CS 2300 Midterm 1 PDF

Lecture 0 Chronological Timeline _____________________ 700 430 1…1 430 700 BCE (BC) CE (AD) 1st Century BCE = 100-1 4th Century BCE = 400-301 BC = before Christ AD = Anno Domini (in the year of lord) Timeline of greek History 3000-1200 BCE: Bronze Age ➔ Palaces and Kings, first on Crete and then in...

Lecture 0 Chronological Timeline _____________________ 700 430 1…1 430 700 BCE (BC) CE (AD) 1st Century BCE = 100-1 4th Century BCE = 400-301 BC = before Christ AD = Anno Domini (in the year of lord) Timeline of greek History 3000-1200 BCE: Bronze Age ➔ Palaces and Kings, first on Crete and then in Greece ➔ Basis for later Greek myths ➔ No written record ➔ This era have powerful kings à Hero, story, songs à Greek myths 1200-750 BCE: Dark Age ➔ Dorian invasion (‘sons of Hercules’) ➔ Civilization collapsed, people mostly illiterate, population dropped 750-480 BCE: Archaic Age (archaic=early) ➔ Development of Greek culture ➔ Olympics begin in 776 BCE ➔ Greek colonization of the Mediterranean ➔ Art, philosophy…. Is created ➔ Around this time Olympics begin ➔ Population and prosperous are increasing, and some people leave Greece ❖ colonize 480-323 BCE: Classical Age ➔ Persian Wars ➔ Panhellenism ➔ Athens vs Sparta, Socrates, Parthenon ➔ Hype point of Greek culture 323-30 BCE: Hellenistic Age ➔ Alexander the Great of Macedonia ➔ conquest/Assimilation of Persia ➔ Hellen = Greek ➔ Alexander the Great is not a Greek ➔ The Greek-like age, talking about all sort of cultures that holding their athletic context Two sources for evidence of Greek athletics: 1. Written Evidence Literature ➔ Rarely discusses athletics directly ➔ Written by aristocratic men ➔ Usually written/copied on papyrus ➔ Composition where here are some artistical cultural value to it ➔ So hard to preserve, (copy and copy in the past) ➔ Personal view ?? (subjective vs objective) ➔ Major limitations: It typically does not treat athletics as its primary subject. Documents & inscriptions ➔ On marble from tombstones & statues ➔ On papyrus from contracts, letters, etc. ➔ Written gold and stones ➔ Papyrus is stored insanely well in some parts of the world ➔ Not specific EG contract with a wrestler, won’t tell us how they wrestle Limitations 2. Visual Mostly depictions on pottery ➔ Art… ➔ Amount of visual evidence is more than written evidence ➔ Pottery is an example that will be in fantastic shape unless you drop it ❖ Cannot be reused Limitations Some Atheletic Vocabulary Athlon: prize Athlete ➔ Athlete is competing for the prize, not necessary money, but for something Agon: competition/event/meet ➔ Protagonist, Agony ➔ Agon involve athlete = competitive meeting ➔ Agony: feeling toward a competition, everyone pushing themselves so hard, its painful = intense pain, intense suffering ➔ = intense pain, intense suffering Gymnos: naked ➔ Gymnasium: place you get naked (now a place for physical activity) ➔ Gymnikos agon: athletic competition, naked competition (athlete compete and practice, they all go nude) Nudity in ancient Greece Consider normal of nudity Gods and heroes are portrayed as nude too. Other cultures found the nudity culture in Greece unacceptable ➔ Romans think it was a big disgrace Some pot will paint the pottery because it shipped outside Greece and others found it offensive Origin of Nudity Athletes in Homer’s poems (which date to the 8thcentury) are not naked ➔ Homer is famous singer (dark age), sings songs about hero in the past ➔ Athletics is not naked, heroes are (750 BC)Footrace in 720 BC? ➔ one of the runners loses bla bla bla and they think going nude will lower the wind Spartan custom? ➔ spartan runner won a race in the nude ❖ hypernode, let fit people walk along the street and let others see if they fit Both? ➔ Some parts of Africa practice nudity Attitidues Toward Nudity Greeks' vs Non-Greeks ➔ The spartans Comparative anthropological evidence Infibulation ‘Dog-leash’ "kynodesmai" = slang word for penis was dog ➔ Tied up the foreskin of your penis, so it will be smaller in the competition What was the purpose? ➔ Because an irate penis will be embarrassing ➔ Double fold and make it smaller is more