DENT 1111 Test 1 Review PDF

Q1. Directional terms of human body Anatomical (anatomic) Position Sagittal Planes - vertical plane parallel to midline that divides body from top to bottom into unequal left and right portions Midsagittal Planes 'median plane' - vertical plane that divides body into EQUAL left and right halves. Thi...

Q1. Directional terms of human body Anatomical (anatomic) Position Sagittal Planes - vertical plane parallel to midline that divides body from top to bottom into unequal left and right portions Midsagittal Planes 'median plane' - vertical plane that divides body into EQUAL left and right halves. Think down nose. Transverse Planes 'horizontal plane' - divides into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions Frontal Planes 'coronal plane' - any vertical at right angles to midsagittal plane dividing anterior and posterior halves Oblique Planes - divides body at an angle Q2. Functions of epithelial tissue is a covering for external and internal body surfaces some specialized epithelial tissue = fxn associated with skin colour, hair, nails, mucus production, and sweat regulation normal non-specialized epithelial cells purpose: 1. provide protection 2. produce secretions 3. regulate passage of material across tissue Q3. Function of body systems Skeletal system - 206 bones - protection, support and shape; storage of certain minerals muscular system - striated, smooth, cardiac muscles - holding body erect, locomotion, movement of body fluids, production of body heat and communication cardiovascular system - heart, arteries, veins, blood - respiratory, nutritive, excretory lymphatic system - wbc, lymph fluid, vessels, nodes, spleen, tonsils - defence against disease conservation ofplasma proteins and fluid nervous system - CNS, PNS, special senses - reception of stimuli, transmission of messages, coordinating mechanism digestive system - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs - digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste respiratory system - nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs - tansport oxygen to cells, excertion co2 and water wastes urinary system - kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra - formation and elimination of urine, maintain homeostasis integumentary system - skin, hair, nails, sweat glands - protect body, regulate body temperature endocrine system - adrenals, gonads, pancreas, parathyroid, pineal, pituitary, thymus, thyroid - integration of bodily functions control growth, maintain homeostasis reproductive system - testes, penis, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina - produce new life Q4. Three (3) different types of muscles 1. striated muscle - appendicular limb muscles 2. smooth muscle - Apical internal organs 3. cardiac muscle - heart Q5. Disease process/ Disorders of body systems skeletal system - Arthritis, sprain, gout: originates in big toe by increased uric acid muscular system - contusion, strain, sprain, muscular dystrophy respiratory system - tonsillitis, sinusitis, phargenitis digestive system - assembly line, through peristalsis - gastroesophageal reflux, peptic ulcer integumentary system - abscess, acne, eczema, basil cell carcinoma Cardiovascular system - endocarditis, heart failure, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy Q6. Dental developmental disturbances and stages of tooth development Dental developmental disturbances ameloblasts - initiation - remants of dentla lamina amelogenesis imperfecta - initiation - absence of tooth or teeth Anodontia - initiation stage - absence of single or multiple teeth supernumerary teeth - initiation stage - development of one or more extra teeth macrodontia/ microdontia - bud stage - abnormally large or small teeth dens in dente - cap stage - enamel organ invaginates into dental papilla germination - cap stage - tooth germ tries to divide fusion - cap stage - union of 2 adjacent tooth germs tubercle - cap stage - extra cusp caused by effects on enamel organ enamel pearl - apposition and maturation stages - sphere of enamel on root enamel dysplasia - apposition and maturation stages - faulty development of enamel from interference involving ameloblasts concrescence - apposition and and maturation stages - union of root structure of two or more teeth by cementum Cleft palate - hard and soft palates do not fuse completely in utero called primary and secondary) fusion takes several weeks to complete in utero. Tooth development initiation stage - 6-7 weeks - induction - ectoderm lining stomodeum gives rise to oral epithelium and to dental lamina, adjacent to deeper mesenchyme and neutral crest cells, separated y basement membrane Bud stage - week 8 - Proliferation - growth of dental lamina into bud that penetrates growing mesenchyme cap stage - 9-10 weeks - proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis - enamel organ forms cap, dental papilla, dental sac; formation of tooth germ bell stage - 11-12 Weeks - proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis - differentiation of enamel organ into bell with 4 cell types and dental papilla into 2 cell types apposition stage - varies per tooth - induction, proliferation - dental tissue secreted as matrix in successive layers maturation stage - varies per tooth - dental tissue fully mineralize to their mature levels Q7. Alveolar Process Portion of maxillary bones that form support for teeth of the maxillary arch part of periodontium, thick ridge of bone with spongy appearance Lamina dura is thin compact bone lining the alveolar socket Q8. Oral mucosa and different types present in mouth almost continuously lines the oral cavity composed of stratified squamous epithelium overlaying connective tissue. Oral