Electrical Machines-II Laboratory Manual PDF

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II LABARATORY LIST OF EXPERIMENTS Sl.No Name of the Experiment Page no 1 OPEN CIRCUIT & SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE 3 TRANSFOR...

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II LABARATORY LIST OF EXPERIMENTS Sl.No Name of the Experiment Page no 1 OPEN CIRCUIT & SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE 3 TRANSFORMER 2 SUMPNERS TEST 10 3 SCOTT CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMERS 15 4 NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON A 3- ɸ 18 INDUCTION MOTOR 5 REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR USING SYNCHRONOUS 23 IMPEDANCE METHOD 6 ‘V’ AND ‘INVERTED V’ CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 29 7 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SIGLE PHASE INDUCTION 35 MOTOR 8 BRAKE TEST ON 3- ɸ SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR 40 9 PARALLEL OPERATION OF 1-Φ TRANSFORMERS 46 10 DETERMINATION OF Xd AND Xq OF SALIENT POLE 51 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR  OPEN CIRCUIT & SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER AIM: To perform open circuit and short circuit test on a single phase transformer and to Pre-determine the efficiency, regulation and equivalent circuit of the transformer. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sl. equipment Type Range Quantity No. (0-300)V 1 no 1 Voltmeter MI (0-150)V 1 no (0-2)A 1 no 2 Ammeter MI (0-20)A 1 no (0-150)V LPF 3 Wattmeter Dynamo type 1 no (0-2.5)A (0-150)V UPF 4 Wattmeter Dynamo type 1 no (0-10)A 5 Connecting Wires ***** ***** Required Transformer Specifications: Transformer Rating :( in KVA) = 2KVA Winding Details: LV (in Volts): 115V LV side current: 17.8A HV (in Volts): 230V HV side Current: 4.5A Type (Shell/Core): SHELL Auto transformer Specifications: Input Voltage (in Volts): 270V Output Voltage (in Volts): 230V Frequency (in Hz): 50HZ Current rating (in Amp): 10A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: OPEN CIRCUIT: SHORT CIRCUIT: PROCEDURE: Open circuit test: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Ensure that variac is set to zero output voltage position before starting the experiment. 3. Switch ON the supply. Now apply the rated voltage to the Primary winding by using Variac. 4. The readings of the Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted down in Tabular form. 5. Then Variac is set to zero output position and switch OFF the supply. 6. Calculate Ro and Xo from the readings. Short Circuit Test: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Ensure that variac is set to zero output voltage position before starting the experiment. 3. Switch ON the supply. Now apply the rated Current to the Primary winding by using Variac. 4. The readings of the Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted down in Tabular form. 5. Then Variac is set to zero output position and switch OFF the supply. 6. Calculate Ro1 and Xo1 from the readings. OBSERVATIONS: OPEN CIRCUIT TEST: S.NO Voc (Volts) Ioc (Amps) Woc(watts) 1 SHORT CIRCUIT TEST: S.NO Vsc (Volts) Isc (Amps) Wsc(watts) 1 MODEL CALCULATIONS: Find the equivalent circuit parameters R0, X0, R01, R02, X01 and X02 from the O. C. and S. C. test results and draw the equivalent circuit referred to L. V. side as well as H. V. side. Let the transformer be the step-down transformer Primary is H. V. side. V 1 Secondary is L. V. side R0  where Iw = I0 cos 0 Iw W V X  V1 Where Im = I0 sin 0 R   SC SC , Z I 01 I 0 m I sc 2 01 SC V 2 2 X 0  Z 01 2  R 01 :X 02 K X 01 Where K = 2  Transformation ratio. 1 V1 Calculations to find efficiency and regulation For example at ½ full load 2 Cupper losses = Wsc x (1/2) watts, where WSC = full – load cupper losses Constant losses = W0 watts Output = ½ KVA x cos  [cos  may be assumed] Input = output + Cu. Loss + constant loss Output % efficiency  Input x 100 Efficiency at different loads and P.f’s cos  = 0.8 Regulation: From open circuit and Short circuit test  I 2 R02 cos   I 2 X 02 sin  % Re gulation  x 100 V2 ‘+’ for lagging power factors - For leading power factor VOLTAGE REGULATION CHARACTERISTICS: S.No Cos Φ Sin Φ Lagging P.F full load Leading P.F full load Regulation Regulation 1 2 3 4 5 6 EFFICIENCY CHARACTERISTICS: Let Cos Let Cos Φ=1 Load ,X Φ=0.8 Efficiency, η Efficiency, η