Vague goals are difficult to attain. Specific goals give us a concrete target. Hence, a goal should have a specific purpose. M: Measurable Goals should always be measurable. If we do not set our goals in measurable terms, it is difficult to assess whether we have achieved them or not. A: Action-oriented Goals do not just come true on their own. Effective goal setting should include action-based steps that one will follow to achieve the goal. — Actions that I am already taking towards achieving this goal — Actions that I am not currently taking but will take towards achieving this goal — Actions that I am not currently taking and need help to achieve the goal — People and places from whom I can get help to achieve the goal R: Realistic There are few things more damaging to our sense of self-efficacy than setting ourselves up for failure. Goals must always be realistically attainable. T: Timely Goals must have deadlines. However, deadlines may change. But one must always set a deadline to get the job done within a specified time limit. Examples of result-oriented goals Examples of result-oriented goals are as follows. A student may set a goal of scoring high marks in an exam. An athlete may run five miles a day. A traveller may try to reach a destination city within three hours. 30 Employability Skills – Class XII 2020-21  Notes What have you learnt? After completing this Session, you will be able to: identify ways to be result oriented. make an action plan. Session 3: Self-awareness Self-awareness is about understanding one’s own needs, desires, habits, traits, behaviours and feelings. Let us try to understand this with a short story. “A monk slowly walks along a road when he hears a galloping horse. He turns around to see a man riding the horse moving in his direction. When the man comes closer, the monk asks, “Where are you going?” To which the man replies, “I don’t know, ask the horse” and rides away. When we are not aware of ourselves, then we tread in a direction about which we are not clear. Therefore, it is important that we must be aware of ourselves. When one becomes self-aware, the person starts to become aware of everything and looks at things or situations objectively. It plays a critical role in how we understand ourselves and relate to others and the world around us. Steps towards self-awareness The first step for practising self-awareness is gaining a greater awareness of one’s emotions (Figure 2.3). Figure 2.3: Various emotions a person experiences The second step to practising self-awareness is making a habit of tracking one’s feelings. 32 Employability Skills – Class XII 2020-21  The third step for practising self-awareness is Notes expanding one’s practice to areas of life beyond the person’s feelings. Personality and personality traits Personality is a cluster of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that make a person unique and different from others. Personality traits are defined as relatively lasting patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that distinguish individuals from one another. Hence, personality development is the development of an organised pattern of behaviours and attitudes that makes a person distinctive. Personality development occurs by the ongoing interaction of temperament, character and environment. Culture also plays an important role in shaping personalities. One’s personality also affects the person’s relationships with others. A positive personality can lead to better performance, increased productivity and cordial relationships with others. There are five parameters that describe an individual’s personality. These five dimensions are also called the ‘Big Five Factors’ and the model is referred to as the ‘Five Factor Model’, which is abbreviated as FFM (Figure 2.4). Openness: Individuals with openness to experience are, generally, creative, curious, active, flexible and adventurous. If a person is interested in learning new things, meeting new people and making friends, and likes visiting new places, the person can be called open-minded. Consciousness: Individuals, who listen to their conscience, are self-disciplined, do their work on time, take care of others before themselves and care about others’ feelings. Extraversion: Extroverts are individuals, who love interacting with people around and are, generally, talkative. A person, who can easily make friends and make any gathering lively, is confident and an extrovert. Self-management Skills 33 2020-21  Notes Figure 2.4: The ‘Big Five Factors’ or Five Factor Model Agreeableness: Individuals having such a trait are, generally, kind, sympathetic, cooperative, warm and considerate. They accommodate themselves in any situation. For example, people who help and take care of others are, generally, agreeable. Neuroticism: Neuroticism is a trait, wherein, individuals show tendency towards anxiety, self-doubt, depression, shyness and other similar negative feelings. People, who have difficulty in meeting others and worry too much about things, show signs of neuroticism. Common personality disorders Personality disorders involve long-term patterns of thoughts and behaviour that are unhealthy and rigid. A personality disorder is a way of thinking, feeling and behaving that deviates