DEA-23 Midterm Review PDF

Moreno Valley College Dental Assistant Program DEA-23 Midterm Checklist 1. Anatomical Planes: Sagittal plane - any vertical plane parallel to the midline that divide...

Moreno Valley College Dental Assistant Program DEA-23 Midterm Checklist 1. Anatomical Planes: Sagittal plane - any vertical plane parallel to the midline that divides the body into unequal left and right portions. - Transverse (horizontal plane): dividing the body into upper and lower - Coronal plane (frontal): dividing the body into front and back - Midsagittal plane: referred to as the median plane, is the vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right halves. 2. Cell components and functions: - Cell membrane: surrounds the cell and controls the substances that flow in and out of the cell (semi permeable which allows allows stuff to get in and out) - Cytoplasm: is a gel-like fluid inside the cell, primarily of water. - Nucleus: the “control center” of the cell and is separated from the rest of the cell plasm membrane. - Tissues: are formed when millions of the same type of cell join together to perform a specific function for the body - Epithelial tissue: Forms a covering for the external and internal body surfaces (skin on the outside of the body) - Connective tissue: is the major support material of the body. It provides support for the body and connects its organs and tissues (ligaments, bone, cartilage, lymph, blood, fat, and pulp of the tooth) 3. Integumentary system structures and their functions: (skin) First line of defense against disease. Helps to regulate temperature. Provides barrier that prevents bacteria from entering the body. - Epidermis: outer layer of the skin, it has no blood supply of its own and gets its nutrients from the vessels in the underlying tissue. Made up of epithelial cells - Integument: is the largest organ of the body and the body’s first line of defense against the external environment - Epithelium: a thin layer of tissue that covers the inside and outside of the body, including the skin, organs, glands, and hollow organs - Basement membrane: is a very thin layer that separates the epidermis from the dermis - Dermis: the layer just under the epidermis. Made up of the connective tissue. Detect touch, temperature and pain - Skin appendages: hair, nails, and gland - Hair: nonliving material (protein) - Nails: no living material, have a root (covered with cuticle) and body - Sebaceous glands: oil glands that keep hair and skin soft, all over the body except palms and soles. - Sweat glands: Apocrine, the largest glands, bacterial action causes body odor 4. Three layers of bone: - Periosteum: “surrounding bone”, thin transparent connective tissue that surrounds the bine and contains nerves and blood vessels that supply bone with nutrition. - Compact bone (cortical bone): very hard outer layer of the bone. - Cancellous bone (trabecular, spongy bone): inner layer of the bone  5. Osteoblast and osteoclast: - Osteoblasts - the inner layer is loose connective tissues, or cells are associated with bone formation (cells that form bone). - Osteoclasts - dissolve and break down old or damaged bone cells 6. Skeletal system disorders: - Arthritis: inflammation of the joint - Osteoporosis: age-related disease in which the bones demineralize, resulting in loss of bone density or fractures. 7. Heart structures and their functions: - Right atrium: blood enters the heart through the inferior and superior vena cava, emptying oxygen- deprived blood from the body into the right atrium - Right ventricle: As the atria contracts, blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle. When the ventricle is full the valve closes. The ventricle contracts and blood leaves the heart to the pulmonary artery and to the lungs. - Left atrium: the pulmonary vein emp es oxygen rich blood from the lungs into the le atrium - Left ventricle: the atrium contracts and blood flows from the left atrium into the left ventricle through mitral valve. When the ventricle is full, the valve shuts. The ventricle contracts and blood leaves the heart through the aortic valve and to the body 8. Blood vessel functions (arteries vs veins) - Arteries: are the large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart - Veins: for a low-pressure collecting system that returns waste-filled blood to the heart. 9. Red blood cells and white blood cells - Red blood cells: contain the blood protein hemoglobin, which plays an essential role in oxygen transport. - White blood cells: have the primary function of fighting disease in the body. 10. Platelets: small, colorless cell fragments in the blood that help stop bleeding and form blood clots. 11. Lymphatic system structures and their functions: - Lymph vessels: thin-walled tubes that carry lymph from tissue spaces to the larger lymphatic vessels. - Lymph fluid: a collection of tissue fluid waste products from the cells (clear and colorless fluid). - Lymph nodes: they get swollen in acute functions, contain white blood cells which produce antibodies to fight infection. 12. CNS structures and their functions: (Central Nervous System) controls most functions of the body and mind. - Brain: is the primary center for regulating and coordinating body activities. Each part of the brain controls different aspects of bodily functions. - Spinal cord: carries all the nerves that affect the limbs and lower part of the body. The spine is the pathway for impulses that pass to and from the brain. 13. Sensory vs motor nerves: - Sensory nerves: emerge from the skin or sense organs and carry impulses toward the brain and spinal cord. ti ft  - Motor nerves: carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord towards the muscles and glands. 14. Respiratory system structures and their functions: - Nose: air enters the body through the nostrils of the nose and passes through the nasal cavity. - Pharynx: after passing through the nasal cavity, air reaches the pharynx, also known as the throat. - Epiglottis: acts as a lid to cover the larynx, feels food and liquid from getting into respiratory system. - Larynx: voice box, protected by cartilage - Trachea: from the neck to chest in front of esophagus.Divides into bronchi. - Alveolar sacs: air exchange takes place 15. Histology: the study of the structure and function of tissue on microscopic level. 16. Congenital: a condition or trait that is present at birth. Congenital conditions can be caused by genetic or non-genetic factors, or a combination of both. They can be structural or functional anomalies, such as metabolic disorders or hearing defects. 17. Cleft palate vs cleft lip: - is an opening or split in the roof of the mouth that occurs when the tissue doesn't fuse together during development in the womb. A cleft palate often includes a split (cleft) in the upper lip (cleft lip) but can occur without affecting the lip. - Cleft lip: is an opening in the upper lip. Does not include the palate. 18. The 3 periods of prenatal development a. Preimplanta on period: occurs the rst week when the ovum is penetrated by the sperm in a process called fer liza on. Sperm is 23 chromosomes and egg is 23. Zygote or fer lized egg contains a full complement of 46 chromosomes. b. Embryonic period: from the beginning of the second week to the 8th week. Most cri cal me because most major organs and structures develop c. Fetal period: from the 9th week to birth 19. Stages of tooth development - Initiation stage: begins 6th to 7th week. Ectoderm gives rise to oral epithelium. Mandibular central incisor is the rst tooth to form - Bud stage: week 8, cells con nue to proliferate - Cap stage: week 10, cells con nue to grow and proliferate giving rise to an enamel organ with a cap-like structure. - Bell stage: 11th – 12th week, four di erent cells now found in enamel organ. The enamel organ will form the enamel. The dental papilla will form the den n and the pulp - Appositional (calcification): is the process by which the structural outline of the tooth is hardened by the deposit of calcium or other mineral salts. Enamel is 95% calcium hydroxyapa te. Den n is also made up of calcium hydroxyapa te approximately 70%. Cementum is made up calcium hydroxyapa te approximately 65% - Eruption stage: is the movement of the tooth into its func onal posi on in the oral cavity. As the root elongates, the tooth moves towards the surface of the oral cavity. 20. Odontogenesis: process by which teeth form from embryonic cells, grow and erupt into the mouth fi ti ti ti ti ti ti fi ff ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti ti  21. Ameloblast: cells that form enamel 22. Cementoblast: cells that form cementum 23. Odontoblast: cells that form dentin 24. Calcification (hydroxyapatite): mineral compound that is the principal inorganic component of bone and teeth 25. Tissues of the tooth - Enamel: covers the anatomical crown of the tooth and is the hardest material in the body. - Dentin: makes up the main portion of the tooth structure and extends almost the entire length of the tooth and is covered by enamel on the crown. - Cementum: covers the root of the tooth. Helps to suspend the tooth to the bony socket with attachment fibers within the periodontal ligament. - Pulp: is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves 26. Primary and permanent eruption patterns: - Primary teeth: this period occurs between approximately 6 months to 6 years of age, begins with the eruption of the primary mandibular central incisors and ends when the first permanent mandibular molar erupts. - Permanent teeth: this period begins at about 12 years of age when the last primary tooth is shed. The first permanent teeth to erupt are the first molars, also known as the "six-year molars". 27. Developmental tooth anomalies: disturbances in any stage of dental development may cause a wide variety of anomalies. - Supernumerary tooth: extra tooth or teeth - Mesiodens: refers to an extra tooth between the two maxillary central incisors (also considered supernumerary) - Anodontia: means missing teeth. Complete anodon a means all teeth are missing - Macrodontia: oversized tooth - Microdontia: tooth that is too small. - Peg lateral: refers to microdon a of a maxillary lateral incisor. Small, cone shaped right maxillary lateral incisor. - Dens en Dente: deep lingual pit that burrows into a toot. Appears to be tooth within a tooth. Very suscep ble to decay because di cult to clean. Most common in permanent maxillary lateral incisors. - Gemination: single tooth germ (bud) tries unsuccessfully to divide into two germs. One large single-rooted tooth with a double crown - Fusion: union of two adjacent tooth germs. The crowns are fused but the roots are separate, typically found in anterior teeth or primary den on. 28. Landmarks of the oral cavity - Vestibule: is the space between the teeth and the inner mucosal lining of the lips and cheeks. - Labial mucosa: between the cheeks and the teeth - Buccal mucosaL area between the cheeks and the teeth - Muccobucal fold: is the base of the vestibule where the buccal mucosa meets the alveolar mucosa ti ti ffi ti ti ti  29. Parts of the periodontium - Alveolar bone: house and support the teeth through the alveoli of each tooth - PDL (periodontal ligament): suspends the tooth within the tooth socket - Cementum: covers the root of the tooth - Sharpey’s fibers: these are fibers of the PDL that embed into the cementum and alveolus 30. Parts of the gingiva: - Attached gingiva: light pink and firmly attached to the underlying bone, it is not moveable. - Alveolar mucosa: darker pink and not firmly attached to the underlying bone, and it is moveable and easily stretched when pulled. - Mucogingival junction (MGJ): attached gingiva and alveolar mucosa - Interdental papilla: is the gingiva between teeth - Free gingiva (unattached gingiva, marginal gingiva) where the free gingiva meets the attached gingiva - Sulcus: is the space between the tooth and the free gingiva 31. Parts of the tongue - Dorsum: tongues upper surface - Body of tongue: anterior 2/3 - Root of tongue: posterior 1/3 and it is found in the pharynx - Ventral: is the undersurface of the tongue, which is connect to and closest to the floor of the mouth 32. Linea alba: is a white ridge of raised tissues that extends horizontally at the level where the maxillary and mandibular teeth come together 33. Fordyce granules: normal small yellowish elevations on the buccal mucosa and lips 34. Frenum abnormalities - Labial frenum: too thick, causing a diastema between tooth #8 and #9 - Ankyloglossia: lingual frenum too short  35. Muscles of the head and neck - Sternocleidomastoid muscle: (SCM): one of over 20 pairs of muscles acting on the neck. The SCM has dual innervation and multiple functions. It is a superficially palpable muscle. - Trapezius m.: a large back muscle that resembles a trapezoid. Extends from the external protuberance of the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae and laterally to the spine of the scapula. 36. Salivary glands - Parotid: (stensen’s duct) secrets into the oral cavity - Submandibular: inferior to the mylohyoid muscle and secrets into the oral cavity by way of Wharton’s duct - Sublingual: salivary duct which is the route that saliva takes from the major salivary gland 37. Xerostomia: dry mouth. Can result in an increase in dental decay and problems in speech and chewing 38. Sinuses: - Maxillary sinus: located within the maxilla. Paranasal sinuses are air containing spaces within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity - Frontal sinus: producing mucus, making bones of the skull lighter, providing resonance that helps to produce sounds. The sinuses are named for the bones in which they are located. Maxillary sinus is located within the maxilla. 39. TMJ: - Mandibular fossa: of the temporal bone – concave part of the bone on the skull - Articular disc: the cushion between the bones of the mandibular fossa and the condyle. - Condyle: enable the jaw to open and close like a hinge in the joint’s lower section - Articular eminence: is a part of the temporal bone on which the condylar process slides during mandibular movements - Hinge-Gliding joint: The TMJ, first movement is hinge (rotation or pivot) the condyle stays in the mandibular fossa. The second movement is gliding down the slope of the articulation eminence. The condyle with the articulation disc move out of the mandibular fossa and move down the slope of the articulation eminence.  40. Embrasures: the triangular spaces between teeth that are created by the curvature of the teeth - Buccal (or facial if anterior tooth): a V-shaped space between the curved proximal surfaces of adjacent posterior teeth, buccal to the proximal contact - Lingual: bigger than the buccaneers embrasure - Apical or gingival: an apical position of the papilla or insufficient contact between the teeth can cause an open gingival embrasure - Occlusal (or incisal if anterior tooth): a V-shaped opening between the curved proximal surfaces of adjacent posterior teeth, occlusal to the proximal contact 41. Contacts: is the area of the mesial distal surface of a tooth that touches the adjacent tooth in the same arch. The contact point is the exact spot where the teeth touch each other. 42. Universal tooth numbers (primary and permanent) - A through T for primary teeth and 1 through 32 for permanent teeth 43. Succedaneous vs Nonsuccedaneous - Succedaneous: permanent teeth that replace primary teeth. - Nonsuccedaneous: the permanent molars that do not replace primary teeth. 44. Tooth anatomy features (line angles, fossa, cingulum etc.) - All incisors - incisal edge (ridge), cingulum, lingual fossa mamelons. - Canines have additional features - cusp tip, mesial cusp slope, distal cusp slope, lingual ridge, distoliwngual fossa, mesiolingual fossa. - All premolars - occlusal surface, buccal cusp, lingual cusp. Central groove, mesial pit, distal pit. - Maxillary molars - central groove, mesial pit, occlusal surface, mesial marginal ridge, distal marginal ridge. Additional features (4 cusps) Mesio/distobuccal cusp, Mesio/distolingual cusp, ridges, pits on occlusal surface (Mesial, central, distal, buccal, lingual pit), grooves (centra, buccal, lingual groove) - Maxillary 1st molar: have a 5th cusp on the lingual surface (Cusp of Carabelli) 45. Roots (which teeth have how many roots) - Maxillary 1st premolars have 2 roots. - Maxillary 2nd premolars have a single root. - Canines and incisors usually have one root. - All mandibular premolars are single rooted. - Maxillary molars have 3 roots (MB, DB, palatal (lingual), trifurcation (3 roots), wisdom teeth roots tend to fuse. - Mandibular 1st molars have 2 roots that are usually the same length. - Mandibular 2nd molars have 2 roots - Mandibular 3rd molars (wisdom teeth) roots are usually fused 46. Anatomic vs clinical crown - Anatomic crown: includes incisal or occlusal third (part of the tooth between the incisal edge. Middle third (part of the tooth between the incisal third). Cervical third is nearest the neck of the tooth. - Clinical crown: cervical third is the area between the crown and the root, where the outermost layer of the crown (enamel) connects to the outermost layer of the root (cementum). Middle third is between the tooth, and apical third is towards the root.  47. Trigeminal nerve: The trigeminal nerve (CN V) has 3 divisions (branches): - Ophthalmic division - Maxillary division (V2) - Mandibular division (V3) 48. Maxillary and mandibular nerves: - Maxillary division (V2) 1. PSA: Posterior Superior Alveolar nerve innervates maxillary molar teeth for MB root of maxillary 1st molars and their buccal mucosa 2. MSA: Middle superior alveolar nerve. Innervates the premolar teeth and MB root of the maxillary 1st molar and their buccal mucosa. 3. ASA: Anterior superior Alveolar nerve. Innervates the anterior teeth and their labial mucosa 4. Infraorbital n.: (IO). Innervates anterior teeth and soft tissue. 5. Greater palatine n.: (GP) innervates the posterior palatal tissue, it does not innervate teeth 6. Nasopalatine n.: passes through incisive foramen, supplies the mucoperiosteum palatal to the maxillary anterior teeth - Mandibular division (V3) 7. Inferior alveolar n. (IA): subdivide the mylohyoid nerve, mental nerve, incisive nerve, and small dental nerves that supply the molar and premolar teeth, alveolar process and periosteum 8. Mental n.: Exists the mental foramen and supplies the soft tissues - gingiva an buccal mucosa of premolars and anteriors, lip and chin side. 9. Incisive n.: are a continuation of the inferior alveolar nerve and go to each root of the premolars and anterior teeth same side 10. Lingual n.: supplies the anterior two thirds of the tongue and gives off branches to supply the lingual mucous membrane and mucoperiosteum. Supplies the floor of the oral cavity. 11. Buccal nerve block: only buccal tissue of the nerves. Supplies branches to the buccal mucous membrane and to the mucoperiosteum of the mandibular molar teeth. 49. Angle Classification of Occlusion - Class I: normal occlusion. MB cusp of the maxillary 1st molar is directly in line with the MB groove of the mandibular 1st molar. - Class II: MB cusp of the maxillary 1st molar occludes mesial to the MB groove of the mandibular 1st molar. a. Class II division I: Permanent 1st molars are in a class II relationship and the permanent maxillary centrals are protruded facially with deep overbite b. Class II division II: Permanent 1st molars are in a class II relationship and one or more of the maxillary centrals are upright or retruded - ClassIII: MB cusp of max. 1st molar occludes distal to the MB groove of the mandibular 1st molars. “Bulldog effect”