Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration_202409070911_26478.pdf

Drug Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration by Fatimae Mariano, MSPharm preencoded.png Objectives: Differentiate various types of drug dosage forms Explain the different routes of drug administration pr...

Drug Dosage Forms and Routes of Administration by Fatimae Mariano, MSPharm preencoded.png Objectives: Differentiate various types of drug dosage forms Explain the different routes of drug administration preencoded.png Drug Dosage Forms: An Overview A drug dosage form is the physical form in which a medication is presented for administration. It can significantly influence the rate and extent of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. A dosage form is typically composed of a drug substance and various excipients. These excipients serve a variety of functions to enhance FM the formulation's physical, chemical, and therapeutic properties. preencoded.png Drug Dosage Forms Solid dosage forms: Tablets Capsules Powders Granules Liquid dosage forms: Solutions Syrups Suspensions Emulsions Semisolid dosage forms: Creams Ointments FM Gels Pastes Other dosage forms: Suppositories Inhalations Patches preencoded.png Solid Dosage Forms 1 Tablets 2 Capsules 3 Powders 4 Granules preencoded.png Solid Dosage Forms 1 Tablets Tablets are compressed solid dosage forms containing medicinal substances. They are often coated to mask taste, protect the drug, or control release. Classified based on form and mechanisms of release. preencoded.png  Solid Dosage Forms: Tablets (based on form) Regular Tablet Sugar-Coated Tablet Film-Coated Tablet The most common type, Coated with a sugar layer for Coated with a thin film for a typically round or oval, and better taste and ease of smooth finish and controlled swallowed whole. swallowing. release. preencoded.png  Solid Dosage Forms: Tablets (based on form) Enteric-Coated Tablet Effervescent Tablet Coated with a material that dissolves Dissolve in water to create a fizzy drink, in the intestines, protecting the often used for antacids or vitamins. stomach from irritation. preencoded.png  Solid Dosage Forms: Tablets (based on release mechanism) Immediate-Release Tablet Extended-Release Tablet Delayed-Release Tablet Release the active ingredient Release the active ingredient Release the active ingredient at immediately. over an extended period. a specific time after ingestion. preencoded.png Solid Dosage Forms 2 Capsules Capsules are another common form of medication. They are typically made of gelatin or other edible materials and contain a powdered or liquid medication. Two types of Capsules: Hard-gel capsules Soft-gel capsules preencoded.png  Solid Dosage Forms: Capsules Hard-gel Capsules Soft-gel Capsules The most common type, consisting of Made from a single piece of soft gelatin, a body and a cap that fit together. often containing a liquid or semi-solid medication. preencoded.png Solid Dosage Forms 3 Powders Powders are finely ground medicinal substances. They are usually mixed with diluents and taken orally, or sometimes applied topically. preencoded.png Solid Dosage Forms 4 Granules Granules are small, spherical particles (larger than powders) that contain a medication. Drug granules are a versatile dosage form that can be used for a wide range of medications. preencoded.png  Liquid Dosage Forms Solutions Syrups Solutions are liquid preparations where the drug is completely Syrups are concentrated sugar solutions containing a dissolved in a solvent, usually water or alcohol. They are medicinal substance. They are sweet and viscous, making readily absorbed and administered orally or parenterally. them palatable, especially for children. preencoded.png Liquid Dosage Forms Emulsions Suspensions A liquid containing two immiscible liquids (e.g., oil and water) Suspensions are liquid dosage forms where the drug is finely that are stabilized by an emulsifier. Intended for injection or dispersed in a liquid vehicle. The drug particles are not infusion. Examples include lipid emulsions used for parenteral dissolved but remain suspended, requiring shaking before nutrition. administration. preencoded.png Semisolid Dosage Forms Creams Ointments Creams are semisolid emulsions Ointments are semisolid containing both oil and water preparations consisting of a base, phases. They are usually lighter usually petroleum jelly, containing a than ointments and contain active medicinal substance. They are ingredients to treat various skin occlusive, meaning they form a conditions. barrier on the skin. Gels Pastes Gels are semisolid dosage forms Pastes are thick, stiff semisolid consisting of a drug dispersed in a preparations containing a large gel-forming agent. They are often amount of powder in a base. They used to relieve itching, burning, or are often used to prevent skin pain. contact with irritants or allergens. preencoded.png Other Dosage Forms: Spray 1 Nasal Sprays Used to treat nasal congestion, allergies, and sinus infections. It contains various active ingredients, such as antihistamines, decongestants, corticosteroids, and saline. 2 Oral Sprays Used to deliver medications to the mouth and throat. Common uses include treating sore throats, mouth ulcers, and oral infections. 