x=1/4 x=1/2 x=3/4 x=1 THEORY: Transformer is a device which transforms the energy from one circuit to other circuit without change of frequency. The performance of any transformer can be determined by conducting tests. The OC and SC tests are conducted on transformer to find the efficiency and regulation of the transformer at any desired load current. MODEL CALUCALATIONS: = = = Efficiency at Full load, KVA = ,Woc = , Wsc = , x=1, UPF = = Percentage Regulation for lagging Power Factor: %R= = = Percentage Regulation for leading Power Factor: %R= = = GRAPHS: Plots drawn between (i) % efficiency Vs output (ii) % Regulation Vs Power factor PRECAUTIONS: 1. Avoid the loose connections. 2. Avoid connecting of meters directly to the machines. 3. Switch OFF the supply before making the connections. 4. Do not touch the bare conductors. 5. Avoid parallax error while making observations. RESULT: Hence OC & SC test on a single phase transformer is performed to determine the regulation and efficiency. OUTCOME: The equivalent circuit parameters are obtained. The efficiency and voltage regulation of a transformer at any load can be predetermined. Viva questions: 1. What is a transformer? 2. Why transformer rated in KVA? 3. What are the losses present in a transformer? 4. What are the applications of transformer? 5. What is voltage regulation of a transformer?  SUMPNERS TEST AIM: To determine the efficiency and losses of a given transformer accurately under Full load condition. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sl. Equipment Type Range Quantity No. (0-300)V 1 no 1 Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1 no (0-600)V 1 no (0-2)A 1 no 2 Ammeter MI (0-20)A 1 no (0-150)V LPF 3 Wattmeter Dynamo type 1 no (0-2.5)A (0-150)V UPF 4 Wattmeter Dynamo type 1 no (0-10)A 5 Connecting Wires ***** ***** Required Transformer Specifications: Two identical 1- ɸ Transformers Transformer Rating :( in KVA) -2KVA Winding Details: LV (in Volts): 115V LV side current: 17.4A HV (in Volts): 230V HV side Current: 8.7A 1 - ɸ Auto transformer Specifications: Input Voltage (in Volts): 270V Output Voltage (in Volts): 230V Frequency (in Hz): 50HZ Current rating (in Amp): 10A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. The secondary winding terminals of the two transformers are connected in series with polarities in phase opposition which can checked by means of a voltmeter.  3. Before starting the experiment, check the variacs are in minimum output voltage position. 4. Close the first DPST-1 switch and switch ON the supply. 5. Increase the variac slowly, and apply rated voltage to the primary windings of 1- ɸ transformers and check the voltmeter reading connected across the secondary terminals. 6. If the voltmeter reading is Zero, continue with step 8. 7. If the voltmeter reading is not zero, interchange the secondary terminals. 8. Now close the DPST-2 switch and vary the variac-2 slowly till rated current flows in the two series-connected secondaries. 9. Note down the readings of V1,V2, I1, I2, W1, and W2 and enter them in a tabular column. 10. W1 = 2Pc, W2= 2Psc. Losses of each transformer = (W1+W2)/2 11. Now the Variacs are brought to zero voltage position and open DPST switches. OBSERVATIONS: Sl Voltmeter Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Wattmeter Wattmeter Transformer ɳ no. Reading Reading Reading reading Reading Reading losses = V1 V2 I1 I1 W1 W2 = (W1+W2)/2 op/(op+loss) 1  MODEL CALCULATIONS: Losses in each transformer = wi  wc %  combined = V I1 x 100 2 V I 1  w i  wc V I1 Efficiency of each transformer (% )= x 100 w V I 1 i wc 2 2 = = = Efficiency at Full load, KVA = 2,Woc = 36.5, Wsc = 112 , x=1, UPF = = Percentage Regulation for lagging Power Factor: %R= = = Percentage Regulation for leading Power Factor: %R= = = MODEL GRAPH: i) Output power Vs Efficiency PRECAUTIONS: 1. Connections must be made tight 2. Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off VIVA QUESTIONS: 1. What for this test is really intended? 2. Why to conduct the test on identical transformers? 3. What happens if the rated values of voltage and frequency of supply vary? 4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this test? 5. Can you perform this test on 3 –  star/ delta transformers? 6. What is all-day efficiency? RESULT: The voltage regulation and efficiency are determined by conducting sumpners test on single phase transformers  SCOTT CONNECTION OF TRANSFORMERS AIM: To perform the Scott connection of transformer from three phases to two phase Connection. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sl. Equipment Type Range Quantity No. (0-300)V 2 no 1 Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 2 no 2 Ammeter MI (0-5)A 1 no 3 Connecting Wires ***** ***** Required Transformer Specifications: MAIN Transformer Transformer Rating :( in KVA) -2KVA Winding Details: LV (in Volts): _115v LV side current-17.5A HV (in Volts): 230V HV side Current: 4.8A Type (Shell/Core): SHELL Tapings: 86.6% TEASER Transformer Transformer Rating :( in KVA) - 2 Winding Details: LV (in Volts): 115V LV side current: 17.5A  HV (in Volts): 230V HV side Current: 4.8A Type (Shell/Core): SHELL Tapings: 50% 3 - ɸ Auto transformer Specifications: Input Voltage (in Volts): 415V Output Voltage (in Volts): 115V Frequency (in Hz): 50HZ Current rating (in Amp): 10A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram 2. Ensure that output voltage of the variac is set in zero position before starting the experiment. 3. Switch ON the supply.  4. The output voltage of the variac is gradually increased in steps upto rated voltage of single phase MAIN transformer and readings are correspondingly taken in steps. 5. Enter the readings in tabular column. 6. After observations, the variac is brought to zero position and switch OFF the supply. CALCULATIONS: Prove TABULAR COLUMN: Theoretical Voltmeter Ammeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Sl calculation Reading reading Reading reading reading 2 no. V2TM =√ (V 2T + V1 I1 V2T V2M V2TM 2 V 2M) 1 MODELCALUCULATIONS: V=_____ V V=√ (V12+V22) %ERROR= (VT-VP)/VPR = = RESULT: THE 3ф TO 2ф CONVERSION WAS ACHIVED BY USING SCOTT CONNECTION  NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TEST ON A 3- ɸ INDUCTION MOTOR AIM: To determine the equivalent circuit of a 3- ɸ induction motor and calculate Various parameters of induction motor with the help of circle diagram. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sl. Equipment Type Range Quantity No. 1 Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1 no 2 Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1 no 10A/600V UPF 1 no 3 Wattmeter Electro dynamo meter type 10A/600V LPF 1 no 4 Tachometer Digital ***** 1 no 5 Connecting Wires ***** ***** Required NAME PLATE DETAILS: Power rating 3HP Voltage 415V Current 4.7A Speed (RPM) 1400  Frequency 50HZ PF LAG 3- ɸ Auto transformer Details: Input Voltage: 415 (Volt) Output Voltage: 415 (Volt) Current: 15 (Amp.) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PROCEDURE: NO LOAD TEST: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.  2. Ensure that the 3- ɸ variac is kept at minimum output voltage position and belt is freely suspended. 3. Switch ON the supply. Increase the variac output voltage gradually until rated voltage is observed in voltmeter. Note that the induction motor takes large current initially, so, keep an eye on the ammeter such that the starting current should not exceed 7 Amp. 4. By the time speed gains rated value, note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter. 5. Bring back the variac to zero output voltage position and switch OFF the supply. BLOCKED ROTOR TEST: 1. Connections are as per the circuit diagram. 2. The rotor is blocked by tightening the belt. 3. A small voltage is applied using 3- ɸ variac to the stator so that a rated current flows in the induction motor. 4. Note down the readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter in a tabular column. 5. Bring back the Variac to zero output voltage position and switch OFF the supply. OBSERVATIONS: No Load Test: Sl no. Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter reading Wnl (Pnl) Reading reading W1 W2 W1+W2 V nl Inl 1  Blocked Rotor Test Sl no. Voltmeter Ammeter Wattmeter reading Wbr (Pbr) Reading reading W1 W2 W1+W2 V br Ibr 1 MODEL CALCULATIONS: G  W0 ,Y  I0 , B  Y2G2 0 3V 2 0 0 0 0 V V W 2   , X 01  R SC SC Z 01 , R 2 Z 2 01 I 01 01 SC 3 x I SC For circle diagram W  W  0 1 0 cos 0  , 0  cos   3V I  3V I  0 0  0 0  W SC  V  I I  0  cos 0  V 3V I , SN SC  SC  SC SC   PRECAUTIONS: 1. Connections must be made tight 2. Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off RESULT: VIVA Questions: 1. Explain why the locus of the induction motor current is a circle. 