attractive ➔ Doesn’t seem to be a regulation to be infibulation (no evidence) ➔ a referee pointing a man without infibulating Was Nuditiy a form of equality? Flogging Athletes Nudity is a form of uniform in schools All going to have the same outfit Was nudity a means of display or sexuality? Show it off (sexual element is acceptable) A grown man try to pick up a young man 3 ages Groups in Athletic Competitions Men Boys Beardless youths (not found in all competitions) Greek man don’t shave if you see a man without a beard, just because they cannot grow a beard yet Athlete’s kit Oil: Aryballos ➔ Various explanations for why athletes oiled their bodies ➔ Aryballos: container of oil ➔ They oil themselves before training and compete ❖ Protect your skin from cold and dust? ❖ Brings highlight and beauty purposes? ➔ Strigil, Stlengis ➔ After a workout, Greek man scrape off the from the body oil ➔ Immediately you know, they are athletes Sponge, Dust, Cap Sponge: After finishing your workout and scrabe the oil, use the sponge to dip into the water and wash yourself up Dust: just aesthetic reasons, people put colourful dust after they put on some oil to look better Cap: just used in training’ Pure Athletics Found in Greek competitions such as the Olympics An event to determine the best athlete No subjective judging, objective outcome, still have judge No team events No 2nd or 3rd prizes Central to Greek identity Celebrate individually demonstrate pure athletics Lecture 1 2ULJLQ DQG (VVHQFHV Hunting Rituals & Sport What are athletics? ➔ David Sansone: “A ritual sacrifice of physical energy” A fuller definition might include: ➔ Non-routine physical activity ➔ Skilled competition ➔ No intent to harm ➔ Specified set of rules (eliminate luck) ➔ No designated place for luck What are Athletics? (Modern Athletics) ➔ Sacrificing for no benefits (work is not sacrificing, u get salaries) ➔ Spent it in particular circumstances ➔ Require skills ➔ not immediately get the benefit ➔ Sports is well separated from daily routine In ancient times, often found as part of holidays/religious events ➔ Physical activity are with structure, structure is imparted with religious event ➔ First Olympics (holy celebration sacred to Zeus) Agonism: the unique Greek? Arete: excellence, belief and adoption in competition Eg: Agonism in people (shoot around → 5v5) ➔ The arete of something is what makes it excellent/outstanding ➔ For most Greeks, athletics were involved in being an excellent human being ➔ Athletics as a competition, not just a spectacle Where did this attitude originate? ➔ Is it unique to the Greece? ➔ Arete: excellent in fulfilling their function very well EG Arete of an ego: not how beautiful he is, should be how strong he is as a predator What is an arete of a human being ➔ good parents? Good chef? Good corporate lawyer? ➔ Greeks agree he is arete if he is playing in top league athlete Mesopotamian combat sports and Running Sumerian Epic poem of Gilgamesh (c. 2700) ➔ Enkidu and Gilgamesh “bent down like wrestlers” ❖ Gigamesh and Enkidu ❖ Engage in the physical activity (who was the best) ❖ amateur vs staged (some real competition can see one side wiped out another lakers>knicks, occasional boring) ➔ Where do that begin? ❖ Assyria (doing impressive things to make audience wow) ❖ Trial…. → some kind of tests or trials (dk if there a price) Assyrian astrological chart (c. 2000 BC): ➔ “For 9 days men engaged in wrestling & feats of strength” Inscription from c. 1200 BC ➔ “Trials of strength by ‘the strong ones’” Egypt: hunting & Sporting Pharaohs Performances and demonstrations Pharaohs always succeeded in these events ➔ Member in upper class engage in physical activities (Pharaohs always win, not a true competition) ❖ Mock demonstration → Egyptians always win ❖ Outcome is ritualize for Pharaohs to win Wrestling scenes depicted on tombs & carvings ➔ Egyptians always defeat foreigners Archery displays by the pharaohs Egyptian athletics; Egyptian Hunting Army forced to run 100 km; prize for the first ones to finish ➔ Army running: seems like a training, a boosting camp, not an athletics Hunting exploits of the Pharaohs ➔ Hunting