from worldly expectations and causes distress, which lasts over time. Cluster A: Suspicious People falling under this cluster always mistrust others and are suspicious, even when there is no need to do so. For example, Varsha is a homemaker. A maid has been working at her house for two years. Despite having CCTV cameras installed at home, Varsha is always suspicious about the maid. She follows her all the time and keeps a tab on her movements. This causes stress between Varsha and her maid. 34 Employability Skills – Class XII 2020-21  Paranoid personality disorder: Paranoid Notes personality disorder is characterised by distrust for others, including friends, family members and partners. People with such a disorder mostly hold grudges against others. Schizoid personality disorder: The term ‘schizoid’ refers to the natural tendency to direct attention toward one’s inner life away from the external world. A person with schizoid personality disorder is detached and aloof, and prone to introspection and fantasy. The person shows little interest in forming personal relationships and seems to be emotionally cold. Schizotypal personality disorder: People with this type of personality disorder believe that they can influence other people or events with their thoughts. They often misinterpret behaviours. This causes them to have inappropriate emotional responses. They may consistently avoid having intimate relationships. Cluster B: Emotional and impulsive This personality disorder is characterised by unstable moods and behaviours, which lead to unhealthy and unstable relationships, emotional instability and feeling of worthlessness. For example, Sunny is a student in a high school. Whenever he gets low marks, he is depressed and fights with his friends. He, also, does not try to learn from mistakes. His parents and teachers have tried talking with him but he feels angry, worthless and shouts at them. Antisocial personality disorder: People with antisocial personality disorder disregard social rules and obligations. They are irritating and aggressive, and act impulsively. They tend to lack guilt and fail to learn from experience. They may lie, steal or abuse, and may also get addicted to alcohol or drugs. Borderline personality disorder: People with borderline personality disorder essentially lack a sense of self-worth, and thus, experience feelings of emptiness and fears of abandonment. There is a Self-management Skills 35 2020-21  Notes pattern of emotional instability, violent outbursts and impulsive behaviour. Suicidal threats and acts of self harm are common in people with such a personality disorder. They may have difficulty in dealing with stressful events. Histrionic personality disorder: People with histrionic personality disorder frequently try to gain more attention by being overly dramatic. They are extremely sensitive to criticism or disapproval, and can be easily influenced by others. Narcissistic personality disorder: People with narcissistic personality disorder believe that they are more important than others. They lack empathy for other people and tend to exaggerate their own achievements. Cluster C: Anxious This personality disorder is characterised by feelings of worry, anxiety or fear, which have the potential to affect one’s daily routine. For example, Shikha is an elderly woman. She stays with her family. She has a habit of washing her hands at least 20 times a day. Even after washing her hands, she feels they are not clean, and continues rubbing or washing them. She neither talks to her grandchildren, nor does she participate in any family activity. Avoidant personality disorder: People with this type of disorder are socially inept, unappealing or inferior, and constantly fear being embarrassed, criticised or rejected. They avoid meeting others and often experience feelings of inadequacy, inferiority or unattractiveness. Dependent personality disorder: People with such a disorder are characterised by lack of self-confidence and an extra need to be looked after. They need a lot of help in making everyday decisions and surrender important life decisions to the care of others. They are heavily dependent on other people for their emotional and physical needs, and thus, usually, avoid being alone. 36 Employability Skills – Class XII 2020-21  Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder: Notes People with such a disorder strongly stick to rules and regulations. They can be characterised by a general pattern of excessive concern with orderliness, perfectionism and attention to details. They feel extremely uncomfortable when unable to achieve perfection. They may even neglect personal relationships to focus on making a project perfect. Steps to overcome personality disorders Talk to someone. Most often, it helps to share your feelings. Look after your physical health. A healthy body can help you maintain a healthy mind. Build confidence in your ability to handle difficult situations. Engage in hobbies, such as music, dance and painting. These have a therapeutic effect. Stay positive by choosing words like ‘challenges’ instead of ‘problems’. Practical Exercise The teacher will facilitate these activities by showing you the e-learning module for this lesson via http://www.psscive.ac.in/ Employability_Skills.html. The module will include videos and e-content for the above topics, as well as, detailed instructions for the activity given below. Activity 1 Group discussion Self-awareness Material required Pen or pencil, notepad, chart paper, etc. Procedure Form groups of three. Choose any one of the following situations and write down the personality disorders associated with these. — Kapil studies in a school. He disregards the rules set by the school, is irritable and does not talk much with either friends or family. — Jaya has been feeling fearful and empty for the last few days. She even tried to harm herself. What kind of personality disorder is this? How can you help her? Self-management Skills 37 2020-21  Notes Check Your Progress A. Multiple choice questions Read the questions carefully and put a tick mark against the correct option. 1. Which of the following is not a parameter to describe an individual’s personality? (a) Self-confidence (b) Openness (c) Neuroticism (d) Agreeableness 2. Which of the following is characterised by an extreme feeling of self importance? (a) Narcissistic personality disorder (b) Borderline personality disorder (c) Dependent personality disorder (d) None of the above 3. Ravi has feelings of emptiness, abandonment and suicide. What type of personality disorder is this? (a) Borderline (b) Dependent (c) Avoidant (d) Obsessive 4. Mona is helping her sister to overcome a personality disorder. What should she do? (a) Talk to her sister (b) Engage her in hobbies (c) Help her build confidence (d) All of the above What have you learnt? After completing this Session, you will be able to explain the meaning of personality. describe basic personality traits. describe common personality disorders. 38 Employability Skills – Class XII 2020-21 Unit 3 Information and Communication Technology Skills Introduction Information and Communication Technology, called ICT in short, has become an integral part of our life. One must develop the ability to use digital technology and communication tools to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate. In this Unit, you will learn about how to use spreadsheets and make presentations using a software. Session 1: Getting Started with Spreadsheet How do people generally maintain their expenses? They write down all expenses, such as school fee of their children; grocery, gas and electricity bills; money spent on festivals and clothes, etc., in a diary. Then, they note down how much was spent on each item. Finally, the total is calculated to find out how much they have spent in a month. But nowadays, people who know how to use a computer can use software to maintain an account of their expenses. Let us now learn about spreadsheets, which are used for doing calculations on a computer. A spreadsheet is an electronic document, which has rows and columns. It is used to store data in a systematic way and do calculations. For example, a grocery shop 2020-21  has many items. The shopkeeper keeps a track of the total quantity of each item, quantity sold, cost and selling price of each item, etc. All these details can be maintained using a spreadsheet as shown in Table 3.1. It will also help the shopkeeper do difficult calculations easily, such as finding out profit or loss. Table 3.1: Goods in a grocery store Item Total Quantity Quantity Cost Selling quantity sold (kg) left (kg) `/kg price (kg) `/kg Wheat atta 250 115 135 28 31 Rice 160 57 103 46 50 Arhar daal 70 45 25 60 68 Sugar 200 145 55 40 45 Having understood what spreadsheets are, let us now understand the types of spreadsheet. Types of spreadsheet There are many types of spreadsheet available that have been created by different companies. Some of the most popular ones are given in Figure 3.1. Microsoft Excel LibreOffice Calc Google Sheets Figure 3.1: Popular spreadsheet software In this Session, we will be learning how to use LibreOffice Calc. Most functions in different spreadsheets are same. If you know how to use one, you can easily use any other spreadsheet. Steps to start LibreOffice Calc 1. The first thing you need to ensure is that LibreOffice must be installed on your computer. 40 Employability Skills – Class XII 2020-21  2. Type LibreOffice Calc in the search bar of Windows. 3. Select LibreOffice Calc from the search results as shown in Figure 3.2. LibreOffice Calc will open a blank sheet as shown in Figure 3.3. 4. You can start typing and entering data as soon as you open the spreadsheet. However, to start using the spreadsheet, first you need to understand the components of a spreadsheet. Components of a spreadsheet Figure 3.2: Select LibreOffice In the spreadsheet, you can see a worksheet with cells Calc from the search results placed in rows and columns. Now, let us learn what these are. 1. A row is an arrangement of cells in a horizontal (sleeping) manner. As shown in Figure 3.4, all marks for maths are in row number 3. 2. A column is an arrangement of cells in a vertical (standing) manner. As shown in Figure 3.4, Rajvir’s marks are in column B. Figure 3.3: LibreOffice Calc blank sheet Figure 3.4: Rows and columns in a spreadsheet 3. A cell is a rectangle shaped box, where the row and column meet. You can enter text, numbers, date, formula, etc., in a cell. The cell that is selected appears highlighted. In Figure 3.4, the selected cell is B3 — the cell in column B on row 3 — and it contains Rajvir’s marks for maths. Information and Communication Technology Skills 41 2020-21  Whatever you type in, a cell appears in the area called formula bar as shown in Figure 3.5. You also enter or edit data and formula directly into the Formula Bar. 4. The name box shows the location of the selected cell. The location of the cell is a combination of column and row. For example, A1, where Figure 3.5: Formula bar in a spreadsheet A is the column name and 1 is the row number. 5. A worksheet is a collection of cells in the form of a grid (a network of lines that intersect each other, making rectangles). When you open a spreadsheet for the first time, you see a blank worksheet with the name ‘Sheet1’. 6. A workbook is a spreadsheet that has one or more worksheets. Practical Exercise Run e-learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/ Employability_Skills.html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics. Based upon the e-learning, do the following activity. Initial thinking activity How do you think a shopkeeper maintains a record of earnings and expenses? Practical group exercise Run the e-learning lesson to get details on how to run the activity. Activity 1 Group practice Working with LibreOffice Calc Material required Pen or pencil, notebook and computer with LibreOffice Calc, etc. Procedure Divide the class into groups, depending on the number of computers available. Choose a group leader, who will direct this activity. The leader will start LibreOffice Calc on the computer as per the instructions given in the Session. 42 Employability Skills – Class XII 2020-21  Each member of the group identifies one component of the Notes spreadsheet. The other members should give feedback as to what is correct and what is not. The rest of the group members can also make notes of the components identified and make sure that none is left out. Write down the answers to the questions given below in your notebook. Then, run the e-lesson to see these questions. Check Your Progress A. Multiple choice questions 1. A _____________ is an electronic document used to store data in a systematic way and perform calculations just like an expense sheet. (a) spreadsheet (b) worksheet (c) workbook (d) name box 2. Which of the following functions can be performed with the help of spreadsheets? (1) Maintaining records (2) Creating videos (3) Analysing data (4) Performing financial calculations (5) Writing letters (a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (b) 1, 3, 4 (c) 1, 3, 5 (d) 3, 4, 5 3. Match the columns, and then, choose the correct answer. 1. Grid of horizontal rows and A. Row vertical columns 2. Horizontal arrangement of cells B. Workbook numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 3. Where rows and columns meet C. Columns or intersect 4. Which contains one or more D. Cell worksheets 5. Vertical arrangement of cells E. Worksheet named A, B, C, D (a) 1-E, 2-A, 3-B, 4-D, 5-C (b) 1-E, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D, 5-A (c) 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D, 5-E (d) 1-E, 2-A, 3-D, 4-B, 5-C 4. A _______ is an arrangement of cells in a horizontal manner. (a) column (b) row (b) cell (c) worksheet Information and Communication Technology Skills 43 2020-21  What have you learnt? After completing this Session, you will be able to explain the importance and usage of spreadsheet. list different spreadsheet applications. open LibreOffice Calc and create a spreadsheet. identify components (parts) of a spreadsheet. Session 2: Performing Basic Operations in a Spreadsheet A spreadsheet can be used to perform various functions. Let us see how to enter, edit, delete data and use data functions effectively. Steps to enter data The steps to enter data in a particular cell in a spreadsheet are given below. 1. Click on the cell where you want to enter data as shown in Figure 1. For example, we click cell A1. Figure 1: Click on a cell 2. Type text or number. As you type, you can see the data in the Formula Bar as well. Press Enter when you complete typing. Figure 2: Type text or number 3. The cursor is set on the next cell, in this case A2. You can continue entering other data. 4. Notice that data in the cell will automatically (by default) be left aligned (near the left edge of the cell) as you have entered text as shown in Figure 3. If you enter numbers, they are right aligned in the cell. Remember that text is aligned to the left of the cell, while number is aligned to Figure 3: Text alignment the right. 