Electromechanical Transducers PDF

ENERGY CONVERSIO N TRANSDUCE RS THEPHOTO BY PHOTOAUTHOR IS...

ENERGY CONVERSIO N TRANSDUCE RS THEPHOTO BY PHOTOAUTHOR IS LICENSED UNDER CCYYSA. LEARNING OUTCOMES Define and classify different types of energy conversion transducers. Demonstrate an appreciation for the role of energy conversion transducers in various technological  applications. Analyze the performance characteristics of energy conversion transducers, selecting appropriate transducers for specific applications based on given criteria. TOPICS COVERED 2.2 Piezoelectric transducers2.3 Hall effect 2.1 transducers Electromechanical transducers 2.4 Reed Switches 2.5 Thermoelectric  Generators2.6 Peltier Devices -transducer DEFINITION OF changes one TRANSDUCE RS form of energy A transducer is signal to another an electronic form of energy device used to signal. change energy from one form to other.  frequently used where electrical signals are changed to other physical quantities like force, energy, light, torque, position, motion, etc. EXAMPLE S Examples of a transducer are; microphones, solar cells, incandescent light bulbs, electric motors, loudspeakers, thermometers, position and pressure sensors, and antenna. different types of transducers These devices are There are different types of different types of transducers transducers like current, electromechanical pressure, thermocouple transducer magnetic field, thermocouple, PRIMARY FUNCTION The primary function of transducers is to strain gauge piezoelectric, strain gauge, convert a physical mutual induction, and force into an easily handled electrical signal so and transmitted for that it can be measurement. MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING: Data Acquisition: Transducers measure physical quantities like temperature, pressure, force, or light, converting them into electrical signals that can be processed and analyzed.  System Monitoring: This data is used to monitor the performance of energy conversion systems, identify potential issues, and optimize efficiency. CONTROL AND REGULATION : Feedback Systems: Transducers provide feedback signals that are used to control the operation of energy conversion systems. For  example, a temperature sensor can control a heating element to maintain a desired temperature. Automation: Transducers enable automation of energy conversion processes, improving efficiency and reducing human error. ENERGY HARVESTING: Converting Ambient Energy: Some transducers can harvest energy from ambient sources like vibrations, light, or  temperature differences. This can be used to power small electronic devices or sensors. 1. Energy Harvesting from Ambient Vibrations - IT Americano www.it-americano.com ENERGY CONVERSION: Direct Conversion: Certain transducers, like piezoelectric or thermoelectric devices, can directly convert one form of  energy (e.g., mechanical or thermal) into another (e.g., electrical). 1. Transducer: Energy Conversion, Types, Applications, Practices - SVANTEK svantek.com SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF TRANSDUCER APPLICATIONS: Power Generation: Turbines: Mechanical energy from turbines is  converted into electrical energy using generators. 1. How electricity is generated - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) www.eia.gov Solar Panels: Light energy is converted into electrical energy using photovoltaic cells. 1. Photovoltaics and electricity - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) www.eia.gov SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF TRANSDUCER APPLICATIONS: Energy Storage: Batteries: Chemical energy is converted into electrical energy  and vice versa. 1. Chemical Energy: Quick Primer on What It Is and How It Works - Just Energy justenergy.com Energy Distribution: Smart Grids: Transducers are used to monitor and control the flow of electricity in the grid. 1. What Is a Power Transducer - Swartz Engineering www.swartzengineering.com ThePhoto by PhotoAuthor is licensed under CCYYSA. WHAT IS ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCER?  An electromechanical transducer is a type of device used to convert either an electrical signal into sound waves like in a loudspeaker (or) converts a sound wave into an electrical signal like in a microphone. In other words, the device which converts mechanical motion into electric signals is known electromechanical transducer. EXAMPLES The electromechanical transducer examples are; a loudspeaker, a piezoelectric transducer, a microphone & permanent-magnet instrument’s measuring mechanism. APPLICATIONS  Electret microphone cross-section ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCER WORKING PRINCIPLE  An electromechanical transducer simply works by changing mechanical motion into variations of a current or voltage & vice versa. These transducers are mainly used as activating mechanisms within automatic control systems & also as sensors of mechanical motion within measurement & automation technology. CLASSIFICATION  The classification of these transducers can be done based on the conversion principle utilized as: electromagnetic, resistive, magnetoelectric, electrostatic types and also the type of o/p signal like analog & digital types.  