exploit: much pomp, much spectacle around pharaoh win dominantly Royal hunts as a Near Eastern tradition ➔ Hunting prowess demonstrated the ruler’s right to rule ➔ “Orchestrated performances” /DWH %URQ]H $JH 0LQRDQV +LWWLWHV DQG 0\FHQDHDQV Olympics started 776 Anything happen may say is approximate cause of the Olympics Minoan performances: rites, contests, or spectacles? Minoans (c. 3000-1200) ➔ Minoans originated and lived primarily on the Island Crete (distinct racial group) ➔ Control of the red color region before controlled by Greece No literature survives, only art Minoan “Grandstand Fresco” Found this in the palace A structure setup with multiple stairs of sitting, there are royal family, packed in to watch Boxer, Fresco Two people boxing, only have their right hand wrapped ➔ Definitely not fist fight in anger (they would not have time to wrap up in this case haha) ➔ its ritualistic Boxer Rhyton Minoan’s beaker It showed a series of physical events on 4 different layers ➔ Clearly inside a building ➔ Boxing ➔ Second to last level, they are wearing helmets Really can’t answer what were they doing Runner’s Rings Woman on the left and a man at the right The man in the center seems like sprinting The man holding something from one direction to another Bull Sports Bull is a central massacre to Manoah ➔ Human interacting will bull in a sport ➔ Some one grab his horn and make him land on the bull back Bull-leaping Fresco Gold Signet Ring A bull charging and a human holding at the mid section of a bull Gold Signet: a ring used by aristocrat to seal, signature Terracotta bull Clay figuring A person holding the horn and hanging Emphasize how difficult will be for no literature, limited resources and cannot tell what they are doing ➔ Imagine someone have to interpret this 500 years later with no literature context Bull Games Abroad: Egyptian Fresco Activities with bulls also find this in other culture like Egypt Hittite contests? Another culture quite near to the Greeks --- The Hittite ➔ Dramatically dominant for a very short period around 1400/1500 BC ➔ Still at the Bronze age, before the Dark age ➔ The culture get wiped out with reason we don’t know There are festivals in this culture Music, singing, dancing → sounds like a performance King’s bodyguards “run and he who wins ‘seizes the bridle’” ➔ Kings' bodyguards, the elite soldiers have a running competition, whoever win get a promotion “When they compete in shooting before the king, whoever scores a hit gets wine to drink” ➔ Whoever the soldiers shooting get a hit, get a drink ***This sounds like a there’s a competition, a price to be won, and people interest seeing who’s the winner Mycenaean contests? Controlled Greece and (eventually) crete (1600-1200) Both written and visual evidence Mycenaean is in the Greek itself ➔ Speak Greeks, same bloodline, but culture dramatically different ➔ Written evidence can be interpreted (like Greeks) ➔ No mentioned about athletics but many hunting Ceremonial Hunting Daggers Mycenaean Bull Fresco Belt-wrestling Lecture 2 The origins of Greek athletics Bronze Age Evidence “The art of Mesopotamia & Egypt certainly shows evidence of sporting activities, but the sense that these are competitions among equals is missing, nor do the events parallel many of the competitions in the Greek program.” AGA, p.20 ➔ The evidence of competitors are all treat equally, not the king is doing for the attention ➔ The events do not parallel (not important to prof, because the events are not similar to the Greek doesn’t mean anything) “Minoan culture was clearly much concerned with bull-fighting…it has no relevance to the athletics of classical Greece.” AGA, p.21 ➔ Competition against the bull ⇒ what the purpose behind the bull fighting (Ceremony? Entertainment? Or Athletics?) Miller’s Thesis “We must conclude that the picture of athletes in the Iliad & the Odyssey reflects the age of Homer himself, not the (Mycenaean world).” AGA, p.25 ➔ Homer – Greek singer Miller believe: ➔ Although the songs are about the Mycenaean, the picture they represent does not reflect the age he is writing and singing about, but the age he is living