Social Psychology Module 2 2024-2025 PDF

Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institu...

Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM) Course Social Psychology Sem/AY First Semester 2024-2025 Module No. 2 Lesson Title Introduction to Social Psychology Week Week 5 – week 8 Duration Date The study of social psychology is expanding quickly and is influencing our understanding of human Description of behavior in significant ways. Social psychologists' findings are regularly published in newspapers, the Lesson websites, and other media, and the outcomes of their research are affecting choices in many other fields. Learning Outcomes Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes: Learning Define social psychology. Outcomes Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to: Objectives Learn what social self Know the different perspectives of social psychology Know the science of social psychology Student Learning Strategies Online Activities A. Specific lesson for this topic The Concepts in Ethics will be posted on our Google (Synchronous/ Classroom on Sept 30, 2024. Class code: __________. Asynchronous) Note: In case you have to be able to e questions or clarifications regarding this lesson you can use the chat box in our LMS (Google Classroom) and choose “private”. Or you can use messenger to look for Ellen dela paz Librada's account Offline Activities (e-Learning/Self- Paced) LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Module 2: Social Influence L1: Social Influence: Should We Resist? a. Social Roles and Social Norms b. Factors Affect and Promote Conformity c. Principles of Compliance L2: Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination: Causes and Consequences a. Definition of Stereotype, Prejudice and Discrimination b. Sources of Stereotyping and Prejudice c. Consequences of Stereotyping Social Roles and Social Norms In Psychology Social Roles and Social Norms In Psychology We do not expect people to behave randomly but in certain ways in particular situations. Each social situation entails a particular set of expectations about the “proper” way to behave. Such expectations can vary from group to group. Social roles refer to the behavior patterns expected of individuals in different situations and settings based on their specific position within a social unit. These roles come with rights, responsibilities, expectations, and social norms. Social norms are the unwritten rules of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that are considered acceptable in a particular social group or culture. Social norms provide order in society. It is difficult to imagine just how human society could function without social norms. People need norms to control and direct their behavior, create order and predictability in social relationships, and interpret and make sense of each other's actions. These are just some reasons why most people, most of the time, conform to social norms. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited These norms can vary widely between cultures, regions, and individual societies, and what’s considered normal or acceptable in one context may not be so in another. Greetings: Shaking hands when meeting someone in many Western cultures, while bowing is customary in countries like Japan. Dining: Using forks and knives for eating in Western societies, whereas chopsticks are used in many East Asian countries. Dress Code: Wearing formal attire in corporate settings, or covering one’s head in places of worship in certain religions. Queueing: Waiting in line for one’s turn, such as at a supermarket checkout or bus stop. Hygiene: Covering one’s mouth when coughing or sneezing. What Is Conformity? Social pressure can sway your behavior—for good and for bad Social pressures at times cause us to do things we would otherwise not do, a concept known as conformity. It can be an overt influence-for example, being driven to behave in a certain way, or a subtler influence, which causes you to go along with the rest of the crowd. Conformity is the act of changing your behaviors to fit in or go along with the people around you. Sometimes, this social influence takes the form of agreeing with or acting like the majority of people in some particular group; sometimes, it takes the form of behaving in a certain way so as to be perceived as "normal" by the group. Conformity basically means giving in to group pressure. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited What Causes Conformity? Each situation is unique, but researchers have determined that there are many reasons people conform. It's not necessarily a bad thing. Think of this: in most circumstances, looking to the rest of the group for clues about how we should behave is a good thing. Other people might have greater knowledge or experience than we do, so following their lead can actually be instructive. Sometimes, we wish to avoid looking foolish, and hence conform with the collective expectations. This tendency can ironically get very strong where the expectations are vague or the rules of the game unclear. In 1955, Deutsch and Gerard identified two key reasons why people conform: informational influence and normative influence 1. Informational influence takes place when people change to be appropriate. We look for others who are better informed and better equipped and go by their lead for our behaviors in cases where we are not sure what response ought to be. Examples: Classroom Discussion on a Complex Topic: During a discussion about quantum physics, a student may feel unsure of the correct answer. When a classmate who has previously excelled in science classes confidently explains a concept, the unsure student adopts that explanation, assuming the classmate has a better understanding. Emergency Situation: In a crowded building, an alarm goes off, and some people start moving toward the exit. Unsure of whether it's a drill or a real emergency, others follow the lead of those heading for the exit, believing that those people might have more information about the situation. 