2. What is the difference between the transformer equivalent circuit and induction motor equivalent circuit? 3. What are the reasons in conducting no-load test with rated voltage and blocked- rotor test with rated current? 4. Why do you choose LPF wattmeter in load test and hpf wattmeter in blocked rotor test? 5. How do you reverse the direction of rotation of induction motor? 6. What are the various applications of this motor?  REGULATION OF ALTERNATOR USING SYNCHRONOUS IMPEDANCE METHOD AIM: To find the regulation of a 3 - ɸ alternator by using synchronous impedance method. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sl. Equipment Type Range Quantity No. 1 Voltmeter MI (0-300/600)V 1 no 2 Ammeter MI (0-5/10)A 1 no 3 Ammeter MI (0-2.5/5)A 1 no 400 Ω /1.7A 1 no 3 Rheostat Wire-wound 145Ω /2A 2 no 4 Tachometer Digital ***** 1 no 5 Connecting Wires ***** ***** Required NAME PLATE DETAILS: DC Motor(prime mover) 3- ɸ Alternator KW :3 Power Rating: 3 Voltage : 220V PF :LAG Current : 15A Line voltage: 440V Speed : 1500RPM Speed 1500RP Exctn : Shunt Exctn Voltage:230V Voltage :220V Rated Current :15A  Field current 2A CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PROCEDURE: Open Circuit Test: 1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Before starting the experiment, the potential divider network in the alternator field circuit and field regulator rheostat of motor circuit is set minimum resistance position. 3. Switch ON the supply and close the DPST switch. The DC motor is started by moving starter handle. 4. Adjust the field rheostat of DC motor to attain rated speed (equal to synchronous speed of alternator) 5. By decreasing the field resistance of Alternator, the excitation current of alternator is increased gradually in steps.  6. Note the readings of field current, and its corresponding armature voltage in a tabular column. 7. The voltage readings are taken up to and 10% beyond the rated voltage of the machine. Short Circuit Test: 1. For Short circuit test, before starting the experiment the potential divider is brought back to zero output position, i.e., resistance should be zero in value. 2. Now close the TPST switch. 3. The excitation of alternator is gradually increased in steps until rated current flows in the machine and note down the readings of excitation current and load current (short circuit current) 4. Switch OFF the supply. OBSERVATIONS: OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERITICS: S.NO If (amps) Voc (volts) 1 2 3 4 5 6 SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERITICS: S.NO If (amps) Isc (amps) 1 VOLTAGE REGULATION CHARACTERISTICS: S.No Cos Φ Sin Φ Lagging P.F full load Eo Leading P.F full load Eo 1 0.2 0.97 436.4 72.03 2 0.4 0.91 430.08 113.57 3 0.6 0.8 420.36 189.98 4 0.8 0.6 401.07 215.09 5 1 0 324.18 324.18 MODEL CALUCALATIONS: = Z = 198/4.2 = = = For lagging P.F: Let : 0.8 PF ,sinφ = 0.6. By substituting all the values in Eo, We will get = For leading P.F: Let: 0.8 PF, sinφ = 0.6. By substituting all the values in Eo, We will get = Percentage Regulation: At 08 PF lag %R= = = Procedure to find synchronous impedance from OC and SC tests: 1. Plot open circuit voltage, short circuit current verses field current on a graph sheet. 2. From the graph, the synchronous impedance for the rated value of excitation is calculated. 3. The excitation emf is calculated at full load current which is equal to the terminal voltage at No load. 4. The voltage regulation is calculated at rated terminal voltage. MODEL CALCULATIONS: V   Z 2  R2 OC Z for the same If and speed: X [ Ra RdC] S I S S a SC Generated emf of alternator on no load is E  v cos  I R  2  v sin   I X 2 0 a a a S  + for lagging p.f. - for leading p.f The percentage regulation of alternator for a given p.f. is E0 V % Re g  x 100 V Where E0 – generated emf of alternator (or excitation voltage per phase) V – Full load, rated terminal voltage per phase MODEL GRAPHS: Draw the graph between If VS E0 per phase And If VS ISC PRECAUTIONS: 1. Avoid loose connections. 2. Switch OFF the Supply before making connections. 3. Do not touch the bare conductors. 4. Avoid parallax error while making observations. RESULT: The regulation of a three phase alternator using synchronous impedance method is obtained. OUTCOME: The performance of the three phase alternator can be obtained. Viva questions: 1. What is an Alternator? 2. What is the principle of alternator? 