in. ➔ He is singing songs about hero (500 years ago) ➔ What he truly reflect is the attitude and the things happening in his own lifetime ➔ ask yourself to sing a song about 500 years ago, how accurately it will be “What happened between the Golden Age of Mycenae and the Homeric period that resulted in the athletic image in the Iliad, and the ultimate development of Greek athletics? This is the clue to the origin of Greek athletics, and it lies in the Dorian invasion that followed the fall of Mycenae.” AGA, p.26 ➔ The Mycenaeans doesn’t have athlete but after Mycenaeans culture collapse, The Dorian invasion happened. Dorian invasion of Greece Invasion during the early Dark Age (c. 1200-1100) ➔ The Myceneans migrated to the east (Asia Minor) after the culture collapse ➔ The Myceneans left and The Dorian entered (the red line) ➔ Happened after the Bronze age Dorian ethnicity and stereotypes ➔ The stereotypes of Dorian are they are war-like, aggressive and very competitive ➔ In athletics, they are dominate ➔ The 4 large scales athletic competition that all Greeks can participate, 3 of them are in southern Greece (where Sparta / Dorians located at) Most Dorians resided in southern Greece ➔ Miller: Dorians bring in that aggressive, they introduce athletics to the Greek world ➔ In Homers writing, athletics are common place so he naturally has his hero competing in athletics, even though they are before the Dorian invasion. The Homeric Poems Athletics not part of a recurring festival ➔ religious holiday (not every Sunday) Athletics not training for battle Emphasis on chariot race ➔ Doesn’t feel weird, it should be displaying your athletic ability or skills Value of prizes is less important than their ranking ➔ The price is just the sign of your ranking ➔ The athletes do not care about the cash value of the price No team events → pure athletics Not highly organized or technical ➔ EG: the size of basketball is not that same size, racing from this stone to that tree Competitive (how?) ➔ The eyesight contest ❖ the spectators come into the competition ❖ EG: one audience say he is faster and other say another one faster, they come into argument and start aeyesight contest. ➔ Chariot race, armed combat ➔ shows all of the warriors sitting and watching the chariot race ➔ A man died and they held funeral game to honor him Homer and his World His epic poems are the earliest descriptions of athletic competitions in Western literature ➔ There is still a dispute who Homer his, the singer never identify himself ❖ Put all the songs together and create something larger ❖ People argue there’s no homer, is put a lot of songs together His poems date to 750BC (early archaic age), but sing about heroes from 1250BC (end of the bronze age) Iliad: Funeral games for Achilles’ friend, Patroclus ➔ First song --- Iliad: ➔ song about the great war, the Greece fight against the foreign people ➔ The song takes place at the mid of the war Odyssey: Friendly games at a banquet ➔ Second song --- Odyssey (=long journey): ➔ Takes place 10 years after the war ➔ One of the hero in Iliad from Greece tries to get back home “While looking back to the distant past, (Homer) constructed his world to please his contemporary eighth-century patrons, and the “mind” of the epics…is the mind of Homer’s listeners.” ➔ He has his hero’s do things and compete in athletics because athletics matter to Homer’s listener The choice of Achilles (driving point of Iliad) either return home and live a long life without glory, or die a glorious death fighting at Troy They were taught “Always to be the best and to be eminent beyond others” Honor, value, self-esteem ➔ Attaching a particular quantity ❖ Honour coupon in supermarket ❖ Value of a friendship ❖ Esteem is come from estimate (self estimate) ➔ Everything has a amount ❖ How much do people honour you, value you or estimate you ❖ So, Glory = the value, praise that other people gives you Competition and Spectators “Externalized heroic excellence (arete)” ➔ In songs of Homer: If you are good at athletic, you are Arete (excellence) Spectators’ role in the competition ➔ Spectator have to be there, you have know how