mucosa includes: ducts and salivary glands in various regions of oral cavity 1. lining mucosa - soft texture, moist surface and ability to stretch and compress, acting as cushion for underlying structures 2. masticatory mucosa - rubbery surface texture and resiliency 3. specialized mucosa - dorsal surface of tongue, both masticatory and specialized mucosa are present form of lingual papillae. papillae associated with taste sensations. Q9. Locations of different bones and face and skull and their locations Cranium bones - protect brain Facial bones frontal - forehead zygomatic - cheek/ blush parietal - top of head maxillary - upper jaw occipital - base of head palatine - posterior hard palate/ floor of nose temporal - sides by ears nasal - bridge of nose sphenoid - anterior base/ part of orbit walls lacrimal - orbit of inner eye ethmoid - parts of orbit/ floor of cranium vomer - base of nasal septum inferior conchae - interior of nose mandible - lower jaw Q10. Movement of lower jaw movement by TMJ with hinging and gliding motions hinge = opening/ closing, gliding - lateral excurtion, proturtion, returtion Q11. Origin and insertion points and functions of Head and Neck muscles Mastication muscles floor of mouth muscles tongue muscles Q12. Trigeminal nerve of oral cavity, functions and what does it supply? Primary source of innervation for oral cavity maxillary division - supplies both the maxillary and mandibular divisions. specifically periosteum, mucous membranes, maxillary sinuses, soft palate ◦ nasopalatine nerve ◦ greater palatine nerve ◦ anterior superior alveolar nerve ◦ middle superior alveolar nerve ◦ posterior superior alveolar nerve mandibular division ◦ buccal nerve ◦ lingual nerve ◦ inferior alveolar nerve ‣ mylohyoid nerve ‣ mental nerve ‣ incisive nerve Q13. Anatomical landmark terms of the face and oral cavity canthus = inner and outer eye tragus = cartilage projection in ear opening vermillion border = lip outline, darker in colour from surrounding skin philtrum = rectangular area on upper lip below nose papillae = tiny projections covering top layer of tongue dorsum = superior and posterior aspects of tongue frenum = narrow band connecting 2 structures Q14. Tooth eruption chart of permanent dentition Maxillary teeth First molar - 6-7 years old central incisors - 7-8 years old lateral incisors - 8-9 years old first premolar - 10-11 years old secondary premolar - 10-12 years old canine - 11-12 years old second molar - 12-13 years old third molar 17-21 years old Mandibular teeth first molar - 6-7 years old central incisor - 6-7 years old lateral incisor - 7-8 years old cuspid (canine) - 9-10 years old first premolar - 10-11 years old second premolar - 12-13 years old second molar 11-13 years old third molar 17-21 years old Q15. Angle's classification of occlusion and malocclusion Class I - nureuoclussion Class II - distoclusion ◦ division 1 - labioversion ◦ division 2 - linguoversion Class III - mesioclusion Q16. Difference between sextant and quadrant Sextant = each arch can be divided into sextant - used when billing insurance companies. 00= Maxillary and mandibular, 01= Maxillary 3 sextants, 02= Mandibular 3 sextants, 03= R posterior maxillary, 04= anterior maxillary, 05=L posterior maxillary, 06= L posterior mandibular, 07= anterior mandibular, 08= R posterior mandibular Quadrant = dentition is divided into 4 sections Q17. What a mamelon is and teeth have them *do mamelons appear on both primary and permanent teeth? mamelons is rounded enamel extentions on the inscisal ridge of the maxillary and mandibular central and lateral incisors. the mamelons usually undergo attrition shortly after eruption (inscisal ridge appears flattened and becomes incisal edge Q18. Different tooth numbering systems Universal - used by united states ◦ primary is number from A-T Right posterior maxillary clockwise to right posterior mandibular ◦ permanent is number 1-32 Right posterior maxillary clockwise to right posterior mandibular ISO - international uses quadrants ◦ primary quadrants are 5-8, numbering 5-1 in each quadrant with 1 as central incisor ◦ permanent quadrants are 1-4, numbering 8-1 in each quadrant with 1 being central incisor Palmer notation - short hand ◦ primary is lettered A-E in each quadrant with A being central incisor ◦ permanent is numbered 1-8 each quadrant with 1 being central incisor Q19. Tooth surfaces lingual occlusal/ incisial facial (labial/buccal) mesial distal Q20. what is succedaneous and what teeth are succedaneous succedaneous teeth are permanent teeth that replace primary teeth. permanent molars are not succedaneous but premolars are. there are 20 teeth in the primary dentition therefore 20 succedaneous permanent teeth. Q21. Hard palate Hard palate or 'roof of mouth' separates nasal cavity above from oral cavity below. Nasal surfaces covered in respiratory mucosa. Oral surfaces covered in oral mucosa mucosa of hard palate is tightly bound to above underlying bone making submucosal injection painful incisive papilla - pear shaped tissue pad covers the incisive foramen. injection site for nasopalatine nerve ridges and folds directly behind are palatal rugae posterior to rugae is midline palatal raphe. Q22. Taste Buds taste buds are the organs that allow us to enjoy the flavours of food and give us warning when food is too hot. saliva is necessary to stimulate taste buds to detect flavours. if mouth too dry = will not taste anything flavours combine into 4 major tastes of Salty, Sweet, Sour, Bitter. Q23. How many teeth in permanent and primary dentition arches. permanent dentition has 32 teeth, 16 on each of the maxillary and mandibular arches Primary dentition has 20 teeth, 10 on each of the maxillary and mandibular arches