3. Define regulation of an Alternator? 4. What are the different methods for finding regulation of an alternator? 5. What are the applications of an alternator?  ‘V’ AND ‘INVERTED V’ CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR AIM: To plot the ‘v’ and ‘inverted v’ curves of Synchronous motor. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sl. Equipment Type Range Quantity No. 1 Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1 no MC (0-2.5)A 1 no 2 Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1 no 3 Rheostat Wire-wound 400 Ω /1.7A 1 no 4 Tachometer Digital ***** 1 no 10A, 600V UPF 1 no 5 Wattmeter Electrodynamometer 10A , 600V LPF 1 no 6 Connecting Wires ***** ***** Required NAME PLATE DETAILS 3- ɸ Synchronous motor Power Rating: 3HP PF LAG Line voltage: 415V Speed 1500RPM  Frequency. 50HZ Rated Current: 3.5A Field current (If) 1.4A 220v DC Field Voltage (Vf ) 3- ɸ Auto transformer details Input voltage: 440(Volt) Output Voltage: 415 (Volt) Frequency. : 50(Hz) Current: 15(Amp) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Opening the SPST switch connected across the field DC supply is given to the field and field current is adjusted to 0.3A ( 20% of rated field current)  3. The DC supply to the field is removed and SPST switch is connected across the field by closing the switch 4. As 3- ɸ , 440V, 50Hz AC supply is applied to 3- ɸ dimmer stator keeping it in minimum output position, keeping it prior to that motor is kept in no load state. 5. Gradually supply voltage to synchronous motor is increased and then motor starts running as squirrel cage induction motor. The direction of rotation is observed. if it is not proper then supply phase sequence is altered. 6. Observing Ia, the voltage is gradually increased. It will reach a high value and suddenly falls to a low value. 7. At that instant, open SPST switch connected across the field. The DC supply is then given to the field. Then the motor is pulled into synchronism and motor now works as a synchronous motor. 8. Gradually the supply voltage to stator is increased by observing the armature current. If Ia, increases above the rated value then increase If such that Ia will be Within limits and thus full rated supply voltage is gradually given to the motor. Now motor will work as synchronous motor with full rated voltage. 9. By varying If in steps, armature currents are recorded at no-load. 10. By applying half of full load on motor, If and Ia are recorded again. The same th experiment is repeated at 3/4 load, full load and corresponding readings are recorded. 11. Completely removing the load on motor, the 3- ɸ supply to stator and then the DC supply to the field are switched OFF OBSERVATION TABLE: Sl Supply Wattmeter Wattmeter Field current Armature current Cos ɸ no. Voltage W1 W2 If(Amp) Ia(Amp) 1 2 3 CALCULATIONS: -1 Power factor = Cos [tan ( )]  3 W  W    Tan1  1 2    W1  W2     COSф= MODEL GRAPHS: RESULT: VIVA Questions: 1. What are the difficulties in starting a synchronous motor? 2. What are the commonly employed methods of starting a synchronous motor? 3. What are the applications of synchronous motor? 4. What is synchronous condenser? 5. What do you understand by hunting? EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SIGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AIM: To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of a single phase induction motor by performing the no- load and blocked rotor tests. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sl. Equipment Type Range Quantity No. 1 Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1 no 2 Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1 no (0-300)V LPF 3 Wattmeter Dynamo-type 1 no (0-10)A (0-150)V UPF 4 Wattmeter Dynamo-type 1 no (0-10)A 5 Connecting Wires ***** ***** Required 1 - ɸ Induction motor specifications: Name plate details Sl. no. Quantity 1 rated power 1 HP 2 Rated voltage 230 V  3 Current 5.8 AMP 4 Speed(RPM) 1440 RPM 5 Cos ɸ (pf) 6 Frequency 50 HZ 7 rotor Squirrel Cage PROCEDURE: No load Test: 1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Be sure that variac (auto transformer) is set to zero output voltage position before starting the experiment. 3. Now switch ON the supply and close the DPST switch. 4. The variac is varied slowly, until rated voltage is applied to motor and rated speed is obtained. 5. Take the readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter and wattmeter in a tabular column.  6. The variac is brought to zero output voltage position after the experiment is done, and switch OFF the supply. Blocked Rotor Test: 1. To conduct blocked rotor test, necessary meters are connected to suit the full load conditions of the motor. 2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 3. Before starting the experiment variac (auto transformer) is set to zero output voltage position. 4. The rotor (shaft) of the motor is held tight with the rope around the brake drum. 5. Switch ON the supply, and variac is gradually varied till the rated current flows in the induction motor. 6. Readings of Voltmeter, Ammeter, and wattmeter are noted in a tabular column. 7. The variac is brought to zero output voltage position after the experiment is done, and switch OFF the supply. 8. Loosen the rope after the experiment is done. Calculation for No-Load Test: = = = Calculation For Blocked Rotor Test: =Ω = = Ω OBSERVATIONS: For NO-Load Test: Sl no. Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading Wattmeter reading Vo Io Wo 1 For Blocked Rotor Test: Sl no. Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading Wattmeter reading Vsc Isc Wsc 1 PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Initially rheostat is set at maximum resistance position. 3. Switch ON the supply, and vary the rheostat gradually and note down the readings of ammeter and voltmeter 4. For the corresponding values, average of r1 is taken EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PRECAUTIONS:    Connections must be made tight   Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off Comments: 1. Since IM is not self starting Machine, it is started by placing an auxiliary winding in the circuit. 2. Here no-load test is similar to open circuiting the load terminals and blocking the rotor is similar to conducting short circuit on the IM. VIVA Questions: 1. Why there is no starting torque in a single phase induction motor? 2. What are different starting methods employed in single phase induction motors? 3. Compare the performance of capacitor - start, capacitor – run, shaded pole single phase induction motors? 4. Mention a few applications of single phase induction motors?  BRAKE TEST ON 3- ɸ SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR AIM: To determine the efficiency of 3- ɸ induction motor by performing load test. To Obtain the performance curves for the same. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sl. Equipment Type Range Quantity No. 1 Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 1 no 2 Ammeter MI (0-10)A 1 no 10A/600V UPF 1 no 3 Wattmeter Electro dynamo meter type 10A/600V LPF 1 no 4 Tachometer Digital 0-9999 RPM 1 no 5 Connecting Wires ***** ***** Required NAME PLATE DETAILS: S.No Specifications Rating 1 Power 3 HP 2 Voltage 415V 3 Current 6A 4 Speed 1440rpm 5 Frequency 50Hz 6 PF 0.8 3- ɸ Auto transformer Details: Input Voltage: 440(Volt) Output Voltage:415(Volt) Current: 15(Amp.) Freq.:50(Hz) CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Ensure that the 3- ɸ variac is kept at minimum output voltage position and belt is freely suspended. 3. Switch ON the supply. Increase the variac output voltage gradually until rated voltage is observed in voltmeter. Note that the induction motor takes large current initially, so, keep an eye on the ammeter such that the starting current should not exceed 7 Amp.  4. By the time speed gains rated value, note down the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter at no-load. 5. Now the increase the mechanical load by tightening the belt around the brake drum gradually in steps. 6. Note down the various meters readings at different values of load till the ammeter shows the rated current. 7. Reduce the load on the motor finally, and switch OFF the supply. MODEL CALCULATIONS: Input power drawn by the motor W = (W1 + W2) watts  Shaft Torque, Tsh = 9.81 (S1 ~ S2) R N-m R Radius of drum in mts. Output power in watts = 2 N Tsh watts 60 % efficiency  output power in watts x 100 Input power in watts W power factor of the induction motor cos   3 VL I L MODEL GRAPHS: 1. Speed or slip Vs output power 2. Torque Vs output power 3. % efficiency Vs output power  TABULER FORM:- Input Input Speed, Spring Torque Pin= η=Pout/P S.N Balance N-m Pout, Voltage Current N W1 W2 W1+W2 in X 100 o (W) (V) (A) (rpm) S1 S2 (W) (%) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 CALCULATIONS: Torque = 9.81(S1-S2) R N-m = = Output Power = 2πNT/60 = = Input Power = W1+W2 = % Efficiency = (Output/ Input) x100 = = PRECAUTIONS: 1. Connections must be made tight 2. Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off RESULT: OUTCOME: From the performance characteristics, as the load increases the speed is decreases, the torque, efficiency and load current increases. VIVA Questions: 1. Why starter is used? What are different types of starters? 2. Compare a slip ring induction motor with cage induction motor? 3. Why the starting torque is zero for a Single Phase induction motor and non- zero of 3phase induction motor? 4. What are the disadvantages of this method? 5. Can we use rotor resistance method for starting?  DETERMINATION OF Xd AND Xq OF SALIENT POLE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR AIM: To determine the direct axis reactance Xd and quadrature axis reactance Xq by conducting a slip test on a salient pole synchronous machine. APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sl. Equipment Type Range Quantity No. 1 Voltmeter MI (0-300)V 1 no 2 Ammeter MI (0-5)A 1 no 3 Rheostat Wire-wound 400 Ω /1.7A 1 no 4 Tachometer Digital ***** 1 no 5 Connecting Wires ***** ***** Required NAME PLATE DETAILS: DC Motor (prime mover) 3- ɸ Alternator KW : Power Rating: Voltage : PF : Current : Line voltage: Speed : Speed Exctn : Shunt Exctn Voltage: Voltage : Rated Current : Field current:: 3- ɸ Auto transformer Details: Input Voltage: 440(Volt) Output Voltage: 110(Volt) Current: 15(Amp.) Frequency: 50(Hz) PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Initially set field regulator, 3-ɸ variac at minimum position and TPST switch open. 3. The DC motor is started slowly by sliding starter handle and it is run at a speed slightly less than the synchronous speed of the alternator. 4. Close the TPST switch. 5. With field winding left open, a positive sequence balanced voltages of reduced Magnitude (around 25% of rated Value) and of rated frequency are  Impressed across the armature terminals. 6. The prime mover (DC motor) speed is adjusted till ammeter and voltmeters pointers swing slowly between maximum and minimum positions. 7. Under this condition , readings of maximum and minimum values of both ammeter and voltmeter are recorded TABULAR COLUMN: Sl no. Speed Vmax Vmin Imax Imin Xd Xq (VL) (VL) (IL) (IL) 1 CALCULATIONS: MINIMUM CURRENT = MAXIMUM CURRENT = MINIMUM VOLTAGE = MAXIMUM VOLTAGE = V max Xd  = Im in V min Xq  = Im ax Note: 1. When performing this test, the slip should be made as small as possible. 2. During Slip test, it is observed that swing of the ammeter pointer is very wide, whereas the voltmeter has only small swing. RESULT:  PARLLEL OPERATION OF TWO SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMERS AIM: To conduct parallel operation of two single phase transformers and to determine The load shared by each transformer APPARATUS REQUIRED: Sl. equipment Type Range Quantity No. (0-300)V 1 no 1 Voltmeter MI (0-150)V 1 no (0-2)A 1 no 2 Ammeter MI (0-20)A 1 no (0-150)V LPF 3 Wattmeter Dynamo type 1 no (0-2.5)A (0-150)V UPF 4 Wattmeter Dynamo type 1 no (0-10)A 5 Connecting Wires ***** ***** Required Transformer Specifications: S.No Specifications Rating 1 Transformer Rating :( in KVA) 2 KVA 2 LV (in Volts) 115V 3 LV side current 17.4A 4 HV (in Volts) 230V 5 HV side Current 8.7A 6 Type (Shell/Core) Core 7 Frequency(Hz) 50Hz PROCEDURE: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram 2. Apply 230v 50hz 1-phase ac supply 3. By varying the 1-phase variac apply rated voltage on Lv side 4. If the voltmeter across the spst shows 0v then close the Switch 5. Gradually add the loads and the readings of voltmeter, ammeter And wattmeter’s 6. Gradually decrease the loads and open spst switch 7. Switch off the supply by opening the dpst OBSERVATION TABLE:- S.N V1 V2 V3 A1 A2 A3 W1 W2 W3 1 2 3 4 5 PRECAUTIONS: 1. Avoid the loose connections. 2. Avoid connecting of meters directly to the machines. 3. Switch OFF the supply before making the connections. 4. Do not touch the bare conductors. 5. Avoid parallax error while making observations. MODEL CALUCULATION:- CURRENT OF FIRST T/F I1 = CURRENT OF SECOND T/F I2 = CURRENT FLOWING THROUGH LOAD T/F I3 = I1 + I2 = PRACTICAL CURRENT = %ERROR = ( I1  I 2)  I 3 I1  I 2 =