Domain 6 K3 societal issues involving use of animals c. philosophy and ethics of animal use d.pdf

Domain 6: K3 societal issues involving use of animals c. philosophy and ethics of animal use d. history and value of animal research Monday, November 20, 2023 2:38 PM BB: Ch1 pp1‐10, 17‐20; Ch. 34 pp1505‐1526; Ch. 39 pp1653‐1656, 1660‐1669. The Guide: p4; The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea pig.... Ch....

Domain 6: K3 societal issues involving use of animals c. philosophy and ethics of animal use d. history and value of animal research Monday, November 20, 2023 2:38 PM BB: Ch1 pp1‐10, 17‐20; Ch. 34 pp1505‐1526; Ch. 39 pp1653‐1656, 1660‐1669. The Guide: p4; The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea pig.... Ch. 1 p3‐20 BB CH1 1‐10: • Claude Bernard= founder of experimental medicine. Uuuy777J. Fox, L. Anderson, G. Otto, K. Pritchett‐Corning, M. Whary, editors, 2015. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 3rd edition. Elsevier, London, UK, San Diego, CA, Waltham, MA. Chapter 1 Laboratory Animal Medicine: Historical Perspectives, pp. 1‐22 QUESTIONS: □ • Dr. Cooper Curtice‐ arthropods carry diseases □ • Simon D. Brimhall, VMD first lab animal vet • Nathan Brewer, first president of AALAS • Bennett Cohen‐ one of 5 founders of ACP. first secretary • Thomas Clarkson‐ veterinary pioneer in comparative medicine and womens health 4.  AVMA animal welfare principles 1. the responsible use of animals for human purposes, such as companionship, food, fiber, recreation, work, education, exhibition, and research conducted for the benefit of both humans and animals, is consistent with the Veterinarian's Oath 2. Decisions regarding animal care, use, and welfare shall be made by balancing scientific knowledge and professional judgment with consideration of ethical and societal values. 3. Animals must be provided water, food, proper handling, health care, and an environment appropriate to their care and use, with thoughtful consideration for their species‐typical biology and behavior 4. Animals should be cared for in ways that minimize fear, pain, stress, and suffering. 5. Procedures related to animal housing, management, care, and use should be continuously evaluated, and when indicated, refined or replaced 6. Conservation and management of animal populations should be humane, socially responsible, and scientifically prudent. 7. Animals shall be treated with respect and dignity throughout their lives and, when necessary, provided a humane death 8. The veterinary profession shall continually strive to improve animal health and welfare through scientific research, education, collaboration, advocacy, and the development of legislation and regulations. Animal Welfare‐ A Historical and philosophical perspective • The first legislation which represented a concern for animals in research was the Cruelty to Boards Prep Page 1 ___________ refers to the scientific study of animals, for the purpose of gaining 1. new biological knowledge or solving specific medical, veterinary medical, dental, or biological problems. a. Animal experimentation: The scientific study of animals for the purpose of gaining new biological knowledge or solving specific medical, veterinary medical, dental, or biological problems b. Laboratory animal care: The application of veterinary medicine and animal science to the acquisition of laboratory animals and to their management, nutrition, breeding, and disease. Laboratory animal medicine: the specialty field within veterinary medicine that is c. concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in animals used as subjects in biomedical activities d. Comparative medicine: the study of the nature, cause and cure of abnormal structure and function in people, animals and plants for the eventual application to and benefit of all living things. 2. ___________ is the application of veterinary medicine and animal science to the acquisition of laboratory animals and to their management, nutrition, breeding, and diseases. a. Animal experimentation: the scientific study of animals for the purpose of gaining new biological knowledge or solving specific medical, veterinary medical, dental, or biological problems b. Laboratory animal care: The application of veterinary medicine and animal science to the acquisition of laboratory animals and to their management, nutrition, breeding, and disease. c. Laboratory animal medicine: the specialty field within veterinary medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in animals used as subjects in biomedical activities d. Comparative medicine: the study of the nature, cause and cure of abnormal structure and function in people, animals, and plants for the eventual application to and benefit of all living things. 3. ____________ is recognized by the AVMA as the specialty field within veterinary medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in animals used as subjects in biomedical activities. a. Animal experimentation: the scientific study of animals for the purpose of gaining new biological knowledge or solving specific medical, veterinary medical, dental, or biological problems b. Laboratory animal care: the application of veterinary medicine and animal science to the acquisition of laboratory animals and to their management, nutrition, breeding, and disease c. Laboratory animal medicine: the specialty field within veterinary medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in animals used as subjects in biomedical activities. d. Comparative medicine: the study of the nature, cause, and cure of abnormal structure and function in people, animals, and plants for the eventual application to and benefit of all living things _____________ is “the study of the nature, cause, and cure of abnormal structure and function in people, animals, and plants for the eventual application to and benefit of all all living things.” a. Animal experimentation: the scientific study of animals for the purpose of gaining new biological knowledge or solving specific medical, veterinary medical, dental, or biological problems b. Laboratory animal care: the application of veterinary medicine and animal science to the acquisition of laboratory animals and to their management, nutrition, breeding, and disease c. Laboratory animal medicine: the specialty field within veterinary medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in animals used as subjects in biomedical activities d. Comparative medicine: the study of the nature, cause, and cure of abnormal structure and function in people, animals, and plants for the eventual application to and benefit of all living things ____________ is the body of scientific and technical information, knowledge, and 5. skills that bears on both laboratory animal care and laboratory animal medicine. a. Animal experimentation: the scientific study of animals for the purpose of gaining new biological knowledge or solving specific medical, veterinary medical, dental, or biological problems b. Laboratory animal science: the body of scientific and technical information, knowledge, and skill that bears on both laboratory animal care and laboratory animal medicine c. Comparative medicine: the study of the nature, cause, and cure of abnormal structure and function in people, animals, and plants for the eventual application to and benefit of all living things d. Laboratory animal medicine: the specialty field within veterinary medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in animals used as subjects in biomedical activities 6. ____________ is characterized as the founder of biology, and was the first to conduct dissections that revealed internal differences among animals. a. Aristotle‐ father of biology and first to conduct dissections that revealed internal differences among animals used as subjects in biomedical activities 6. ____________ is characterized as the founder of biology, and was the first to conduct dissections that revealed internal differences among animals. a. Aristotle‐ father of biology and first to conduct dissections that revealed internal differences among animals b. Erasistratus‐ probably the first to perform experiments on living animals. Established that the trachea was an air tube and the lungs were pneumatic from pigs c. Galen‐ performed anatomical dissections of pigs, monkeys, and many other species d. Andreas Vesalius‐ father of modern anatomy regulations. Animal Welfare‐ A Historical and philosophical perspective • The first legislation which represented a concern for animals in research was the Cruelty to Animals Act (1876) in Great Britain ○ Licensed researcher using animals with a focus on painful research and the use of anesthesia • Five freedoms ○ Brambell ○ UK Farm Animal Welfare Advisory Council ○ 1979 ○ Freedom from hunger and thirst  By assuring ready access to fresh water and a diet sufficient to maintain full health and vigor ○ Freedom from discomfort  By providing an environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area ○ Freedom from pain, injury, and disease  By preventive means or rapid diagnosis and treatment ○ Freedom to express normal and natural behavior  By providing sufficient space, proper facilities, and company of the animal's own kind ○ Freedom from fear and distress  by ensuring conditions that avoid mental suffering • 1979 IACUCs required • 195 singer‐ speciesism Table 39.3 Indicators of Pain in Several Common Laboratory Animals Species General Behavior Appearance Other Rodent Decreased activity; excessive licking and s scratching; self‐mutilation; may be unusually aggressive; abnormal locomotion (stumbling; falling); writhing; does not make nest; hiding Piloerection; rough/stained haircoat; abnormal stance or arched back; porphyrin staining (rats) Rapid, shallow respiration; decreased food/water consumption; tremors Rabbits Head pressing; teeth grinding; may become more aggressive; increased vocalizations; excessive licking and scratching; reluctant to locomote Excessive salivation; hunched posture Rapid, shallow respiration; decreased food/water consumption • Footpad injection (for tumors), which has be traditionally used to potentiate lymphatic dissemination, is unacceptable without exceptional scientific justification and should then only involve a single paw. • The deprivation of food and water is considered to be a procedure that may cause pain and distress, and the use of a highly preferred food or the least restriction necessary is encouraged The Guide endorses the responsibilities of investigators as stated in the US Government Principles for Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training.  US Interagency Research Animal Committee (IRAC) 1. The transportation, care, and use of animals should be in accordance with the AWA and other applicable Federal law, guidelines, and policies 2. Procedures involving animals should be designed and performed with due consideration of their relevance to human or animal health, the advancement of knowledge, or the good of society 3. The animals selected for a procedure should be of an appropriate species and quality and the minimum number required to obtain valid results. Methods such as mathematical models, computer simulation, and in vitro biological systems should be considered 4. Proper use of animals, including the avoidance or minimization of discomfort, distress, and pain when consistent with sound scientific practices, is imperative. Unless the contrary is established, investigators should consider that procedures that cause pain or distress in human beings may cause pain or distress in other animals 5. Procedures with animals that may cause more than momentary or slight pain or distress should be performed with appropriate sedation, analgesia, or anesthesia. Surgical or other painful procedures should not be performed on unanesthetized animals paralyzed by chemical agents 6. Animals that would otherwise suffer severe or chronic pain or distress that cannot be relieved should be painlessly killed at the end of the procedure or, if appropriate, during the procedure. 7. The living conditions of animals should be appropriate for their species and contribute to their health and comfort. Normally, the housing, feeding, and care of all animals used for biomedical purposes must be directed by a veterinarian or other scientist trained and experienced in the proper care, handling, and use of the species being maintained or studied. In any case, veterinary care shall be provided as indicated. 8. Investigators and other personnel shall be appropriately qualified and experienced for conducting procedures on living animals. Adequate arrangements shall be made for their in‐ service training, including the proper and humane care and use of laboratory animals. 9. Where exceptions are required in relation to the provisions of these Principles, the decisions should not rest with the investigators directly concerned but should be made, with due regard to Principle 2, by an appropriate review group such as an IACUC. Such exceptions should not be made solely for the purposes of teaching or demonstration • Deontology: based upon the idea of right and wrong • Utilitarian: looks at the consequences of actions to determine which actions are good and which are bad. Example of action‐oriented ethical theories. Teleological. • PHS Policy contains language regarding minimizing distress, pain, discomfort, use of appropriate anesthesia, and the use of humane endpoints • Toe‐clipping is an invasive method of identification. It should be used only when no other individual method is feasible. It may be the preferred method for neonatal mice up to 7 days of age, especially if dually used for genotyping. Aseptic practices should be followed. Use of anesthesia or analgesia should be commensurate with age. ○ In the guide and in the rabbit gpig book • 2mm of tail tissue before 17d old unless anesthesia or analgesia is provided Boards Prep Page 2 7. _____________ was probably the first to perform experiments on living animals; he established in pigs that the trachea was as an air tube and the lungs were pneumatic organs. a. Aristotle‐ father of biology and first to conduct dissections that revealed internal differences among animals b. Erasistratus: probably the first to perform experiments on living animals. Established that the trachea was an air tube and the lungs were pneumatic from pigs c. Galen‐ performed anatomical dissections of pigs, monkeys, and many other species d. Andreas Vesalius‐ father of modern anatomy 8. _____________ performed anatomical dissections of pigs, monkeys, and many other species. a. Aristotle‐ father of biology and first to conduct dissections that revealed internal differences among animals b. Erasistratus‐ probably the first to perform experiments on living animals. Established that the trachea was an air tube and the lungs were pneumatic from pigs c. Galen‐ performed anatomical dissections of pigs, monkeys, and many other species d. Andreas Vesalius‐ father of modern anatomy 9. _____________ was the founder of modern anatomy. a. Aristotle‐ father of biology and the first to conduct dissections that revealed internal differences among animals b. Erasistratus= probably the first to perform experiments on living animals. Established that the trachea was an air tube and the lungs were pneumatic from pigs c. Galen= performed anatomical dissections of pigs, monkeys, and many other species d. Andreas Vesalius= father of modern anatomy 10. _____________ is often referred to as the founder of experimental medicine. a. Claude Bernard= founder of experimental medicine b. D.E. Salmon‐ recipient of the first DVM degree in US c. Cooper Curtice‐ demonstrated arthropods carry mammalian diseases d. William H. Welch‐ physician who was the first to publish a paper from Johns Hopkins entitled Preliminary Report of Investigations Concerning Hog Cholera 11. _____________ was the recipient of the first DVM degree awarded in the US. a. Claude Bernard‐ founder of experiment medicine b. D.E. Salmon‐ recipient of the first DVM degree in US c. Cooper Curtice‐ demonstrated arthropods carry mammalian diseases d. William H. Welch‐ physician who was the first to publish a paper from Johns Hopkins entitled Preliminary Report of Investigations Concerning Hog Cholera 12. The first Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) was established in ______________. a. United States b. Switzerland England c. d. Germany ______________ was the first veterinarian to fill a position in laboratory animal 13. medicine at an American medical research institution. a. Dr. Carl F. Schlotthauer‐ first veterinarian to attain full professorship for laboratory animal medicine‐related academic activities Dr. Simon D. Brimhall‐ first veterinarian to fill a position in laboratory b. animal medicine at an American medical research institution c. Dr. Nathan R. Brewer‐ founder of ACP/AALAS and its first president d. Dr. Bennett Cohen‐ chaired the National Academy of Sciences committee that wrote the first edition of the Guide, also founded the Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine at the University of Michigan 14. ______________ was the first veterinarian to attain full professorship for laboratory animal medicine‐related academic activities. a. Dr. Carl F. Schlotthauer‐ the first veterinarian to attain full professorship for laboratory animal medicine‐related academic activities b. Dr. Simon D. Brimhall‐ the first veterinarian to fill a position in laboratory animal medicine at an American medical research institution c. Dr. Nathan R. Brewer‐ founder of ACP/AALAS and its first president d. Dr. Bennett Cohen‐ chaired the National Academy of Sciences committee that wrote the first edition of the Guide, also founded the Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine at the University of Michigan 15. _____________ was a founder of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, and was the first president of AALAS. a. Dr. Carl F. Schlotthauer‐ the first veterinarian to attain full professorship for laboratory animal medicine‐related academic activities b. Dr. Simon D. Brimhall‐ the first veterinarian to fill a position in laboratory animal medicine at an American medical research institution c. Dr. Nathan R. Brewer‐ founder of ACP/AALAS and its first president d. Dr. Bennett Cohen‐ chaired the National Academy of Sciences committee that wrote the first edition of the Guide, also founded the Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine at the University of Michigan 16. ________________ chaired the National Academy of Sciences committee that wrote the first edition of the document that later became The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals; he also founded the Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine at the University of Michigan. a Dr Carl F Schlotthauer the first veterinarian to attain full professorship age, especially if dually used for genotyping. Aseptic practices should be followed. Use of anesthesia or analgesia should be commensurate with age. ○ In the guide and in the rabbit gpig book • 2mm of tail tissue before 17d old unless anesthesia or analgesia is provided • The intentional use of death as an endpoint is unacceptable and animals should not be allowed to become moribund unless strong scientific justification is provided • The neurologic development necessary for the conscious perception of pain occurs at about 80% of the pregnancy time progression. A study showed that rat fetuses respond to pain stimuli FD19, thus the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neuroscience and Behavioral Research advises anesthesia for potentially painful procedures in late‐term fetuses (FD19‐20) • Neonatal physiological differences: ○ BBB permeability; immature hepatobiliary system impacting on drug metabolism, hypoxia‐ induced bradycardia. • Hypothermia safe as sole method of analgesia for altricial rodents up to 7d ○ Rapid cooling of unprotected flesh painful • Food and water deprivation (beyond that necessary for normal presurgical preparation) is considered to be a procedure that may cause pain or distress. ○ Conditioned‐response research protocol‐ use of highly preferred food or fluid as positive reinforcement, instead of restriction, is recommended. ○ If restriction is necessary, it is recommended to use the least restriction necessary to achieve the scientific objective while maintaining animal wellbeing. ○ Schedule access vs restriction ○ Requires the evaluation of three factors: the necessary level of