Dictionary of Terminology and Technical Words PDF

Dictionary of terminology and technical words Term (English) Definition (English) Example (English) Term (Arabic) The application of chemistry to the Forensic chemistry helps Forensic Chemistry investigation of crime, f...

Dictionary of terminology and technical words Term (English) Definition (English) Example (English) Term (Arabic) The application of chemistry to the Forensic chemistry helps Forensic Chemistry investigation of crime, focusing on the identify substances found ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ analysis of evidence. at crime scenes. The study of the effects of chemicals on Toxicology reports Toxicology living organisms, particularly in relation determine if substances ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ‬ to poisoning and drug use. caused death. Small quantities of material found at a Hair, fibers, and paint are Trace Evidence crime scene that can provide examples of trace ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ investigative leads. evidence. The study of the motion, behavior, and Ballistics analysis can link a Ballistics effects of projectiles, particularly bullets, ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺬﻭﻓﺎﺕ‬ bullet to a specific firearm. in criminal investigations. Chromatography is used to A laboratory technique for separating Chromatography analyze ink from a forged ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ‬ mixtures into their components. document. The study of the interaction between Spectroscopy helps identify Spectroscopy matter and electromagnetic radiation to chemical compounds in a ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ analyze substances. sample. Fingerprint analysis is Fingerprint The examination of fingerprint patterns crucial in solving many ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﺼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ‬ Analysis to identify individuals. criminal cases. A technique used to identify individuals DNA profiling can confirm DNA Profiling based on their unique DNA or exclude suspects in a ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ‬ characteristics. crime. The process of collecting, preserving, CSI teams follow protocols Crime Scene and analyzing evidence from a crime to ensure evidence ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ Investigation scene. integrity. Chemical analysis can The process of identifying the chemical reveal the presence of Chemical Analysis composition of substances to provide ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ drugs in a suspect's evidence in criminal cases. possession.  Term (English) Definition (English) Example (English) Term (Arabic) The examination of fire scenes to Arson investigators look for Arson determine the cause and origin of a fire, accelerants to establish if a ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤﺪﺓ‬ Investigation often involving chemical analysis. fire was intentional. The examination of materials to detect Explosive residue analysis Explosive Residue traces of explosives, often used in can identify the type of ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺠﺮﺍﺕ‬ Analysis bombing investigations. bomb used in an attack. The study of bodily fluids, such as blood Serology can confirm the Serology and saliva, to identify individuals or presence of blood at a ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺮﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ determine the presence of substances. crime scene. The study of how drugs affect living Pharmacology helps Pharmacology organisms, crucial in cases involving understand the effects of ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ‬ drug-related crimes. substances on suspects. Substances that can cause harm or Identifying chemical Chemical death to living organisms, important in toxicants can help ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ Toxicants cases of poisoning. determine cause of death. A method of separating and analyzing Gas chromatography is Gas compounds that can vaporize, often used to test for alcohol in ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ‬ Chromatography used in toxicology and drug testing. blood samples. Blood spatter analysis can Blood Spatter The examination of blood patterns at a indicate the position of a ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ Analysis crime scene to reconstruct events. victim during an attack. A postmortem examination to An autopsy can reveal determine the cause of death, often Autopsy poisoning as a cause of ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺜﺔ‬ involving chemical analysis of bodily death. tissues. The examination of the unique patterns Friction ridge analysis is Friction Ridge of ridges on fingers, palms, and soles for used to confirm identities ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬ Analysis identification. based on fingerprints. The study of contamination in the Environmental forensics Environmental environment to identify sources and can trace pollutants back to ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬ Forensics impacts, often linked to criminal activity. their source. Field Testing On-site tests conducted to quickly Field testing can provide ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬ identify substances, often used in drug immediate results for  Term (English) Definition (English) Example (English) Term (Arabic) investigations. suspected narcotics. The study of microbial organisms to link Microbial forensics can link Microbial them to specific environments or events a suspect to a crime scene ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ‬ Forensics in criminal cases. through unique bacteria. The analysis of documents to identify Document examination can Document forgeries or alterations, often involving reveal ink differences in ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ‬ Examination chemical techniques. counterfeit currency. The relationship between cause and Establishing causation is effect, crucial in establishing links Causation key in proving liability in a ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ‬ between actions and outcomes in criminal case. criminal investigations. A clear chain of custody The process of maintaining and ensures that evidence Chain of Custody documenting the handling of evidence ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺯﺓ‬ remains admissible in to preserve its integrity. court. Latent print development Latent Print Techniques used to make invisible reveals prints that were ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﻴﺔ‬ Development fingerprints visible for analysis. otherwise undetectable. Unwanted substances that can interfere Contaminants must be Contaminants with the analysis of evidence, crucial to minimized to ensure ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ‬ avoid in forensic investigations. accurate results in testing. Methods used to protect and maintain Proper evidence Evidence evidence from contamination or preservation is essential for ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ‬ Preservation degradation. a successful investigation. Understanding chemical Processes that involve the Chemical reactions helps forensic transformation of substances, important ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ Reactions chemists analyze in analyzing crime scene evidence. substances. The process of recreating the events of a Crime scene reconstruction Crime Scene crime based on evidence collected at can help establish timelines ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻳﻤﺔ‬ Reconstruction the scene. and sequences of events. Inductively ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ An analytical technique used to detect ICP-MS is used in forensic Coupled Plasma ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‬ metals and several non-metals at low analysis to measure trace Mass  Term (English) Definition (English) Example (English) Term (Arabic) Spectrometry (ICP- concentrations. elements in samples. MS) Chemical fingerprinting can A technique used to identify and Chemical distinguish between characterize substances based on their ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ Fingerprinting different brands of chemical composition. gasoline. The examination of soil samples to Soil analysis can reveal Soil Analysis detect contaminants and link them to traces of illegal drugs ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬ criminal activities. buried at a site. The evaluation of protective masks used Gas mask testing is crucial in environments with toxic gases, Gas Mask Testing for first responders in ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻗﻨﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ensuring they provide adequate chemical attack scenarios. protection. A difference in the concentration of a The concentration gradient Concentration substance across a space, affecting how influences how drugs ‫ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ Gradient substances move in biological and diffuse through cell chemical processes. membranes. The measurement of heat changes in Calorimetry can indicate chemical reactions, useful for the presence of an Calorimetry ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬ determining the energy involved in a exothermic reaction at a reaction. crime scene. The branch of science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical Metallurgy helps analyze Metallurgy behavior of metallic elements, their metals found in bullets and ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ intermetallic compounds, and their other forensic evidence. mixtures. Radiochemical analysis can The study of radioactive materials to Radiochemical help trace radioactive identify their sources and applications in ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ Analysis substances used in illegal forensic investigations. activities. pH analysis can help The determination of the acidity or identify unknown liquids pH Analysis alkalinity of a substance, important in ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻲ‬ found during an identifying substances at crime scenes. investigation.  Term (English) Definition (English) Example (English) Term (Arabic) A technique that captures and analyzes Spectral imaging can be the spectrum of light reflected from or used to analyze documents Spectral Imaging ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ‬ transmitted through an object to for hidden inks or identify its composition. alterations. Toxic chemicals used in warfare to harm Identifying chemical Chemical Warfare or kill, often analyzed in forensic warfare agents is crucial for ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ Agents investigations. counter-terrorism efforts. A technique used to amplify DNA, PCR is commonly used to Polymerase Chain making it easier to analyze in forensic generate enough DNA from ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬ Reaction (PCR) investigations. a small sample for analysis. A technique that uses fluorescence to Fluorescence microscopy Fluorescence visualize biological specimens, often can reveal the presence of ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﻱ‬ Microscopy used to identify substances in forensic specific proteins in blood samples. samples. The use of microscopes to observe small Microscopy allows forensic Microscopy objects, essential for analyzing trace scientists to examine hair ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏ‬ evidence and biological samples. and fibers in detail. Forensic entomology can The study of insects, which can provide help estimate the post- Entomology valuable information about time of ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬ mortem interval based on death in criminal investigations. insect activity. Friction ridge skin patterns The skin patterns on fingers and palms are unique to each Friction Ridge Skin ‫ﺟﻠﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬ used in fingerprint analysis. individual and used for identification. The rise of synthetic drugs Man-made substances that mimic the has created challenges in Synthetic Drugs effects of illegal drugs, often requiring ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ law enforcement and forensic analysis to identify. analysis. The concept that evidence is exchanged Trace evidence transfer is Trace Evidence between a suspect, victim, and crime the basis for collecting hair ‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ Transfer scene during a crime. and fiber evidence. Acid-Base Acid-base reactions can Chemical reactions that involve the ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬ Reactions help identify substances at transfer of protons between reactants, a crime scene through pH Term (English) Definition (English) Example (English) Term (Arabic) relevant in many forensic analyses. testing. The intersection of psychology and the Forensic psychology can Forensic legal system, focusing on understanding assist in profiling suspects ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻲ‬ Psychology criminal behavior and competency based on their behavior evaluations. patterns.