2. Normative Influence Examples: Conforming to Classroom Rules: A student might feel that a particular classroom rule, like not using phones during breaks, is unnecessary. However, they follow the rule to avoid being reprimanded by the teacher and to fit in with peers who are also following the rules. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Peer Pressure to Dress a Certain Way: A student might dress in a certain style to fit in with their friends, even though they prefer a different style. They conform because they want to avoid teasing or social exclusion and be accepted by the group. Famous Experiments on Conformity Here are some of the most well-known experiments that have explored the concept of conformity: 1. Asch Conformity Experiments Psychologist: Solomon Asch Year: 1950s Purpose: To measure how much social pressure from a majority group could influence an individual's own opinions. Method: Participants were asked to identify which of three lines was the same length as a standard line. However, most of the participants were actually confederates who gave incorrect answers. The experiment sought to observe how the lone participant would respond to this pressure. Findings: A significant number of participants conformed to the incorrect majority answer, even when it was clearly wrong. This demonstrated the powerful influence of social pressure on individual judgment. 2. Milgram Obedience Experiment Psychologist: Stanley Milgram Year: 1963 Purpose: To investigate how far individuals would go in obeying an authority figure, even if it meant harming others. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Method: Participants were instructed by an experimenter to administer electric shocks to a confederate (who was not actually being shocked) in increasing increments. The confederate would pretend to be in pain and eventually stop responding. Findings: A surprising number of participants continued to administer shocks, even when the confederate was clearly distressed, simply because they were told to do so by an authority figure. This experiment highlighted the potential for obedience to override moral considerations. 3. Stanford Prison Experiment Psychologist: Philip Zimbardo Year: 1971 Purpose: To examine the psychological effects of perceived power and powerlessness when placed in a simulated prison environment. Method: College students were randomly assigned to play the roles of prisoners and guards in a mock prison. The experiment was intended to last two weeks but was terminated after just six days due to the extreme psychological distress experienced by the participants. Findings: The experiment demonstrated how quickly individuals can adopt roles and behaviors associated with their assigned social status. The guards became increasingly authoritarian and abusive, while the prisoners exhibited signs of psychological distress and learned helplessness. These experiments have provided valuable insights into the factors that influence conformity and obedience. They have implications for understanding social behavior, group dynamics, and the potential for individuals to be influenced by external pressures. Types of Conformity Identification Identification is conforming based on social roles. In other words, a person might change their behavior to fit with what might be expected of a person in that specific role. The Stanford Prison Experiment is an example of this type of conformity. Identification is indeed a form of conformity that involves adjusting one's behavior to align with the expected roles or norms associated with a particular social position or group. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited The Stanford Prison Experiment provides a powerful illustration of identification. The participants quickly adopted the roles of prisoners and guards, exhibiting behaviors that were consistent with the stereotypes associated with those roles. Even though they were initially assigned these roles randomly, they soon began to internalize the expectations and norms associated with them, leading to significant changes in their behavior and attitudes. This experiment highlights how social roles can shape our identities and influence our actions, even in the absence of explicit instructions or coercion. It underscores the importance of considering the social context in which behavior occurs and the potential for individuals to be influenced by the expectations and norms of their social groups. Compliance Compliance is changing one's behavior while still internally disagreeing with the group. For example, you might read a book for your book club and really enjoy it. But at your meeting, you learn that the other members all disliked the book. Rather than go against the group opinion, you might simply agree that the book was terrible. Internalization This type of conformity involves changing one's behavior to be like another person. You might notice this in a friend who's taste in music or movies shifts to match that of their romantic partner. Factors Affect and Promote Conformity Factors Influencing Conformity Regarding conformity, several factors can influence an individual’s decision to conform to a group’s norms and expectations. In this section, we will explore some of the key factors that can influence conformity. Group Size One of the critical factors that can influence conformity is group size. Generally speaking, the larger the group, the more likely an individual is to conform to the group’s norms and expectations. This is because larger groups tend to have more social influence, making it more difficult for an individual to resist conformity. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Unanimity Another factor that can influence conformity is unanimity. When all group members agree, it can be more difficult for an individual to resist conformity. This is because the individual may feel pressure to conform to avoid standing out or being ostracized from the group. Cohesion Group cohesion can also play a role in conformity. When a group is highly cohesive, meaning that the members are tightly knit and share a strong sense of identity, it can be more difficult for an individual to resist conformity. This is because the individual may feel pressure to conform to maintain their membership in the group. Status Individuals with lower status within a group may be more likely to conform. This is because they may feel pressure to conform to gain acceptance or approval from higher-status group members. Conversely, higher-status individuals may be less likely to conform, as they may feel less pressure to gain acceptance or approval from others. Accountability Finally, accountability can also play a role in conformity. When individuals are held accountable for their actions, they may be less likely to conform to the norms and expectations of a group. This is because they may feel a greater sense of personal responsibility for their actions and may be more willing to resist conformity to maintain their autonomy. Conformity is influenced by various factors, including group size, unanimity, cohesion, status, and accountability. By understanding these factors, we can better understand why individuals may be more or less likely to conform to the norms and expectations of a group. Compliance refers to the act of adhering to rules, regulations, standards, or laws set by governing bodies, organizations, or authorities. It is crucial in various fields, including business, healthcare, finance, and law, to ensure ethical behavior and legal conformity. Business: Companies must comply with industry-specific regulations, labor laws, environmental standards, and consumer protection rules. Healthcare: Healthcare providers must follow medical licensing requirements, HIPAA regulations, and patient privacy laws. Finance: Financial institutions are subject to strict compliance measures to prevent fraud, money laundering, and other financial crimes. Government: Government agencies must adhere to administrative procedures, ethical standards, and legal frameworks. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Principles of Compliance Compliance is a fundamental aspect of responsible business practices. Here are some key principles that guide organizations in achieving and maintaining compliance: 1. Rule of Law: Adherence to all applicable laws and regulations. Respect for legal authority and processes. 2. Transparency and Accountability: Openness about compliance efforts and practices. Accountability for any violations or non-compliance. Clear communication with stakeholders. 3. Risk Management: Identification and assessment of potential compliance risks. Development of strategies to mitigate risks. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of risk management measures. 4. Ethics and Integrity: Adherence to ethical standards and principles. Avoidance of conflicts of interest. Promotion of a culture of integrity within the organization. 5. Employee Education and Training: Provision of comprehensive training on compliance requirements. Ongoing education to keep employees informed of changes in regulations. Encouragement of a compliance-oriented mindset. 6. Internal Controls: Establishment of effective internal controls to prevent and detect non-compliance. Regular review and improvement of internal control systems. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited 7. Third-Party Management: Careful selection and oversight of third-party vendors and suppliers. Ensuring that third parties adhere to the organization's compliance standards. 8. Continuous Improvement: Ongoing evaluation and improvement of compliance programs. Learning from mistakes and implementing corrective actions. Adaptation to changing regulatory environments. 9. Stakeholder Engagement: Open communication and collaboration with stakeholders, including regulators, customers, employees, and investors. Addressing stakeholder concerns related to compliance. 10. Leadership Commitment: Strong leadership support for compliance initiatives. Setting a clear example of ethical behavior and compliance adherence. By adhering to these principles, organizations can foster a culture of compliance, mitigate risks, and build trust with stakeholders. Stereotypes, Prejudice and Discrimination: Causes and Consequences a. Definition of Stereotype, Prejudice and Discrimination b. Sources of Stereotyping and Prejudice c. Consequences of Stereotyping Prejudice a negative feeling toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group. Stereotypes are beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits. Stereotypes refer to what we believe or think about various groups. They can be good or bad. Discrimination refers to unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Performance Task Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer in a Word Document, Then save in a PDF format, Then TURN IN. Read your Module to answer the questions below. 1. What are the key differences between informational influence and normative influence in the context of conformity? Provide an example of each. 2. How do social roles and social norms shape behavior in different cultural contexts? Give two examples of how behaviors may differ due to varying cultural norms. 3. Explain how the concept of group size, unanimity, and cohesion influence an individual's likelihood to conform. Which factor do you think has the most significant impact, and why? LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY  Republic of the Philippines Laguna State Polytechnic University Province of Laguna ISO 9001:2015 Certified Level I Institutionally Accredited Learning Resources a. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-conformity-2795889 b. LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY