Dendrology Refresher Course for Forestry Graduates 2024 PDF

DENDROLOGY By Manuel L. Castillo Professor College of Forestry and Natural R...

DENDROLOGY By Manuel L. Castillo Professor College of Forestry and Natural Resources University of the Philippines Los Baños lo Introduction Knowledge of the names of trees, their habits, and principal botanical features is basic to studies in forestry and the environmental sciences. Literally, dendrology means the study of trees and other woody vegetation but through common usage the study til includes taxonomy of woody plants that include trees, shrubs and vines. Taxonomy is concerned with the classification, nomenclature, and identification and characterization of natural objects whether these are insects, reptiles, trees, birds, or others of the host of living plants on earth. Besides taxonomy, dendrology includes tree habits and ranges, most easily learned with various species covered in both in classroom and field activities. as Woody plants differ from herbaceous plants having an aerial stem which persist for more than one season, and in most cases a cambium layer for periodic growth in diameter. A tree may be defined for convenience as an erect perennial woody plant possessing a single stem, unbranched for at least several meters/feet from the ground, and having a more or less definite crown shape. Shrubs are smaller and usually exhibit several erect, lc spreading, or prostrate stems and a general bushy appearance. Lianas are climbing vines numerous in tropical rainforest of the tropics. A knowledge of the fundamentals of classification, nomenclature and identification is a requisite to all work in dendrology. m Outline I. Definition of Technical Terms in Dendrology II. Classification of Forest Plants III. Plant Geography IV. Gross Morphology V. Key to Identification VI. Nomenclature V11. Characterization of Important Tree Families I. DEFINITION OF TECHNICAL TERMS RELATED TO DENDROLOGY Source ( PHILIPPINE OFFICIAL REFERENCE FOR FOREST-RELATED TERMS AND DEFINITIONS_ https://forestry.denr.gov.ph/pdf/ref/compiled_terms.pdf) Dendrology – (Dendro-’ from the Greek word meaning tree ‘-ology’ meaning the study of) Dendrology is defined as the study of trees and other woody vegetation including their classification, nomenclature, identification, morphology, anatomy, phenology, geographic distribution and economic importance, but through common usage the study includes taxonomy of woody plants that include trees, shrubs and vines. is the study of trees and includes taxonomy, identification, silvical characteristics, ranges, morphology, and ecology; through common usage the study includes taxonomy of woody plants that include trees, shrubs and vines. lo Tree -is a self-supporting perennial plant with a single branched and woody trunk with few or no branches arising from the base. A woody and perennial plant, typically large and with a well-defined stem or stems carrying a more or less definite crown; sometimes defined as attaining a minimum diameter of 12.7 centimeters and a minimum height of 4.6 meters at maturity with no branches within 1 meter. Helm, John A. 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters. til Plants - refer to living organisms exemplified by trees, shrubs, herbs, and vines that include angiosperms (flowering plants), gymnosperms (cycads, gnetophytes, and conifers), pteridophytes (ferns and lycophytes), and bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) that live on land, as well as, in inland waters, and marine environments; plants form part of the flora of a given area; as Shrub - is a woody plant without a single distinct main stem, the branches growing from near the base and all branches being more or less equivalent. Herb- is a plant which is not woody or only woody at the base; Herbs may die back more or less to ground level during an unfavorable season or at the end of a lc growing season. Climber - is a plant which grows using other plants or objects as physical support. m Liana - are climbing vines numerous in tropical rainforest of the tropics Common name - refers to the adopted or vernacular name of a species as widely used in the country; may be based on Tagalog or other local dialect, English or other foreign name, or when no local or vernacular name is available, is then derived from the meaning of its scientific name. Taxonomy is the science of classification, especially the classification of biological organisms; the term is derived from the Greek taxis (arrangement) and nomos (law) Systematics - science that deals with the comprehensive study of the diversity of organism and their relationship particularly evolutionary/phylogenetic relationship.  Classification-placement of plants, animals and objects into groups and categories for a clear understanding, proper study and effective organization in its simplest form. Characters contributing to the description are known as taxonomic characters or systematic characters. Cladistics is a particular method of hypothesizing relationships among organisms. Cladistics is now accepted as the best method available for phylogenetic analysis, for it provides an explicit and testable hypothesis of organismal relationships. Diagnosis is a shortened description covering only diagnostic characters which distinguishes the taxon from related taxa. lo Nomenclature -the study of the system and methods of naming organisms which includes construction, interpretation, and application of the regulations governing the system Conserved Name (Nomen conservandum) -A validly published name that, by decision of an International Botanic Congress, shall be used in spite of the fact til to do so is contrary to the rules. Taxon (plural=taxa) refers to any rank or taxonomic category in the classification system. as Rank is a level within the hierarchy or the location of the category in the taxonomic hierarchy. Hierarchy refers to the ascending series of levels or ranks with the one above inclusive of all below. Diagnosis-is a shortened description covering only diagnostic characters which lc distinguishes the taxon from related taxa Description -a statement of its characters, which thus constitutes the definition of the taxon. Characters contributing to description are known as taxonomic characters or systematic characters. m Key is an artificial arrangement or analytical device whereby a choice is provided between two contradictory statements resulting in the acceptance of one and rejection of the other. Identification - the determination of the correct name of a plant as being similar or different from an already known plant; the act of recognizing or establishing the identity or essence of a particular taxon or organism/plant to which the species belong. Morphology - is the study of features/structure and form/external appearance of plants, usually dealing with organism and its component organs.  Plant geography - the study of spatial relationships of past and present plants. Geographic evidence includes data descriptive of the origin, migration, evolution, distribution and adaptation of taxa as influenced by past events of earth’s history. Also known as geographical botany; phytochorology; phytogeography Endemic species- Species or subspecies that are naturally occurring and found only within specific area in the country. RA 9147. Wildlife Conservation Act 2001. Alien/Exotic species- Species that have been transported by human activity, intentional or accidental, into a region where it does not naturally occur. Also called introduced, or non-native species. Convention on Biodiversity 1993. Philippine Biodiversity Assessment. Manila. Fast growing species - A tree species that grows relatively faster than common forest trees and whose rotation age is 4 to 20 years with a mean annual lo increment of at 10 cubic meter per hectare under favorable site conditions. DAO. 1989-01. Revised Regulations and Guidelines Governing the Establishment and Development of Industrial Tree Plantations. 1989. Flora - All species of plants found in a given area, including ferns, lycopods and mosses. Flowering plant families having the greatest number of indigenous and til endemic species. Forest type - A community with generally similar species composition, structure and function. Proceedings of the Second Expert Meeting on Harmonizing Forest- Related Definitions for Use by Various Stakeholders. Rome. 11-13 September as 2002. Grass - A member of the family Poaceae/Graminae. Helms, J. A. 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters. Indicator species - An organism, species or community that shows the presence of specific environmental conditions. American Society for Testing Materials. lc 1995. Annual Book of ASTM Standards-Volume 04.10. Maryland. Manila copal- Resinous exudates obtained from almaciga (Agathis philippinensis). m Manila elemi - Resinous exudates obtained from Canarium spp. Native species - Species that is normally found as part of a particular ecosystem. Helms, J. A. 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters. Nipa shingle- Roofing materials made from the fronds of nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) DENR Forest Management Bureau. 1981. Philippine Forestry Statistics. Manila. Pioneer species Plants capable of invading bare sites (e.g. newly exposed soil) and persisting there or colonizing them until supplanted by successional species. Helms, J. A. 1998. The Dictionary of Forestry. Society of American Foresters.  Tanbark - A general term for tannin producing barks like those form Pthecellobium dulce and species. THREATENED species - A general term to denote species or subspecies considered as critically endangered, vulnerable or other accepted categories of wildlife whose population is at risk of extinction. RA 9147. Wildlife Conservation Act. 2001. Vulnerable species- Species or subspecies that is not critically endangered nor endangered but is under threat from adverse factors throughout their range and is likely to move to the endangered category in the near future. RA 9147. Wildlife Conservation Act. 2001. Wildlife - All wild species of plants and animals. DENR Protected Areas and lo Wildlife Bureau. 1991. Manual on the Restoration of Degraded Habitats within Protected Areas. Species is a group of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups; the basic unit of classification. (Ernst Mayr, 1940) til Subspecies- refers to a taxonomic subdivision of a species; a population of a particular island or region genetically and morphologically distinguishable from other such populations; as Plant Blindness - the inability to see the plants in one’s own environment. Plant Science Bulletin 47:2-9 (2001) II. CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST PLANTS lc Classification in its simplest form is the placement of plants, animals and objects into groups and categories for a clear understanding, proper study and effective organization in its simplest form. Radford (1986) stated that classification is the arrangement of group of plants with particular circumscription by rank and position according to artificial criteria, phenetic similarities, or phylogenetic m relationships. A. Rank of classification Species, genus, family, order, class, and division are the main ranks of plant classification in ascending order. Taxonomic groups. The ending of the noun represents the rank at which the taxon is placed. The ICBN recognizes seven major (obligatory) ranks namely: kingdom, phylum/division, class order, family, genus, species but allows others to be interrelated; that is often accomplished by the addition of the prefixes super- or sub.  Category Kingdom -bionta Phylum (or Division) -phyta Subphylum (or Subdivision -phytina Class -opsida Subclass -idea Superorder -anae Order -ales Suborder -ineae Superfamily -ariae Family -aceae lo Subfamily -oideae Tribe -eae Subtribe -inae Genus None; italicized, initial capital letter Species None; genus name plus specific epithet; italicized til as The seven major, or obligatory ranks are indicated in boldface font (blue color). Note: The use of eight traditional names, however is specifically allowed by ICBN: Compositae = Asteraceae Palmae = Arecaceae lc Cruciferae = Brassicaceae Umbelliferae = Apiaceae Graminae = Poaceae Guttiferae = Clusiaceae m Labiatae = Lamiaceae Leguminosae = Fabaceae B. Important Concepts in Classification Typological Species Concept Species are recognizable only by the uniformity of external appearance or characters, a specimen that deviates in any of the characters of the type specimen should be a new species. Species Complex - a phenomenon wherein several intermediate types/species exist maybe due to collection over wide areas through time. Polytypic Species - those with the infra-specific rank e.g. forma, variety, subspecies; always a trinomial Monotypic Species - species that do not significantly change over large geographic areas, their specimen remain morphologically distinct and uniform, remain binomial e.g. Dipterocarpus grandiforus C. Different Kinds of Classification 1. Artificial classification- use of habit and importance to man as characters 2. Mechanical classification- use of one or few selected characters to group taxa lo 3. Natural classification- use of as many characters as possible to group taxa 4. Phylogenetic classification- use of as many characters as possible plus phylogenetic evolutionary interpretation til D. Linnaeus’ System of Classification 1. Kingdom-Largest taxonomic group. Most inclusive of closely related phyla 2. Phylum-Several different classes make up a phylum: they are closely related as 3. Class-Composed of similar orders, larger categories 4. Order- Broad taxonomic categories composed of similar families 5. Family-Group of genera that share the same characteristics lc 6. Genus -a genus of several related species 7. Species is the level that defines an individual plant Often the name will describe some aspect of the plant –color of the flowers, size or shape of the leaves, or it may be named after a person or the place where it is found m ▪ Variety-is a plant that only slightly different from the species plant but the differences are not significant as a differences in a form ▪ Form – a plant within the species that has minor botanical differences such as color of the flowers or shape of the leaves ▪ Cultivar-is a cultivated variety that has arisen naturally or through deliberate hybridization ;can be reproduced vegetatively or by seed to produce more of the same plant E. Phylogenetic Classification Phylogenetic classification is that which is based on evolutionary history, or pattern of descent, which may or may not correspond to overall similarity. Phylogeny is the primary goal of systematics refers to the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. Commonly represented in the form of a cladogram (or phylogenetic tree), a branching diagram that conceptually represents the evolutionary pattern of descent. The lines of a cladogram represent lineages or clades denote descent - the sequence of ancestral-descendant populations through time. Any branching of the cladogram represents lo lineage divergence, the diversification of lineages from one common ancestor. Clades are evolutionary units related by common ancestry and shared, derived characters. Clade nodes (branching points) reveal how closely related two species are. KINGDOM PLANTAE til Multicellular, autotrophic organisms that produce chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments. They are also characterized by a diploid embryo stage, part of the life of the young is spent in the body of the parent plant. includes the following divisions: as ATRACHEOPHYTA are non-vascular plants that lack true roots, stems and leaves Division Bryophyta - true mosses. Sphagnum (peat moss) Division Hepaticophyta- liverworts, Riccia, Marchantia Division Anthocerophyta – hornworts like Anthoceros TRACHEOPHYTA are vascular plants lc Spore bearing plants Division Psilotophyta - whisk ferns are the most primitive vascular plants which appear to have very close relationship with ferns, Psilotum Division Lycopodophyta - club mosses are the first vascular plants that have m true roots, stems and leaves, Lycopodium, Selaginella Division Equisetophyta - commonly called horsetail, the phylum is represented by a single genus Equisetum. Division Pteridophyta - ferns rhizomatous plants with large leaves called fronds, reproductive spores are in sporangia which form dense clusters called sori, the sori are found on the undersurface of the leaves, Pteris, Cyathea, Adiantum, Asplenium, Lygodium (nito), Athyrium (pako) SEED-BEARING PLANTS Gymnosperms- cone-bearing plants Division Cycadophyta- palm-like gymnosperms like cycads Division Pinophyta - cone bearing trees like pines, cedar, redwood Division Ginkgophyta – broad-leaved deciduous trees represented by a single species, the living fossil Ginkgo biloba  Division Gnetophyta –shrubby gymnosperms with scale-like leaves or trees and climbing vines with leathery leaves such as Ephedra and Gnetum Division Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)- flowering plants Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledon) - dicots are flowering plants generally characterized by tap root system, woody stems netted veined leaves, flowers in multiples of 4’s and 5’s and seeds with two cotyledons each. Liliopsida (Monocotyledon) - monocots generally have fibrous or diffused root system,herbaceous stems, parallel veined leaves, flowers in multiples of 3’s and seeds with only one cotyledon such as coconut, cogon, palm, banana. III. PLANT GEOGRAPHY lo The study of the spatial distributions of plants and vegetation and of the environmental relationships which may influence these distributions. Plant geography (or certain aspects of it) is also known as phytogeography, phytochorology, geobotany, geographical botany, or vegetation science. Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the til controls on the distribution of individual species ranges (at both large and small scales) to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras. Phytogeography is often divided into two main branches: ecological phytogeography and historical phytogeography. The former investigates the role of current day biotic and abiotic interactions in influencing plant distributions; as the latter are concerned with historical reconstruction of the origin, dispersal, and extinction of taxa. The Philippines is part of a distinct plant geographical region known as Malesia, together with Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Java, it is part of the sub-floristic province called West Malesia. However, East Malesian (Sulawesi, Moluccas, and New Guinea) floristic elements are well represented in the lc Philippines. Philippine flora shares uniquely with Sulawesi several plant species reflecting the importance of island arcs as dispersal routes for plants (Merrill 1926; Balgooy 1987; Fernando 1990. The Philippine flora is composed of at least 14000 species, representing five m percent of the world’s flora (DENR-PAWB, CI, & UP CIDS 2002; Table 1). There are about 8000+ species of flowering plants or angiosperms, 33 species of gymnosperms, 1100 species of pteridophytes (Barcelona 2002), 1271 species of bryophytes, more than 3555+ species of fungi and molds, 1355+ species of algae (DENR-UNEP 1997; Villareal & Fernando 1999), and 790 species of lichens (Gruezo 1979) as shown in Table 1.  lo til as FOREST FORMATION IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Beach Forest-forms a narrow strip of woodland along sandy and gravelly beaches of the seacoast, many species have fruits and seeds adapted for water lc dispersal. Representative species includes: Terminalia cattapa, Callophyllum inophyllum, Erythrina orientalis, Pongamia pinnata, Barringtonia asiatica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Hibiscus tiliaceous & Pandanus tectorius m 2. Fresh Water Swamp Forest-regularly to occasionally inundated with mineral- rich fresh water from rivers with the water level fluctuating, periodic drying of the soil surface. Representative species includes: Metroxylon sagu, Terminalia copelandii, Corypha utan, Mangifera caesia, Nauclea orientalis, and Livistona saribus. 3. Mangrove Forest- occurs along clayish seashores and in tidal zones in river estuaries, it merges gradually into the beach formation, species of Avicennia and Sonneratia occupy the seaward side where the soil is generally mixed with sand or coral limestone. Common and abundant species: Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops decandra, R. mucronata, Ceriops tagal, Brugulera cylindrica, B. gymnorrhiza, B. parviflora, B. sexangula , Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, Sonneratia alba, and S. caseolaris  4. Tropical Lowland Evergreen Rainforest-occurs from coastal flat up to c. 900 m. elevation, best developed in areas where rainfall is more or less uniform throughout the year or a short dry season, richness in arborescent flora, and dipterocarps and mixed dipterocarp are the major components. 5. Tropical Semi-evergreen Rainforest-occurs in areas where there is yearly water stress, includes decidous “Yakal lauan” and “Lauan apitong” subtypes, found on the Western side of Phil. archipelago, including Palawan with dry climate. Representative species includes: Pterocymbium tinctorium, Dipterocarpus gracilis, Shorea contorta, Schizostachyum lumampao, Alstonia scholaris,Ficus variegata, Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, Ailanthus triphasia, Cleistanthus angustifolius & Caesalpinia latisiliqua. 6. Tropical Moist Decidous Forest- water availability is limiting, occurred in lo Central part of Philippines (Whitmore 1884), adjacent to rainforest, and deciduous dipterocarp sub-types belong to this formation. Representative species includes: Pterocymbium tinctorium Intsia bijuga, Pterospermum diversifolium, Wallaceodendron celebicum, and Garuga floribunda. 7. til Forest Over Limestone (Molave Forest)-occupies low limestone hills, either coastal or bordering large uplifted river valleys, soil shallow, very thin mainly crystalline limestone, generally open with few scattered large trees, intervening spaces are filled with small trees, with sprawling, climbing and erect bamboos, dominant trees are short-boled, irregular in form and with wide spreading crowns, has deciduous foliage, especially in rough topography where dry season is as pronounced. Other dominant trees: Afzelia rhomboidea, Zizyphus talanai, Sindora supa, Toona calantas, Intsia bijuga, Wrightia pubescens, Albizzia acle, Heritiera sylvatica, Pterocarpus indicus, Diospyros ferrea, Pterocymbium tinctorium, & Pterospermum diversifolium 8. Tropical Lower Montane Rainforest Pine Forest-reaches best lc development in high plateau region of Cordillera Mountain of Luzon. Found in altitude ranging from 700-1800 m elevation with distinct dry season. Pine forest also occur in Zambales and Mindoro Island. Two species principal species: Pinus insularis in Mt. Province; Zambales from 500-1500 m and Pinus merkusii in pure stands of Mindoro above 900 m. m 9. Tropical Upper Montane Rainforest (Mossy forest)-occurs in mountains above 1000 m elevation with upper limits varying depending on the locality and height of the mountain, topography is rough and changing, consist of steep ridges and canyons, climatic conditions exceedingly moist, great exposure to wind, dwarfed, crooked trees, seldom reach 20 m in ht., trunks and branches are covered with mosses, liverworts, ferns and other epiphytes, and open places occupied by ferns and grasses. Floristic composition is relatively complex. Typical tree formation are conifers of the Genera: Dacrydium, Dacrycarpus, Podocarpus, broadleaf genera: Lithocarpus, Symplocos, Syzygium, Myrica, Melastomataceae, Astronia, Medinilla, Melastoma, & Tree fern: Cyathea 10. Forest over Ultramafic Rocks- occurs in soil rich heavy metal, sclerophyllous stunted vegetation about 2-5 m in Palawan (Mt. Victoria), unique flora which  include Scaevola micrantha, Brackenridges palustris, Exocarpus latifolius, species belonging to Gymnostoma, Suregada, Archidendron, Pouteria Genera and Xanthostemon verdugonianus 11. Peat Swamp Forest-occurs in areas where water table is higher than the surrounding areas, with peat about 5 cm deep, soil acidic, with soft crust over semi- liquid interior with large pieces of wood, and incoming water is from rain. Dominant genera: Tristaniopsis, Calophyllum, Syzygium, Mangifera, Fagrea, Weinmannia, Palaquium, Ardisia, & Cinnamomum 12. Brackish-water Forest- occurs on the inland edge of the mangrove forest and tidal limit of estuaries and dominated by distinct palm Nypa fructicans. 13. Tropical sub-alpine forest - occurs beyond the upper montane forest zone lo up to the altitudinal limit of tree growth (tree line) on the bigger mountain, many nanophyll (small leaves) shrubby species, & trees typically dwarfed with gnarled stems and branches. Mandia 2001 recognized 7 plant associations namely: subalpine forest (Podocarpus glaucus-Polyosma philippinensis-Carex filicina association),subalpine scrub (Leptospermum flavescens-Rhododendron til quadrassianum association), subalpine dwarf scrub (Podocarpus galucous- Falcatifolium gruezoi association), Leptospermum scrub (Leptospermum flavescens-Gahnia javanica association), subalpine heath (Falcatifolium gruezoi- Patersonia lowii association), alpine heath (Styphelia suasuaveolens-Cladina luzoniensis association), and seral grassland (Mischanthus sinensis-Sphagnum junghuhianum association). as IV. GROSS MORPHOLOGY lc As a result of an evolutionary specialization among the land plants, numerous morphological and physiological differences led to the development of roots, stems, and leaves, and the modifications they have. Basic knowledge on the morphological features of the different parts of the plant (roots, stem, leaves, m flower, fruits, seeds, and their modifications) is very essential in identification and classification of plants. To be able to identify a plant, it is essential to understand the characters by which one plant can be differentiated from another. This activity, however, requires knowledge on plant structure and familiarity with the names by which they and their components are known (Lawrence, 1955). The significance of technical terminologies is much realized when precision and exactness are required. A. Leaf Characters Prior to characterization and identification, one must first understand theparts that maybe useful for identification.  a. Blade or Lamina - flat expanded portion of leaf or leaflet. b. Leaflet - a distinct and separate segment of a compound leaf c. Ligule - an outgrowth or projection between the sheath and the blade as ingrasses d. Midrib - the central conducting and supporting structure of the blade of a leafor leaflet e. Veins - network arising from the midrib f. Petiole - leaf stalk a) sessile - lacking of a petiole b) phyllode - a flattened petiole or leaf rachis taking on the form and functionsof a leaf h. Petiolule - stalk of leaflet i. Pulvinus - swollen base of a petiole or petiolule j. Rachis - main axis of a pinnately compound leaf lo k. Sheath - tubular portion of the leaf surrounding the stem or culm as in grasses l. Stipels - paired scales, spines or glands at base of petiolule m. Stipules - paired scales, spines, tendrils, glands or blade like structure at baseof petiole. til a. interpetiolar - two stipules lying between the petiole of opposite (or whorled) leaves alternating them - Rhizophoraceae, Loganiaceae, Rubiaceae. b. ochreate (or ocrea) - stipules forming a hollow tube encircling the stem from the node to a certain height of internode - Polygonaceae as c. hoodlike stipule - stipule forming a cap, enclosing and protecting the terminal leaf bud and falling after expansion of the leaf blades leaving ring-shaped scar, Ficus, Artocarpus B. Leaf Composition lc Phyllotaxis is the arrangement of the leaves with respect to the stem. It came from the Greek word phyllon meaning ‘leaf and taxis meaning arrangement. Phyllotaxis described the manner by which the leaves are inserted into the nodes of the m stem. It is important in identification because it is a consistent leaf character and is always species-specific. Phyllotaxis in plants can be described as follows: 1. Alternate – leaves are inserted singly per node through the length of the stem or twig. If the leaves appear to be inserted on only one plane, it is called alternate distichous such like most of the species under the family Annonaceae, and spiral if the leaf insertion appears to be in a roundaboutmanner as in the case of the species under the family Meliaceae. 2. Opposite – leaves are inserted in pairs per node in such a way that on leaf is exactly opposite the other. If the  pairs of leaves per node are in one plane it is called opposite distichous as in the case of the Cratoxylum spp. But if the pairs of leaves per node form right angles with respect to one another it is said to be decussate as in the case of the species under family Lamiaceae/Verbenaceae. 3. Whorl – three or more leaves are inserted per node and the leaves are are equally spaced around the node completely encircling that particular node of the stem e.g. Alstonia spp. 4. Fascicle – two or more leaves at a common point in each node of the stem. e.g. Crescentia cujete lo C. Blade or Lamina Characters Blade or lamina characters include shape or outline, base, apex, marginand til venation. D. Leaf Texture a. b. Succulent - soft and fleshy, usually thick Coriaceous - leathery, thick and tough as c. Chartaceous - parchment- like or papery in texture d. Membranaceous - thin, translucent, like fine membrane e. Scarious - thin and dry, neither green or transparent f. Hyaline - thin and transparent or translucent lc E. Leaf surfaces a. Glabrous – surface is devoid of hairs, more or less smooth in texture b. Glaucus – surface is covered with a whitish or m bluish waxy and powderysubstance c. Visid – surface is sticky, usually from glandular hairs. d. Scabrous – surface is roughened by hairs e. Stellate – surface is rough due to clustered bristles f. Pubescent – surface is covered with soft hairs Note: Flower, Fruit and Seed parts types were already covered in the Botany Review  V. KEY TO IDENTIFICATION Plant identification remains a key field skill, and many organizations have an interest in botanical survey, both for reasons of economics, and environmental sustainability. Identification is the determination of similarities and dissimilarities between two elements. Taxonomic identification is the recognition of the identity or essential character of an organism. Taxonomists often present organized written descriptions of the characteristics of similar species so that other biologists can identify unknown organisms. important part of the human body used for tree identification for tree identification are the eyes by which leaves, flowers, fruits, bark, etc. are seen. Plant identification - involves the determination of the name of an organism lo with reference to a previously established classification and identification system. Identification also involves the diagnostic delimitation and naming of a taxon and the determination of the taxonomic group to which that taxon belongs using identification devices like an identification key. Classification is a major prerequisite of identification of biodiversity and therefore necessary in understanding the diversity of living organisms. Therefore, classification precedes identification. til IDENTIFICATION is the determination of similarities or dissimilarities between two (2) elements. Under identification, we make a direct comparison of the characteristic features of a specimen with those present in the already existing keys for as identification. Methods of Identifying Plants 1. By consulting an expert on the flora of given area of a particular group of plants. 2. By comparing with the descriptions on using keys in floral monograph etc. lc Keys are constructed in a manner such that the whole group is divided into three groups on the basis of features, which are common to each subgroup, thus reducing the number from which the choice is made. Each sub-group is again is divided into smaller sub group until final identification of an individual species is made. m Example: 1. Resinous trees with needle-like or scaly leaves 2 1. Non-resinous trees with flat leaves of varying shapes 3 2. Leaves needle-like, three needles per bundle, bark brownish, flaking Benguet pine 2. Leaves scaly, simple, apex acute, bark with grayish to to whitish patterns, leaf bud blunt Almaciga 3. Leaves pinnately alternate 4 3. Leaves decussate, leaflets arrange finger-like, from common point, fruits small, black Molave  4. Small tree, leaves bipinnate, leaflets small, flower head-like, white, fruit pod long Ipil-ipil 4. Large tree, leaves once odd pinnate, leaflets larger, flowers small, yellowish, fruits pod round smooth Smooth narra 3. By comparing with illustration s or photographs. 4. By comparing with specimens in the herbarium. A collection of dried and pressed plants arranged according to a classification system and available for study or reference is known as herbarium (plural, herbaria), a name lo first applied by Linnaeus. However, according to Radford (1986), a modern herbarium “is a research, training, and service institution that serves as reference centre, documentation facility, and data storehouse. It also contains “microscope slides, photographs, photomicrographs, wood specimens, camera lucida drawings, field notebooks, diaries, letters, unpublished reports, manuscripts, reprints, and botanical illustrations” according to Radford (1986). 5. tilComputerize identification – computer constructed key/ computer stored – dichotomous keys, automated pattern recognition systems, simultaneous character set methods. In computerized identification of plants, the major research efforts are in as the use of computer-constructed keys, computer stored dichotomous keys, automated pattern- recognition systems, and simultaneous character sets methods. 6. Other conventional methods e.g. chromatography, spectroscopy and optical scanners Statistical methods are also in the current use in some developed countries for plant lc identification. 7. By using combination of any or all of the above. Human Senses in Tree Identification m The eye is the most important part of the human body used for tree identification by which leaves, bark flower, branches, seed, etc, can be seen. The sense of touch, smell and of taste are also useful in the identification. Certain trees have bitter taste like Dita, Kalimatas, some tree have hairs, which can be felt readily with sensitive hands like Himbabao or Sandbox, while other trees have pleasant and unpleasant smell like Panglomboien or Ilang-ilang. Knowing the trees involves familiarization and discovering by close observation and detailed study of the features of which make them different from other trees. These includes the shape of the leaves, their arrangement, their margins, apices, leaf bases, their venation, such details as the length of the petiole , the presence or absence of dots in the leaves, the color of the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves, the height of the tree, the color of the outer and inner bark, exudations (gums, resins, saps) from the bark, their buttresses, the types of roots, the shape, color, sizes, color of the fruits, and flowers, and certain features of the twigs and branches , help in the final identification of the tree. VI. NOMENCLATURE The part of systematic botany that deals with giving names is known as nomenclature. Nomenclature is the precise system that deals with terms indicating the ranks of taxonomic groups as well as the application of names to such groups. It is the study of the system and methods of naming organisms which includes construction, interpretation, and application of the regulations governing the system. The principles form the basis of the system of botanical nomenclature. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) standardizes name of lo plants. ICBN is enacted by International Botanical Congress which meets every four years. It’s a law, and the enforcement of which is based on botanical agreement. Purpose of a Name an aid to communication for an easy reference til avoids the use of descriptive phrase its needs everytime we wish to refer to an object or group of an object as A. Principles of Botanical Nomenclature Principle I. (INDEPENDENCE) Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological nomenclature. The Code applies equally to names of taxonomic groups treated as plants whether or not these groups were originally so treated. Principle II. (TYPE) The application of names of taxonomic groups is determined by means lc of type. Typification is the process of indicating or designating a type. ICBN requires that application of botanical name be determined by means of nomenclatural type. A nomenclatural type is an element (usually an herbarium specimen) with which the name is permanently associated. It fixes a name to a particular taxon. m Principle III. (PRIORITY) The nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based upon priority of publication. Publication checks back and see exactly what plant is and the original manner the author had in mind when he gave the name to the plant. A validly published name is in accordance to several pertinent articles whose provisions are: (1) effective publication (published in printed matter available internationally), (2)publication with a description or diagnosis, or reference to a previously published description, (3)accompanied by a Latin description or a reference to a previously and effectively published description or diagnosis and (4) an indication of a nomenclatural type.  With a few exceptions, the correct name is the earliest legitimate name (name in accordance with all the rules of the code). Rule of priority is not mandatory above the rank of the family. It was implemented on May 01, 1753, the date when Species Plantarum was established. Principle IV. (CORRECT NAME) Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription, position, can bear only one correct name, the earliest that is in accordance to the rules, except in specified cases. Principle V. (LATINIZED) Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as Latin regardless of their derivation. Principle VI. (RETROACTIVE) The Rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited. (Excerpts from the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) lo B. Some important provisions of ICBN 1. Common name or vernacular name is not accepted in ICBN. til Reasons: 1. multiplicity of language and use of different alphabets 2. the same name is often use in different sense to denote different species 3. one species may be known for more than one name as 2. Species names must be in Latin form written in Latin alphabet and subject to the rule of Latin grammar. Why in Latin? lc o Latin is a dead language, no longer used, very conservative, no longer change- permanent. o It is the common language of learned men in Europe where science of Botany m originated and developed. o Latin was the language used when Linnaeus developed the system of nomenclature. 3. The generic name and the specific epithet form the binomial called the scientific name. 4. A complete scientific name includes the third element- the author. The author is the one who formally described the plant. The name of the author is often abbreviated. Michelia alba DC. - single author Rafflesia mira Fernando & Ong - 2 authors  Rafflesia aurantia Barcelona et al.- 3 or more authors Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. – taxon transfer Alstonia macrophylla Wall. ex G Don – name proposal Importance of author citation 1. an abbreviated bibliographic reference 2. it adds to nomenclatural precision 3. especially useful in distinguishing homonyms 5. The names of taxa at the upper principal ranks above the species are monomials lo (i.e., Family Malvaceae). 6. Names may be trinomials as in infraspecific level (i.e., Pterocarpus indicus forma echinatus) 7. Scientific names are usually italicized when in print and underlined when typed, til hand written or printed. 8. The generic name is singular, Latinized noun or word treated as a noun. The initial letter of the generic name is always capitalized, the remainder in small letters e.g. Pterocarpus as It may be in honor of a person (i.e. Linnaea), an ancient common name (i.e. Zea), or a distinctive character (i.e. Hepaticae (liver)). After the generic name has been spelled out once, the initial letter may be abbreviated subsequently. lc ex. Pterocarpus indicus L. (P. indicus L.) When the genus is named after a person a. If the name ends in a vowel, the letter a is added m e.g. Castillo- Castilloa except when the name ends in ‘a’, ea is added e.g. Carmona- Carmonaea b. When the name ends in consonant, letter ia is added e.g. Espaldon- Espaldonia except when the name ends in ‘er’ only a is added e.g. Oliver- Olivera 9. All letters in the specific epithet are in the lower case. e.g. indicus When the specific epithet is named after a person a. When name ends in a vowel, letter i is added  e.g. Malabrigo- malabrigoi except when the name ends in ‘a’, e is added e.g. Garcia- garciae b. when name ends in a consonant letter, ii ia added e.g. Briones-brionesii Merrill- merrillii Dimapilis- dimapilisii 10. Derivation of Names A. Commemorative names – names of persons are used as, generic name or specific epithet, generally to honor a person. e.g. Castilloa elastica Hoya blashernaez lo B. Descriptive/Adjectival names – names that convey something characteristic about a particular species. 1. Names relating to color e.g. Michelia alba, Delonix regia, Pericamphyllus glaucus alba – white; regia – red; glaucus – grayish/whitish; flava – yellow til 2. Names relating to direction e.g. Erythrina orientalis, orientalis – eastern; occidentalis – western; australis – southern 3. Names relating to Geography as e.g. Barringtonia asiatica, Diospyros philippinensis 4. Names relating to habit e.g. Ichnocarpus volubilis, volubilis – twining; scandens – climbing; ramosus-branched lc 5. Names relating to habitat e.g. Heritiera littoralis, Sterculia montana littoralis – of the seashore; montana – of the mountain 6. Names relating to seasons m e.g. Hyptis vernalis vernalis – pertaining to spring; aestivus – pertaining to summer 7. Names relating size e.g. Heliconia humilis, Pisonia grandis humilis/nanus – dwarf; grandis/magnus – large C. Nominative names – old generic, common and aboriginal names e.g. Vitex negundo, Zea mays negundo and mays are aboriginal names D. Miscellaneous names – other characters or combination of characters e.g. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, Taxus baccatus, Artocarpus heterophyllus 11. Generic name and the epithet agree in terms of gender Masculine Feminine Neuter Examples -us -a -um albus, alba, album (white) -er -ra -rum niger, nigra, nigrum (black) -is -is -e brevis, brevis, breve (short) -er -ris -re acer, acris, acre (pungent) lo til as lc m 12. Hierarchy of Taxonomic rank Rank Ending Example *Kingdom Plantae subkingdom bionta Embryobionta *Division phyta Tracheophyta subdivision phytina Spermatophytina *Class opsida Angiospermopsida subclass idae Monocotyledonidae *Order ales Arecales suborder ineae Arecineae *Family aceae Arecaceae subfamily oideae Calamoideae tribe eae Roseae subtribe inae Rosinae *Genus us-a-um-on-etc. Rosa, Calamus lo subgenus Podocephalus section Tithymalus subsection Tenellae series DOES NOT FOLLOW subseries ENDING Species Parartocarpus venenosus tilsubspecies variety subvariety forma * 6 PRINCIPAL RANKS ( SPECIES EXCLUDED)- UNINOMIALS papuanus linearifolia longiflora indicus as C. Additional material based on the code Types 1. Holotype - the one specimen or other element used by the author or designated by lc him as the nomenclatural type. 2. Isotype - duplicate of the holotype. 3. Syntype - two or more specimen designated by the author when no holotype was designated. m 4. Lectotype - one of the syntypes subsequently chosen to act as holotype. 5. Isolectotype - duplicate of lectotype. 6. Neotype - specimen designated to act as a holotype when no holotype or syntypes actually exist. 7. Boobootype - the type specimen of a name that should not have been published. 8. Kleptotype - a specimen, stolen from the original type material, which now serves as a type because the original type Is destroyed or missing. A number of moss kleptotypes from the destroyed Berlin herbarium are to be found at the New York Botanical Garden. D. “Nyms” and Names Homonym - any of two or more identical names based on different types, only one of which can be legitimate. Example: the combination Silene alba (Miller) Krause (1901), for which the basionym is Lychnis alba Miller (1768), is a later homonym (and therefore illegitimate) for Silene alba Britton (1893). Basionym - the name that provides an epithet that is transferred to a new combination at a different rank or position. Examples: Cypripedium pubescens Willd. is the basionym for Cypripedium calceolus var. pubescens ( Willd. ) Correll; Liquidambar peregrina L. is the basionym for Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter. Tautonym - binomial in which generic name and specific epithet are the same. Example: Sophia sophia (L.) Britton. A tautonym is treated as not validly published under the code. lo Synonym - any of two or more names applied to the same taxon. a. Nomenclatural synonym (Homotypic synonym) - different names based on same type. Such names are obligate synonyms. b. Taxonomic synonym (Heterotypic synonym) - different name based on til different type but taxonomic judgment indicates that the types belong to the same taxon, the names for which, under this judgment, are synonyms. Hyponym - a name not based on a type species. Rejected name. as Typonym - a name based on a type species, not on diagnosis or description. Autonym - an automatically created name for infrageneric or infraspecific taxa indicating the subtaxon that contains the type of the respective generic or specific name. Example: Hypericum perforatum L. var. perforatum. Alternative names - names, two or more, published at the same time by the same lc author for the same taxon. Conserved name - a validly published name that, by decision of an International Botanical Congress, shall be used inspite of being contrary to the rules. Examples: Palmae (Arecaceae), Graminae (Poaceae), Labiatae (Lamiaceae), Compositae m (Asteraceae), Cruciferae (Brassicaceae), Umbelliferae (Apiaceae), Guttiferae (Clusciaceae) and Leguminosae (Fabaceae). Correct name - name that must under the rule be adopted for a particular taxon. E. Name of Hybrids 1. interspecific hybrid - hybrid between two different species within the same genus Example: Calystegia sepium x Calystegia sylvatica = Calystegia x lucana Equivalent in rank to a species and governed by the same rules  Variants of an interspecific hybrid are known as notomorphs, which is equivalent in rank to a variety and the only rank permitted below the hybrid binomial Example: Salix x molissima notomorph undulate 2. intergeneric hybrid - hybrid between two species of different genera of the same family, very common in orchids at the generic level, it can be designated by a formula e.g. Coeloglossum x Gymnadenia lo or x Gymnaglossum At the species level it can be designated by either a formula e.g. Coeloglossum viride x Gymnadenia conopsea, or x Gymnaglossum jacksonii 1. til F. Name of Cultivated Plants Nomenclature of cultivated plants is governed by separate code,the International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). as 2. The only rank recognized below species level is the cultivar (recognizable infraspecific entities of diverse nature), e.g. clones, self-fertilised purelines, cross- fertilized assemblages. 3. Cultivars are written with an initial capital letter, not in italics but in single quotation lc marks, and follow the name to which they are subordinate either alone or preceded by cv. m 4. Cultivars have vernacular, not latinized names, can be subordinate to species, genera, hybrids or even vernacular names Rubus idaeus ‘Malling Wonder’ Rubus ideaus cv. ‘Malling Wonder’ Viburnum x bodnatense ‘Dawn’ Rosa ‘Crimson Glory’ Apple ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin VII. Characterization of Important Tree Families (Diagnostic Characters) GYMNOSPERM PODOCARPACEAE Evergreen shrubs or trees, usually with straight trunk and more or less horizontal branches. Leaves usually spirally arranged, sometimes opposite, scale-like, needle-like, or more apart, flat and leaf-like, linear to lanceolate. PINACEAE consist of resinous, monoecious trees (rarely shrubs). The roots are ectomycorrhizal. The leaves are simple, spiral, sessile or short-petiolate, usually evergreen resinous, monoecious, with subopposite or whorled branches, and spirally arranged, linear (needle-like) leaves. ARAUCARIACEAE Evergreen trees with spirally arranged, narrow or broad leaves often with lo parallel veins. Araucariaceae is a conifer family of large evergreen trees reaching up to 60 or more meters high. It consists of only two genera, Araucaria and Agathis. Araucaria species have small needle-or scale-like leaves and is a favorite Christmas tree. The Agathis species have broad, large and leathery leaves and create the tall canopy or roof of the forests. Members of this family are resinous trees. A tree resin known commercially as dammar til is provided by Almaciga (Agathis philippinensis). Some species are important timber trees. GNETACEAE Dioecious, evergreen, mostly woody vines, rarely shrubs or trees; stems as with swollen nodes. Leaves opposite, petiolate, without stipules, simple, elliptic, with pinnate veins and entire margins; usually with drip tips. ANGIOSPERM ALANGIACEAE the species of this family is now placed under family Cornaceae lc ANACARDIACEAE (Mango family) Trees and shrubs of Anacardiaceae have milky or resinous sap. Many members of this m family have poisonous sap which cause severe irritation to the skin, as in poison ivy. Many species of this family are important sources of edible fruits and nuts, notably Cashew/Kasoy (Anacardium occidentale), Mango (Mangifera sp.) and Sineguelas (Spondias pupurea). The other important uses of this family is very related to its resinous property. The resin/sap of this family is a of basic ingredient for making lacquer and turpentine. Because of the high tannin content of the leaves or bark, several species of this family are sources of tannin for the leather industry. ANNONACEAE (Anonas family) This is a large family of chiefly tropical trees and shrubs some of which are used for their fruit. Leave simple, mostly alternate, simple and entire.  Many species of this family are fruit trees like the Guayabano/Soursop, Anonas/custard apple, Atis/sugar apple, Biriba, and Atimoya. Annona is worth eating because the berries coalesce with an edible fleshy receptacle. The fruit is attracted to bats squirrels and monkeys. Other species like the Ilang-ilang (Cananga odorata) provide aromatic oils for perfumery. The flower in many species acts as a trap for pollinating beetles and other insects. ACTINIDIACEAE The family is composed mostly of small trees and climbing shrubs with alternate simple leaves and small flowers. Flowers in axillary, cymose cluster, hermaphrodite or perfect. lo Fruit is berry or capsule. APOCYNACEAE (Periwinkle and Oleander) The Apocynaceae is a tropical family of tall and smaller trees, shrubs and lianas and twining vines. Most of the plant parts contain milky latex. The milky sap can be toxic til due to the presence of alkaloids and other compounds. The leaves are simple, entire, opposite or whorled. The inflorescence is known as cyme either in cluster or solitary flowers, large and showy. The fruits are paired either fleshy and dehiscent or dry and splitting. Seeds are often winged with terminal long soft hairs at one end. The family yields many useful timbers, and also a variety of medicinally useful as compounds. Cardiac glycosides are obtained from Cerbera, Thevetia, Nerium, and Strophanthus. Some common ornamental species of this family are Kalachuchi, Periwinkles, Yellow bell, Kopsia, Campanilla, and Adelfa. lc m AVICENNIACEAE Avicenniaceae is a mangrove family. Trees or shrubs of this family are found along mangrove swamps or along tidal streams. Among the mangrove trees, it has the highest tolerance for salt. Their sap is salty but excess salt is excreted from the leaves as shown by the whitish layers on the leaves. They are particularly useful in areas often flooded with saltwater. BIGNONIACEAE (Bignonia) The family consists of trees and shrubs, mostly lianas or climbing vines. The species of this family are nearly all woody, usually adapted in one way or another for climbing in the humid forest, often with twining stems and terminal leaflet of pinnately leaved species modified into tendril. The leaves are compound, usually opposite, decussate, lo without stipules. The flowers are large, bell- or funnel-shaped. The fruit is septicidal or loculicidal capsule with winged seeds. Few species have and indehiscent fleshy fruit with unwinged seeds. Pollination is by insects, hummingbirds and insects. til It is represented here by ornamental trees like the African Tulip (Spathodea campanulata) ,Candle tree (Permantiera cereifera), Tabebuia (Tabebuia pellucida) and Binalimbing (Permantiera aculeata) BIXACEAE (Achuete family) as Bixaceae is a family consisting of a single tropical genus (Bixa) of shrubs and small trees. The leaves are alternate, simple, entire, palmately nerved and with stipules. The long petiole of the leaves is covered with tufted hairs. Both leaves and stem contain reddish sap. The flowers are regular, showy and paniculate. The family is represented in the Philippines by a single species (Achuete). It has a slightly perfumed scent. The fruit is bright red and turns brown as it matures. The fruit is a capsule with soft prickles lc and contains numerous dark red seeds that are gathered for its red dye properties. It is widely cultivated and used as food coloring for some Filipino dishes. m BOMBACACEAE (Bombax ) The family is now lump to Family Malvaceae BURSERACEAE (Pili ) Trees or shrubs in this family are resinous and are found in only tropical regions. Some species yield timber but majority of the species yield fragrant oleo-gum-resins used for incense and perfumes. Leaves are alternate or opposite, odd pinnate. Fruits are drupe- like, indehiscent, the pulp usually thin, the endocarp bony, often 3-angled 1 to 3 seeded. In the Philippines,this family is well known for the famous fruit/nut known as Pili nut. It is also represented by several trees of the Canarium species which yield elemi resin known as Sahing/Manila elemi. Manila elemi is used as incense and rawmaterial for varnish and lacquer manufacture. CASUARINACEAE The Casuarinaceae is a distinctive family of trees and shrubs adapted to dry habitats, comprising one Genus Casuarina. The families are mostly tall trees. With a characteristic weeping habit caused by their jointed branches with short internodes. The flowers are reduced and usually unisexual, both males and females are borne on the same plant. The fruit is enclosed in hard bracteoles, which open and release the seeds. Species member of this family are mostly of Australian origin, some are Malayan and Polynesian. These are leafless trees characterized by reduced scale-like leaves borne on a modified stem known as cladodes (e.g. Agoho). Casuarina’s are adapted to very dry habitats and low rainfall and considered as xeromorphic. They are good wind-breakers due to their deep root system and reduced leaves. Thje wood from several species is extremely hard and valued for furniture manufacture. CELASTRACEAE (Spindle tree) lo The Celastraceae is a family of trees and shrubs, many of which are climbing or twining. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple entire. The flowers are small, greenish and regular in cymose inflorescences. The fruit is a loculicidal or indehiscent capsule with many scattered seeds. The seeds are often covered by brightly colored aril which aids in the dispersal by birds. til A number of species of Euonymous yield useful products including the spindle tree (Euonymous europeus) whose fine-grained wood is used for turnery and wood carving and as a source of charcoal. The seed of this species yield an oil used in soap manufacture and a yellow dye for coloring butter. Species of Celastrus, Euonymus, Elaeodendron, Pachystima, and Maytenus are cultivated as ornamentals. as CELTIDACEAEnow CANNABACEAE The family is mainly tropical and subtropical. Members of this family are shrubs or trees having simple, alternate or toothed leaves.inequilateral and watery sap. Most lc species of this family produce timber (e.g. Aphanante and Celtis sp.), fibers (Celtis and Trema sp.) and forage (Celtis sp.). Anabiong (e.g.Trema orientalis), a member species of this family is one of the most common pioneer species in the widely distributed in the Philippines. The fruit of the tree is nut-like known as achene and mostly disseminated by wind. m The flowers may be either bisexual or unisexual, typically green and insconpicous and borne in cluster. The fruit is samara, drupe or nut containing single seed with little endosperm. CHRYSOBALANACEAE (Coco plum) The Chrysobalanaceae is a family of trees and shrubs, some of which are locally important as fruit trees. Many of the species are restricted in the lowland tropics and subtropics. The leaves are simple, alternate, and with stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite, more rarely male. The fruit is a dry or fleshy drupe with bony endocarp (stone) with no endosperm. Maranthes and Parinari are two important genera of timber trees. The fruit of tabon-tabon is cultivated widely in Mindanao for its fruits used an important food  condiments. Oil may be extracted from the seeds of many species. CLUSIACEAE (Mangosteen) The family is composed mainly of trees and shrubs many of which produce timber, drugs, dyes and fruits. The leaves are simple, usually opposite with entire leaves. The family exudes white to yellowish or brightly colored resinous sap. The flowers may be unisexual or bisexual grouped in a cymose or thyrsoid inflorescence. The fruit is usually a capsule but may be a berry or drupe-like. The seeds are sometimes winged or with an aril. Glandular secretions are produced in canals within stems, leaves, and floral parts. They consist of essential oils, fats, anthocyanins and resins. lo The Clusiaceae is the source of: durable wood (species of Cratoxylum, Calophyllum); drugs and dyes from bark (species of Calophyllum); gums, pigments, and resins from stem (species of Garcinia, and Clusia); drugs and cosmetics (Mesua ferrea); edible fruits (Garcinia mangostana); fats and oils from seeds (species of Calophyllum, Garcinia) til COMBRETACEAE The family is mainly tropical trees, shrubs and lianas that include a number of plants of economic and ornamental interest. Large trees and lianas dominate the forested areas while shrubs species are common in grassland. The leaves are entire, alternate or opposite and without stipules. The flowers are small, regular and clustered as in globular or elongated heads. The fruit is dehiscent and indehiscent with sometimes winged for wind dispersal. Some of the trees of the genus Terminalia are important source of timber for export. Several climbing species are grown as ornamentals, either outdoor or indoor (e.g. Quisqualis indica). Many of the species are used locally as medicine like Banaba lc (Lagerstroemia speciosa). Other species yield fruit used in tanning like Myrobalans. CORNACEAE The Cornaceae is a small family of trees and shrubs rarely herbs. Members of the family are woody shrubs or trees with simple, alternate or opposite, m entire leaves without stipules. The inflorescences are usually corymbs or umbels, sometimes surrounded by large showy bracts. Pollination is by insects. The fruit is drupe or berry with one to four locules and one or two stones. The wood of several species of Cornus is used as furniture, agricultural implements and bobbins and shuttles for weaving. Some species are widely grown as ornamental plants. DATISCACEAE Datiscaceae is a small family of tropical and subtropical trees of little economic value. The family comprises trees (Octomeles, Tetrameles or perennial herb (Datisca). Flowers are bisexual often bear staminodes. The fruit is membraneous capsule bearing seeds with little or no endosperm.  The Datisca species are used sometimes as cultivated ornamentals. The leaves, roots and stem of D. cannabina yield a yellow dye used for dyeing silk. DILLENIACEAE (Katmon) The family is composed mostly of tropical trees, shrubs and climbers. Most species of this family have deciduous alternate leaves, simple entire or toothed and prominent lateral veins, the petioles often sheathing with or without stipules. The flowers are white or yellow borne in solitary or cymes. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent or berry-like. There are one to few arillate seeds, with rusty seed coat, fleshy endosperm and small embryo. Some species are used as decorative climbers or trees, others eaten raw (Katmon), and species of the genus Dillenia are used for general construction and boat building. lo DIPTEROCARPACEAE Trees of this family are the main source of valuable timber. The Dipterocarpaceae dominates the lowland rainforest Asia and which are among the grandest and in the tropics and the major source of hardwood. They are found mainly in the forests of the Indo-Malaysian region. In the Philippines, there are 43 known species of this important til family. Dipterocarp trees are resinous. In the Philippines, several species like the Diptercarpus and Shorea species yield woodresin (balau and dammar) which are used for varnish manufacture. A characteristic feature of this family is the seed which is two-winged. Thus, its name as Dipterocarp was derived from the Greek word "di" (two), ptero" (winged) and "carpus" (carpel). Leaves are generally thick or leathery with petioles mostly thickened below the blade.the flowers are regular borne in racemes, and are adapted for insect pollination, being large and showy and often scented.Fruit 1 seeded with or without albumen and lc fleshy cotyledons. In most species the seed is filled with starch or oil or both. EBENACEAE (Ebony or Kamagong family) The family is the source of important wood for woodcarving characterized by lustrous and reddish to blackish wood. Some species also yield edible fruits. Trees or shrubs of m this family have alternate, entire, coriaceous leaves. The outer bark is usually black, gritty, and charcoal-like. The flowers are usually unisexual. Fruit fleshy berry, globose or ovoid bearing few to many seeds. In the Philippines, this family is represented by the Diospyros species (Kamagonf,Ebony, Anang). The family is best known for the black, hard heartwood, ebony of commerce produced by most but not all of the species of Diospyros. The fruits of several species are eaten. In all species the fruit is extremely astringent until it is very ripe. ELAEOCARPACEAE The family comprise tropicaland subtropical trees and shrubs, some of which are cultivated as ornamentals. The leaves are alternate or opposite. The flowers are regular, bisexual borne in racemes or panicles or cymes with four to five sepals. The fruit is capsule or drupe with straight embryos and abundant endosperm.  Sharp spines capable of inflicting mechanical injury are present on the branches of some members of this family. The plants may also elicit a "pseudophytodermatitis" if infested with caterpillars of the browntail moth or related tussock moths bearing urticating hairs. EUPHORBIACEAE Members of this family are trees, shrubs, herbs, rarely vines often with milky juice. It is an important family for waxes, oil, resins, rubber, and ornamentals, cassava and tung oil. Some of the genera are very large like Phyllanthus, Euphorbia, Croton and Acalypha. Trees of this family produce resin for the manufacture of tires (Para rubber/Rubber tree). Important oil from the lumbang tree is used in the manufacture of fiberboard (Lawanit). lo The oil is also used in the manufacture of soap, paints, and varnishes and for illumination. Castor oil come from Ricinus communis. Jatropha curcas seed yield powerful purgative medicine. A red dye is obtained from Mallotus philippinensis (Banato). The wood of Hura crepitans are used as containers of sand for blotting , or filled with lead as paper weight. A number of genera includes a number of ornamental plants such as Poinsettia, Breynia, Codiaeum (San Francisco/Croton), Acalypha, til Ricinus, Jatropha and Dalechampia. Manihot esculenta (Kamoteng kahoy) is the source of staple foodstuff and flour in many poorer people in many tropical countries. Some members of this family can cause skin irritation as a result of contact with their stinging hairs. as Leaves alternate or opposite, entire or toothed, sometimes lobed, rarely compound. The flowers are regular, unisexual, and may occur on the same plant as in Euphorbia or in different plant. The highly specialized inflorescence of the Euphorbia is called cyatheum. Gland are usually associated with the flowers among the stamens or associated with the inflorescence. Fruit capsule or drupe-like (1-4-celled stone), berry or nut-like. In some genera, the seeds are carunculate, e.g. Euphorbia, Jatropha, and lc Ricinus. Pollination is by flies, other insects, and wind. FABACEAE (Pea family) The Leguminosae or Fabaceae is a very large family of herb, shrubs and trees with a very wide variety of habit including aquatics, xerophytes and climbers, many of which m are of great importance to man. The leaves are usually alternate, pinnately compound and with stipules. Many of the species of Fabaceae have leaves, which can alter their position during the night which involves the folding of the leaves like the folding of Mimosa leaves when subjected to touch. Some species have twining stem for climbing, tendrils or hooks that represent modified branches, leaves or leaflets. A common features of most Fabaceae species is the presence of root nodules containing bacteria (Rhizobium species) which are capable of taking up atmospheric nitrogen and converting them into other nitrogenous compounds. The inflorescence is usually erect or pendulous raceme and sometimes as in Mimosa, the flowers are arranged in tight clusters. The fruit is one-chambered pod (legume). It is sometimes indehiscent as in peanut (Arachis) or it may open explosively. The pod maybe dry or fleshy, inflated or compressed, winged or not, greenish or brightly colored and range in size from few mm to 30 cm. The seeds vary in number from one to many and often posses a hard seed coat.  The family is the source of important wood for furniture making (Narra- our national tree), and edible pod or fruit like Kamachile, Sampalok, Peanut, Chicharo, Kadyos,Patani,Sitao, Sinkamas and Calamismis. The family is the source of important commercially known ornamental trees like Dapdap, Acacia, Caballero, Bauhinia, Dhak, Kakauate, Fire tree, Balitbitan and Acacia. The big family was divided into the subfamilies treated by some authorities as distinct families namely: Mimosoideae (Mimosaceae), Caesalpinoideae (Caesalpiniaceae) and Papilonoideae (Papilonaceae) FAGACEAE (Oak) The family is an important temperate to tropical family of hardwood trees which embraces the beeches, oaks, and sweet chestnuts. The Fagaceae are decidous or evergreen trees, rarely shrubs with alternate, simple, entire to pinnately lobed leaves and deciduous leaves. The flowers are unisexual and usually arranged in catkins or lo small spikes. Pollination is by wind and insects. Fruit is known as acorn, a single seeded nuts, in groups of one to three surrounded by an often-hardened cupule. The Fagaceae family is the source of some of the most important hardwood timbers of the world, the most notable being oak, beech, and chestnut. The tropical Castanopsis and Lithocarpus exhibits a wide range of properties and uses from floorboars, furniture til ,whisky barrels and sailing ships. Commercial cork is derived from the bark of Mediterranean cork oak (Quercus suber) and galls of certain oaks are the source of tannin. Castanea sativa of Southern Europe are grown for their large edible nuts. FLACOURTIACEAE (SALICACEAE) as The Flacourtiaceae is a family of trees or shrubs with alternate, entire or finely toothed leaves. The branchlets are sometimes spiny. The flowers are regular, bisexual or unisexual with the sexes on separate plants. They are solitary or borne in axillary or terminal inflorescence in raceme or paniculate in bundles. The fruit are capsules, berries, drupes, dry indehiscent and winged, horny or prickly, and containing seeds with aril or silky hairs. lc The family contains species of little economic importance. The fruit of Flacourtia species (Bitongol and Governor’s plum are edible. Seeds of Hydnocarpus can be use has purgative value. GNETACEAE m The Gnetaceae is a family of gymnosperm compose of small tree and sometime vine. It is represented in the Philippines by a single genus of Gnetum. The leaves of Gnetum gnemon are cook as vegetables and seeds roasted and can be eate ICACINACEAE (STEMONURACEAE) The family is composed of shrub, trees, or large climbers, almost all of which inhabit the tropical rainforest. The leaves are usually alternate, entire, and leathery. The inflorescence is usually a cyme or thyrse. The fruit is usually one-seeded drupe, sometimes a samara. The endocarp is is often laterally flattened and ornamented with pits and having small seeds. The wood of Cantleya corniculata which is hard and heavy and fragrant is used for house, shipbuilding, and as sandal-wood substitute. Leaves of Citronella species are used as substitute for yerba mate tea. Cut stems of Miquelia and Phytocrene yield drinkable water. LAMIACEAE (Teaks and Verbenas) The Verbenaceae includes, herbs, shrubs, trees and many lianas or climbing vines. Some members are thorny xerophytes. The leaves are usually opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, entire or divided. The flowers are arranged in racemose or cymose inflorescence. The fruit is a drupe, capsule, or schizocarp. The seeds have little or no endosperm. Tectona grandis of Southeast Asia , the source of teak wood is durable, water resistant timber used in shipbuilding. The family is also the source of durable wood like Molave that is used as railroad ties that will last for about 25 years untreated and medicinal species like Lagundi and Alagau. A number of genera are cultivated for their ornamental value like lemon scented Lippia citriodora and Lantana camara. Verbena and Clerodendron species are noted for their showy bloom. Species of Petrea,Clerodendron, Vitex, Callicarpa is used for treating skin diseases. lo LAURACEAE (Laurel) The family is mostly trees and shrubs with some parasitic climbers without true leaves. The leaves are alternate or opposite, usually leathery and evergreen. Some parts of the plant contains numerous oil cavities, hence the aromatic nature of some of the products of this family. The inflorescence is usually racemose or cymose. The fruit is til known as berry or drupe-like. The family is the source of one important for flavoring meat and fish dishes (Laurel/Mindanao cinnamon) and wood for making carving of religious images and novelty items (e.g.Batikuling), medicine (e.g.Kalingag) and fruit bearing trees (e.g. Avocado). Cinnamomum species also provide both cinnamomum and camphor. Laurus and Lindera species are grown as ornamentals. as LECYTHIDACEAE Lecythidaceae is a family of tropical trees. The best known of which is Bertholletia excelsa, which gives the Brazil nut. |The leaves are spirally arranged in clusters at the tips of the twigs, large, simple, entire or toothed. The flowers are bisexual and borne in spikes, on side of the shoots, or on older part of the stem. The flowers are large and lc showy, and in the shades of red, pink, yellow or white, and have an attractive, fluffy appearance due to numerous stamens. Pollination is frequently by bats, attracted by the sweet smelling flowers. The fruit is large, hard and woody, with a lid in which the seeds leaves the fruit. The see is large and woody. Couropita guianensis (Cannonball tree) is grown as ornamental for its large, waxy, m sweet-smelling red and yellow flowers which are followed by spherical fruits borne on trunks. Some species yield timber (e.g. Planchonella spectabilis and Ppetersianthus quadrialatus). LYTHRACEAE (Banaba) Lythraceae is a family of herbs, shrubs and trees including several ornamentals and species producing dye. The leaves are opposite, whorled or spiral, simple and entire. The flowers are usually regular, bisexual and borne in racemes, panicles, or cymes. The fruit is dry, dehiscent, or indehiscent capsule. The seeds are numerous and with no endosperm. The family is useful as medicinal plants and timber (Banaba), for fragrant for dyes (Lawsonia inermis) and for ornamental shrubs (Melendres). Cuphea species are grown as pot-plants. MAGNOLIACEAE Trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent/climbing with alternate leaves. Oil passages are present in the tissues of the plants.Flowers yellow or white, fragrant and perfect, large and showy (e. g. Champaka, Magnolia, Champakang puti) Fruit several to many follicles, or berry like, arranged in a whorl or on a elongated cone. It is composed of separate or united carpel, which is longitudinally dehiscent or indehiscent. The seeds have minite embryo.Michelia champaca yields serviceable timber that is used locally. The bark of Michelia officinalis yields a valuable drug. The genus Magnolia is the most popular genera of trees and shrubs for ornamental cultivation. lo MALVACEAE The family is well-known for ornamental plants and trees (Gumamela,Peruvian parasol), fruit trees (Durian, Cacao,Datiles), for fiber (Buntan), and wood (Balobo) The family under the recent phylogenetic system of classification includes genera and species previously classified underin Tiliaceae, and Sterculiaceae. Bombacaceae that til includes baobab, balsa, durian and kapok trees. Light timbers used fo matchsticks manufacture, boxes and veneers are obtained from various species of Bombax. Wood of Tilia sp. and a few other genera moderately important. Phloem fibers were formerly valued for basketry, but now used only locally. Sterculiacea includes the important genera Cola and Theobroma cacao (Cacao). It includes herbs, shrub or as trees with bark usually fibrous and loculicidal fruit capsule. Pollination of flowers is by bees, flies, and other insects. MELASTOMATACEAE (Medinilla) Melastomataceae is composed mainly of shrubs and small trees with few vines, herbs lc and some epiphytes. A number of species (e. g. Kapa-kapa) are cultivated for their showy flowers. The leaves are opposite and decussate but sometimes with one of each pair smaller than the other. The stem is four angled. The mina veins are usually palmate and parallel. The fruit is berry and loculicidal capsule. The seeds are small, numerous and lack endosperm. m The family is economically important in horticulture. The hardwood of some Astronia and Memecylon is used locally in furniture and construction. The fruit and leaves of of Medinilla hasseltii are eaten in Sumatra. A few species yields yellow dye from Memecylon edule. MELIACEAE Members of this family are trees or shrubs, rarely small undershrubs, The family is the source of commonly cultivated fruits (e.g. Santol, and Lansones) as well as fast growing timber species. (Mahogany, the true mahogany).The leaves are alternate usually pinnate, sometimes 2 or 3 pinnate, rarely simple leaves. The flowers are often cymose panicles, and may be borne on the trunk or branches or in the axils of undeveloped leaves, or may be terminal or, rarely borne on the leaves (e.g. Chisocheton). Flowers perfect, regular,  racemes, spikes or fascicles. Fruit capsular, drupe-like, dehiscent or indehiscent. The fruit is a capsule, berry or drupe, or rarely a nut. The seed are often winged while other have fleshy aril or fleshy testa. Other important species of Meliaceae belong to the genus of Melia, Azadirachta, Toona, Dysoxylum, and Aglaia. The fruit of Lansium domesticum is a popular fruit tree in Southeast Asia and as well as Sandoricum koetjape MORACEAE (Balete or Fig) This is a very large latex-producing family comprised mostly of shrubs or trees, sometimes vines. It is an important source for timber, food for people and animals, ornamentals and medicine source. lo The family is the source of important fruits (e.g. Nangka, Marang banguhan, Rimas, Kamansi, Monkey jacfruit), ornamentals (e. g.Balete, Kalios, Fiddle-leaf fig.) soil moisture plant indicator (e.g. Tibig). Some ficus species of this family are characterized by a weird "strangling growth habit". They start as an epiphyte and eventually strangles and kills the host tree. An example of this strangling tree is the popularly-known balete which is associated by local folks as the home of immortal spirits and site for some til tribal and cult traditional rituals. The fruits of other Ficus species are food to birds and animals in the forest. Other Ficus species make good ornamental plants. The flower of this family do not have petals (apetalous). Fruits are multiple, individual achenes or drupelets partly or completely enclosed by enlarged receptacle. Pollination is by wind, and insects as MORINGACEAE (Malunggay) The family is mostly quick growing deciduous trees. They are gummy, and stem often thickened with myrosin cells. The leaves are alternate, three time pinnate leaflets. The flowers are irregular, bisexual, sweet-scented, cream or red and in axillary panicles. lc The fruit is an elongated pod-like capsule with three valves containing many black rounded, winged or wingless seeds without endosperm. The seeds of Moringa oleifera is the source of ben oil, formerly used as lubricant for watchmakers, but now used as a salad oil and in soap manufacture. The young swollen roots are eaten as vegetable similar to horseradish in taste. m MYRISTICACEAE (Nutmeg) The family is found in the tropics particularly Asia. It is composed of trees and shrubs often with red or yellow sap or red latex. The leaves are alternate, entire which often having glandular dots containing aromatic oil. The flowers are small and are borne in capitate, fascicled or corymbs inflorescence. The fruit is fleshy and splits into two or four halves, disclosing the large seeds. The seed is envelope by coarse, brightly colored network of tissue, the arilo, which is derived from the funicle. Myristica fragrans is known as nutmeg tree, from which the spices nutmeg and mace are obtained. The pericarp of the fruit is used in the preparation of jelly seeds are pressed to make “nutmeg butter” used in perfumery. Few species are used for timber (Yabnob, Tambalau, Tanghas and Duguan) with high moisture content. MYRSINACEAE Myrsinaceae is a family of trees and shrubs of little economic importance except for some trees grown as ornamentals. The leaves are simple alternate, leathery, and without stipules, dotted with glands or resin ducts. The flowers are small, regular and borne in fascicles in terminal panicles, corymbs or cymes. The fruit is a fleshy drupe. Species of the genera Ardisia, Maesa, Myrsine and Suttonia are grown as ornamentals. In Philippines, the flowers and fruits of Ardisia squamulosa (Tagpo) are used to flavor fish dishes. MYRTACEAE (Myrtles, Eucalyptus and Cloves) Myrtaceae is a large family of whose habit ranging from spraggling and small shrubs and trees. The leaves are usually opposite, leathery, evergreen and typically entire, lo without stipules, and with pellucid dots on young stem, floral organs and fruit containing oil. The flowers are regular and bisexual in cymose inflorescence generally epigynous. The fruit is usually a fleshy berry (rarely a drupe) or dry capsule or nout. Economically, the important genus is Eucalyptus for timber. Eucalyptus oil is well known as flavoring, expectorant and antiseptic. Among the edible fruit are guava (Psidium guava) and Syzygium specis (duhat, tambis, makopa/tampoi), useful for wood (Bagras, Makaasim til species). Bottlebrushes (Callistemon and Melaleuca) or known ornamental tree. NYCTAGINACEAE (Bougainvilleas) The Nyctaginaceae is a family of chiefly tropical herbs, shrubs and trees. The leaves are alternate or opposite, simple and without stipules. The inflorescences are usually a as cymose, bisexual or unisexual and are sometimes surrounded by colored bracts, which resemble a calyx. The fruit is an indehiscent achene, sometimes enclosed by persistent calyx that may serve to assist in fruit dispersal. Bougainvillea are often grown as defensive and decorative hedges in warmer climates. Mirabilis are cultivated for their value as garden plants. The tuberous roots of Mirabilis lc jalapa is the source of purgative drugs used as substitute for jalap. The leaves of brown cabbage tree (Pisonia grandis) and lettuce tree (P. alba) can be used as vegetables. OLACACEAE ( Olax ) m Erect or climbng shrubs and trees. Flowers small, regular and perfect in axillary racemes and cymes. The flowers ofsome species are scented (e.g.Sampaguita, Sampaguita de china). OLEACEAE (Olive or Sampaguita) Oleaceae is a family of deciduous or evergreen shrubs and woody clibers. Trees, erect or climbing shrubs or trees. The leaves are usually opposite, without stipules, simple, trifoliate or pinnate, often entire or lobed. The inflorescence is a dichasial cyme but usually modified to give the appearance if a raceme, panicle or fascicle. The fruit are various – capsule, berry, nut, drupe or samara, dry or fleshy, dehiscent or indhiscent with one to four seeds. Oleaceae is a very important family for fruit and oil production (Olea europea, olive), perfume (Jasminum), wood products (Fraxinus), and ornamentals. In the Philippines, the family is known for its fragrant flowers like Sampaguita/Campupot/Jasmine and  Sampaguita de China. PINACEAE (Pine family) The family derives its name from the ancient Latin word Pinus. This is the largest family of gymnosperms. Leaves are needles, borne singly, or in fascicles on short shoots, spirall arranged on stem, evergreen in nearly all species (winter deciduous in Larix). Pollination is by wind. All plant parts resinous and aromatic, usually with sticky resin exuding from cuts in needles or stem. Resinous trees with linear and needle-like leaves in bundle sheath. The tree bear cone with seed bearing long terminal wings. The wood of the family is known commercially as palo-china and the bark yield resin/latex for the manufacture ofpaint, pulpwood, naval stores (turpentine and related compounds), essential oils and composite products. Important ornamentals species in almost all genera. lo PITTOSPORACEAE A family composed of trees and evergreen shrubs mostly with smooth sometimes climbers. The leaves are alternate, simple entire, leathery and typically entire. til Resin-containing canals traverse the bark. Fruit is fleshy with leathery pericarp having many few to many seeds few embedded in a resinous or oily pulp. The oily pulp is flammable (e.g. Hanga/Petroleum nut tree). The fruit of Hanga is sometimes sold to cure some ailments. PODOCARPACEAE as The family is composed of erect, glabrous, non-resinous trees or shrubs. Leaves resembling normal leaves, coriaceous, or acicular, or scale-like. Flowers dioecious or monoecious; male flowers large. The family bears cones modified into drupe-like structure (epimatium). Species of the family are usually found in mossy forest (Malakauyan, Igem) and seashore (Igem dagat). Malaalmaciga, Igem and lc Malakauayan are utilized for its timber and other species are known for their ornamental value (Igem-dagat, Malaadelfa.) RHAMNACEAE m Members of this family are erect trees or shrubs or climbers with some species armed with tendrils or hooks. Leaves simple, alternate, mostly 3-5 nerved with small stipules transformed into prickles. Some species are with thorns like those belonging to Rhamnus and Paliurus (Christ crown of thorns) genera. The flowers are small, sometimes without petals, regular and usually borne in cymes. The fruits are dry, dehiscent and wind-dispersed but most are fleshy drupes or nuts, dispersed by the mammals and birds which eat them. Pollination is by bees and flies. The species of this family include timber producing trees (Balakat) and fruit trees (Manzanitas). RHIZOPHORACEAE (Bakauan) The Rhizophoraceae is a tropical family of shrubs, climbers and trees, four genera of  which are mangroves, half of the world’s main mangrove genera. The leaves are simple, entire, and opposite. This is a mangrove family. These trees and shrubs are characterized by the "mangrove habit" of prop roots. The species grow in muddy tidal shores and are salt tolerant. The family is important for protecting shorelines, and for fisheries, as many fish species breed in mangrove forests. Locally important for charcoal and tannin production and for rot-resistant piers and pilings. Trees with entire, simple coriaceous, glabrous leaves, stipules interpetiolar. The flowers are borne in cymes or racemes, solitary in the leaf axils. The fruit is a berry or drupe, or dry indehiscent. Pollination is by wind and sometimes by bees. Fruit germinate while still attached to the tree (viviparous). The species is known for quality charcoal (Bakauan). lo ROSACEAE (Rose Family) The family of Rosaceae is an important family of woody and herbaceous plants. valued for its genera of bush and tree fruits of the temperate regions. The family includes apples, cherries, plums, peaches, raspberries, and strawberries, and for many horticultural ornamentals like roses. til The leaves are alternate, simple or compound, and typically bear a pair of stipules at the base. The flowers are insect pollinated and frequently large. and showy. One species is commercially cultivated in the Philippines for cut flowers (Rose) and the fruit bearing Strawberries planted in Baguio city belong to this family. as Fruit types are diverse from fleshy to dry berries and pome. The seeds are very small and contain no endosperm lc RUBIACEAE (Coffee and Mussaenda’s) The family of Rubiaceae is one of the largest flowering plant families. Coffe is the most important products of this family and is obtained mainly from Coffea arabica and C. canephora. Cinchona species yield the drug quinine and cultivated Jasmine (Gardenia m jasminoides) belong to this family.The family is also the source of the Philippine known Doña’s ( Mussaenda's like Doña Aurora, Doña Luz, Doña Eva, Doña Alicia, Doña Trining and others hybrid varieties), Star clusters and and Santan varieties as well as medicinal trees (Nino, Apatot for Noni Juice). Interesting example are found in the Genus Myrmecodia and Hydnophytum, a native of