regulation, potential adverse consequences of regulation, and methods for assessing the health and well‐being of animals y g 16. ________________ chaired the National Academy of Sciences committee that wrote the first edition of the document that later became The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals; he also founded the Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine at the University of Michigan. a. Dr. Carl F. Schlotthauer‐ the first veterinarian to attain full professorship for laboratory animal medicine‐related academic activities b. Dr. Simon D. Brimhall‐ the first veterinary to fill a position in laboratory animal medicine at an American medical research institute c. Dr. Nathan R. Brewer‐ founder of ACP/AALAS and its first president d. Dr. Bennett Cohen‐ chaired the National Academy of Sciences committee that wrote the first edition of the Guide, also founded Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine at the University of Michigan 17. ______________ pioneered the concept of the development of disease‐free animal colonies long before gnotobiotic technology had evolved. a. Dr. Charles A. Griffin‐ pioneered the concept of the development of disease‐free animal colonies long before gnotobiotic technology had evolved b. Dr. Thomas Clarkson‐ pioneer in comparative medicine and women's health c. Dr. Karl F. Meyer‐ authored early reviews on lab animal diseases and helped establish statewide veterinarian at UCSF d. Dr. John G. Hardenbergh‐ succeeded Brimhall at the Mayo Clinic for 5 years 18. The Animal Care Panel (ACP) became which of the following organizations? a. ASLAP b. APV c. AALAS d. ACLAM ____________ is a pioneer in comparative medicine and women’s health and is 19. one among a few veterinarians who have been elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Science. a. Dr. Charles A. Griffin‐ pioneers the concept of the development of disease‐ free animal colonies long before gnotobiotic technology had evolved b. Dr. Thomas Clarkson‐ pioneer in comparative medicine and women's health c. Dr. Karl F. Meyer‐ authored early reviews on lab animal diseases and helped establish statewide veterinarian at UCSF d. Dr. John G. Hardenbergh‐ succeeded Brimhall at the Mayo Clinic for 5 years 20. Which of the following was created in 1946 by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) to counter antiscience activities and to promote better public understanding of the needs and accomplishments of animal experimentation? a. National Society for Medical Research (NSMR) b. Orphans of the Storm c. American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS) d. Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) 21. In the 1980s, the National Society for Medical Research merged with the Association for Biomedical Research to become__________. a. AALAS b. APV c. NABR d. ILAR 22. ____________ is a private organization with a federal charter. Since 1863, it has been a principal advisor to the federal government on matters related to science and science policy. a. NIH b. NAS c. AALAS d. ILAR 23 ______________ founded the Jackson Laboratory. a. Dr. Orson Eaton b. Dr. Robert H. Yager c. Dr. Clarence Cook Little d. Dr. Paul Weiss 24. a ______________ is recognized as a Constituent Allied Veterinary Organization and has seat in the AVMA House of Delegates. a. ACLAM b. APV c. ASLAP d. ILAR 25. The International Association of Colleges of Laboratory Animal Medicine (IACLAM) includes which of the following associations? American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine a. b. European College of Laboratory Animal Medicine c. Japanese College of Laboratory Animal Medicine d. Korean College of Laboratory Animal Medicine e. All of the above 26. Where was the first training program in laboratory animal medicine established? a. Bowman Gray Medical School b. UCLA Medical School c. University of Michigan d. Tulane University 27. Which of the following is the rabbit mite? a. Eimeria stiedae b. Encephalitozoon cuniculi c. Psoroptes cuniculi d. Taenia pisiformis 28. What year did Congress pass the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act? a. 1966 b. 1976 c. 1986 Boards Prep Page 3 29. d. 1996 Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act of the United Kingdom? a. The act requires a personal license for those who carry out procedures on animals b. Veterinarians have legal standing under the act c. The act requires a project license for the program of work d. The act requires an establishment license for the place where the work is done 30. Which of the following is TRUE regarding animal use in Canada? a. Use of animals is not specifically regulated by federal law b. The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) was established by major agencies that fund animal research c. CCAC assesses animal care in Canadian research labs based on the Guide standards d. All of the above ANSWERS: 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. b 6. a 7. b 8. c 9. d 10. a 11. b 12. c 13. b 14. a 15. c 16. d 17. a 18. c 19. b 20. a 21. c 22. b 23. c 24. c 25. e 26. a 27. c 28. a 29. b 30. d Boards Prep Page 4