electromechanical transducer, used to change the object’s rectilinear motion to which it is ELECTROMECHANI CAL connected mechanically into TRANSDUCER TYPES a variable voltage, current Linear Variable or electrical signal. Please Differential refer to this link to know Transformer more about LVDT. LVDT is an LVDT GALVANOMETER A galvanometer is a device that is used to detect a small electric current or measure its magnitude. The current and its intensity are usually indicated by a magnetic needle's movement or that of a coil in a magnetic field, which is an important part of a galvanometer. https://byjus.com/physics/difference-betw een ammeter-and-galvanometer/ The Weston frequency meter is a moving iron instrument used for measuring the unknown frequency of a signal https://www.engineeringdone.com/electrical-electronic-test-devices/weston-frequency-meter/ NEW TRENDS IN ELECTROMECHA NICAL  TRANSDUCERS ELASTOMERIC TRANSDUCERS The elastomeric transducer is an electromechanical transducer used to change electrical energy into mechanical energy. The polymeric structures optimizing these transducers mainly depend on the properties of dielectric. APPLICATION APPLICATION PIEZOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR  The piezoelectric nanogenerator is one type of electromechanical transducer used to change the energy from mechanical to electrical using piezoelectric ZnO nanowires which can be activated through small physical motions & work in a huge range of frequencies. PIEZOELECTRIC NANOGENERATOR These are used in innovative healthcare applications because of their simple implementation, self-powering nature, and highly efficient energy conversion like electrical stimulation therapy, in the space of active detecting & human biomechanical energy harvesting to intermediary power above body devices. APPLICATION https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022- 29087-w/figures/1  APPLICATION https://www.researcher-app.com/paper/9541446 DIELECTRIC ELASTOMERS Dielectric elastomer (DEs) is an  electromechanical transducer, used to change electrical energy into mechanical energy. These elastomers work in two modes like actuator and general. In actuator mode, it changes the energy from electrical to mechanical whereas, in general mode, it converts the energy from mechanical to electrical. These are smart material systems that generate large strains. These belong to the electroactive polymers group. These have a high elastic energy density & are lightweight. STRUCTUREhttps://www.nature.com/ar ticles/s41598-017-06274- 0/figures/1  OPERATION PRINCIPLE BY ELECTROSTATIC FORCES. THE DIELECTRIC https://www.mdpi.com/20 ELASTOMER (DE) 76-3417/10/2/640 APPLICATION https://www.mdpi.com/20 76-3417/10/2/640 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION FOR ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS 1. Electromagnetic Induction Generators: When a conductor moves through a magnetic field, an electromotive force (EMF) is induced in the conductor. This principle is used in generators to convert mechanical energy (rotation) into electrical energy. Motors: The reverse of this principle is used in motors. When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force that causes it to move. 2. LORENTZ FORCE  Motors: The Lorentz force, which is the force exerted on a charged particle moving in a magnetic field, is the underlying principle behind many types of motors. When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, the charges within the conductor experience a force that causes the conductor to move. 3. ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION AND REPULSION  Electrostatic Actuators: These devices utilize the electrostatic force between charged plates. By applying a voltage to the plates, they can be made to attract or repel each other, causing mechanical movement. a piezoelectric material can cause it to deform mechanically. 4. MAGNETOSTRICTION  Magnetostrictive Transducers: These transducers exploit the phenomenon of magnetostriction, where a material changes its shape when subjected to a magnetic field. By applying a magnetic field to a magnetostrictive material, it can be made to expand or contract, producing mechanical motion. 5. PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT  Piezoelectric Transducers: Although primarily classified as piezoelectric transducers, they can also be considered electromechanical transducers. The piezoelectric effect involves the generation of an electrical charge when a piezoelectric material is subjected to mechanical stress. Conversely, applying an electrical voltage to a piezoelectric material can cause it to deform mechanically. In conclusion, transducers play a vital role in modern energy systems, enabling efficient energy conversion, monitoring, control, and harvesting. Their versatility and adaptability make them indispensable components in various energy applications.