44 Employability Skills – Class XII 2020-21 5. You can enter a formula in a cell by starting with ‘=’ equal-to symbol as shown in Figure 4. This will do the calculations as given and display the results. Figure 4: Use ‘=’ for formula Type of data There are three main type of data — text, numbers and formula. Nowadays, it is also possible to enter pictures, audio, video and shapes in a spreadsheet. Let us see what they are used for. Raghu owns a shop. He keeps a record of all items, such as wheat, rice, daal, sugar, etc. He enters the name of the items, date of purchase, quantity purchased, cost price, selling price, etc. Using a spreadsheet, he can use text to enter names, numbers to enter quantity and date to show when an item was purchased. Editing data in a cell If Raghu wants to name the item ‘Basmati rice’ instead of ‘rice’, he can edit (correct) it in the spreadsheet. There are various ways in which one can edit a cell as shown in Figure 3.6. Method 1 1. Double click on the cell you want to edit. Then, type additional text in the cell or in the Figure 3.6: Editing text in a cell Formula Bar. 2. Press Enter. Method 2 1. Click on the cell you want to edit. 2. Correct the text in the Formula Bar. 3. Press Enter. Method 3 (If you want to completely change the text in the cell, then do the following.) 1. Click on the cell. 2. Type the new text. 3. Press Enter. Information and Communication Technology Skills 45 2020-21  Deleting data in a cell You can delete the value stored in a particular cell as shown in Figure 3.7. The steps to delete data in a cell are as follows. 1. Click on the cell. Figure 3.7: Deleting value in a cell 2. Press Delete key on the keyboard. This deletes the text entry of that cell making it blank. Selecting multiple cells Now, if Raghu wants to delete the entire row related to ‘basmati rice’, he can select the entire row, and then, press ‘Delete’. After selecting multiple cells, a function will be performed on the cells that are selected. When a single cell is selected it is called active cell. When a number of cells is selected, it is called cell range. There are several ways in which multiple cells can be selected as shown in Table 3.2. Table 3.2: Selecting multiple cells To select an entire row, click the To select a full column, click the row heading. column heading. To select an entire worksheet, click the grey To select a range of cells, click on the rectangle on the upper left corner of starting cell, then hold down the mouse the worksheet. button and drag it till you have selected all the cells you want. Release the mouse button. 46 Employability Skills – Class XII 2020-21 To select two or more rows that are not next to each other, select one row and hold down the Control key, and then, select the next row as shown in the figure given below. Saving the spreadsheet in various formats After entering data, you can save the spreadsheet in the same way as a Notepad or any other word file. Click File, and then, Save as shown in Figure 3.8. This will open a Save As dialog box. Type the file name and click Save. The default Save as type is ODF Spreadsheet (.ods) but you can save the spreadsheet in other types, such as Microsoft Excel 2003 (.xls) as shown in Figure 3.9. Figure 3.8: Saving the spreadsheet Figure 3.9: Saving in other formats Closing the spreadsheet Once you have saved the data, you can close the spreadsheet by clicking File, and then, Close as shown in Figure 3.10. Figure 3.10: Closing the spreadsheet Information and Communication Technology Skills 47 2020-21  Opening a spreadsheet Click File, and then, select Open. This will show a dialog box with a list of existing files. Select the one you want to open and click Open as shown in Figure 3.11. Figure 3.11: Opening a spreadsheet Printing the spreadsheet To print a spreadsheet, you can click File, and then, select Print from the drop-down or press Ctrl+P on the keyboard as shown in Figure 3.12. A Print dialog box appears. Select the printer, range of pages and number of copies to be printed, and click OK as shown in Figure 3.13. Figure 3.12: Printing the spreadsheet Figure 3.13: Print dialog box 48 Employability Skills – Class XII 2020-21  Notes Practical Exercise Run e-learning lesson at http://www.psscive.ac.in/Employability _Skills.html. This will include videos and e-content for the above topics. Based upon the e-learning, do the following activity. Initial thinking activity How do you think a shopkeeper will delete an entry in his record book? How do you think a teacher deletes the name of a student, who has left the school, from the register? Practical group exercise Run the e-learning lesson to get details on how to run the activity. Activity 1 Group practice Working with data in LibreOffice Calc Material required Pen or paper, computer with LibreOffice Calc installed, etc. Procedure Divide the class into groups, depending on the number of computers available. Select a group leader. The leader opens a spreadsheet. Each member enters one’s name, roll number and date of birth in the spreadsheet. Other members watch and give feedback on what is done correctly and what could be done better. Your spreadsheet should look like the table given below. Name Roll No. Date of Birth Sushil Kumar 123 15/10/01 Meera Rao 124 26/12/03 Check Your Progress A. Multiple choice questions 1. The correct order of steps for entering data in a spreadsheet is: (a) type the data, click the cell and press Enter. (b) click the cell, type the data and press Enter. (c) press Enter, click the cell and type the data. (d) click the cell, press Enter and type the data. 2. What will you do to select an entire worksheet in a spreadsheet? (a) Click the File tab and select properties from the list (b) Click the grey row heading (c) Click the grey rectangle in the upper left corner of the spreadsheet (d) Click the grey column heading I