3 Aerosol Sprays Contain a propellant that forces the medication out of the container in a fine mist.Used for both topical and inhalation applications. preencoded.png Mouthwash and Gargles Mouthwash and gargle are both used for oral hygiene, but they have some key differences: 1 Mouthwash Primarily used to clean the mouth, freshen breath, and kill bacteria. Swished around the mouth for a specific amount of time and then spit out. Typically contains antibacterial agents, flavorings, and coloring agents. 3 Gargle Primarily used to reach the back of the throat and kill bacteria that can cause infections. Swished around the throat and mouth, then spit out. Often contains antibacterial agents and may also contain ingredients to soothe sore throats or reduce inflammation. preencoded.png Transdermal Dosage Forms Skin Penetration Controlled Release Transdermal patches deliver Patches provide a sustained and medication through the skin into the controlled release of medication over bloodstream, bypassing the a specific period of time. digestive system. Convenience Non-Invasive Patches are easy to apply and Transdermal patches are non- remove, making them a convenient invasive, avoiding the need for dosage form for long-term therapy. injections or oral administration. preencoded.png Lozenges Lozenges are a type of oral dosage form that is designed to dissolve slowly in the mouth. They typically contain a drug or active ingredient released over an extended period, allowing for sustained therapeutic effects. preencoded.png Conclusion and Key Takeaways Dosage forms are essential for delivering medications to patients safely and effectively. Understanding the different types of dosage forms is crucial for healthcare professionals to ensure that medications are appropriately administered and achieve the desired therapeutic outcome. preencoded.png Routes of Drug Administration Route of drug administration refers to the method by which a medication is introduced into the body. The choice of route can significantly affect the rate and extent of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. preencoded.png Oral Route The oral route involves swallowing medication in tablet, capsule, or liquid form. 1 Advantages 2 Disadvantages 3 Examples Ease of administration and Potential for gastrointestinal side Pain relievers, antibiotics, and convenience for patients. effects and variable absorption. vitamins. preencoded.png Sublingual and Buccal Routes These routes involve placing medication under the tongue (sublingual) or between the cheek and gum (buccal). Sublingual Buccal Rapid absorption into the bloodstream, bypassing the Slower absorption than sublingual, but provides sustained digestive system. release of medication. preencoded.png Topical Route This route involves applying medication directly to the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes. 1 Advantages 2 Disadvantages Direct application to the Potential for skin irritation or affected area, minimizing allergic reactions. systemic side effects. 3 Examples Lotions, creams, ointments, and sprays. preencoded.png Transdermal Route This route involves applying medication to the skin via a patch that releases medication over time. Advantages Disadvantages Provides sustained release of Skin irritation or allergic medication, avoiding frequent reactions, and potential for doses. medication interactions. Examples Nicotine patches, pain relief patches, and hormone replacement therapy patches. preencoded.png Parenteral Route This route involves injecting medication directly into the body, bypassing the digestive system. Intravenous (IV) Injection directly into a vein, for rapid absorption and immediate effect. Intramuscular (IM) Injection into a muscle, for slower absorption and sustained effect. Subcutaneous (SC) Injection into the fatty layer beneath the skin, for slow and steady absorption. preencoded.png Inhalation Route This route involves inhaling medication in gaseous or aerosolized form, directly into the lungs. 1 Advantages 2 Disadvantages 3 Examples Rapid absorption and direct Potential for respiratory irritation Asthma inhalers, bronchodilators, delivery to the respiratory system. or side effects. and nebulizer medications. preencoded.png Nasal Route This route involves administering medication into the nasal cavity, either as a spray or drops. Advantages Disadvantages Rapid absorption and direct Potential for nasal irritation, delivery to the nasal passages allergic reactions, and limited and sinuses. absorption for systemic effects. Examples Nasal decongestants, and corticosteroids. preencoded.png Rectal Route This route involves administering medication in suppository form, into the rectum. 1 Advantages 2 Disadvantages Avoids first-pass Can be uncomfortable or metabolism in the liver, for embarrassing for patients. systemic effects. 3 Examples Pain relievers, anti-nausea medications, and laxatives. preencoded.png Conclusion and Key Takeaways Drug administration methods vary based on the medication, desired effect, and patient's condition. Route Advantages Disadvantages Oral Convenience, ease of Gastrointestinal side administration. effects, variable absorption. Parenteral Rapid absorption, Pain, risk of infection, avoids first-pass skilled administration metabolism. required. Topical Direct application, Skin irritation, allergic minimizes systemic reactions, limited side effects. absorption. preencoded.png End of Topic 2 Thank you. preencoded.png