much other value and praise you, need someone here to see. Patroklos’ Funeral games (Iliad) Achilles is patron; only princes compete ➔ This games are held in Iliad after Patroklos died. ➔ Achilles who’s holding is Patroklos ' best friend or lover we don’t know. ➔ Only kings or children of kings, members of royalty can compete (many kings come) Chariot race ➔ The prices of Chariot race is most valuable ➔ Argument between Menelaos and Archilochus ❖ Menelaos is angry and finally Archilochus gives away with apologise (Menelaos 3 place and Archilochus 2 place) ❖ Menelaos don’t care about the price, he only wanted to be recognise as second place instead of third. ❖ It was all about the honour, he said Archilochus can have both prices Boxing ➔ Epeios ❖ Epeios said he is not a good warrior ❖ Being a good athlete does not equate to warrior ❖ What’s the relationship between warfare and athletics Wrestling ➔ Odysseus and Ajax wrestle to a draw ❖ Odysseus and Ajax wrestling and Achilles steps in, they both win and get prices ❖ Contradict, draw is not a satisfactory outcome Foot-race ➔ Odysseus prays to the goddess Athena ❖ Odysseus raced with another Ajax ❖ He ended up winning because Athena like him more (is it really Athletics? Super boost?) Armed combat ➔ Diomedes intends to injure; stoppage ❖ Diomedes fight with Ajax with spears , Achilles come and stop them because they intend to injury and turn deadly ❖ instead of displaying skills Archery ➔ Divine intervention ❖ Apollo guides Teukos' arrow Spear throw ➔ Honorary victory to agamemnon ❖ The king of kings –Agamemnon enter and everyone says he is the winner without compete , just to honors The Odyssey The island of Phaiacia ➔ Odysseus is shipwrecked ➔ Princess discovers him while playing with her friends King Alcinoos holds impromptu competition ➔ Prince Laodamas invites Odysseus to join ➔ Euryalos’ insult Odysseus enters the discus throw ➔ King Alcinoos suggests other performances Bow contest in Odysseus’ Home Odysseus upset one of the God and his Journey is deliberately designed to take so long when normally takes a week ➔ After 10 years, he finally arrive a island named Phaicia ➔ He started with 10 ships and but all ships sunk, only him live ➔ He is naked, crawdad to the beach ➔ The princess discover Odysseus and brought some clothes to him ➔ They play with each other when throwing balls (That’s what female do in Greece) ➔ The girl bring him back to the king and the queen and they have a meal ➔ There are athletics competition and invite Odysseus to join ➔ Odysseus is tired after 10 years and don’t want to join and Euryalo insult him that he knows nothing about athletics, only profit and loss ➔ Odysseus is angry and enter the discus throw and win without warmup ➔ Odysseus shut up all the people after they suggest dance competition Many people want to marry Odysseus’s wife and kill his sons to get property (Odysseus not home) ➔ Odysseus secretly join the competition at bow and whoever can shoot this heavy bow, his wife will marry him ➔ Odysseus win ➔ Odysseus said no one run away, he locked every door and say you can fight me to death, but no one run away The poet Anacreon, fragment 358: “Once again, golden-haired Eros has hit me with the purple ball of love, and commanded me to play with a girl with intricately laced sandals;but she, because she is from well-built Lesbos, she reproaches my hair, since it's white, and stares at another girl...” ➔ Poem recently discover ➔ Girls throwing balls with one another is soft porn (feminine things to do) ❖ Erotic sense like woman washing cars which is sexual Lecture 3 The Ages of Greek History 3000-1200: Minoans/Mycenaeans c. 1200: Trojan War 1200- 750: Dark Age 776: Olympic Games founded c. 750: Homer 750-480: Archaic Age Minoans/Mycenaeans = bronze age Homer = end of Dark age -> early Archaic age 480-323: The Classical Age 323-30: The Hellenistic Age Crown Competitions: The events at Olympia, Delphi, Nemea, and Isthmia 4 big competitions and all of them are crown competitions Olympics — Oldest, most prestigious Crown competitions / Stephanitic (Greek word of crown) Competitions related to crown Nothing rewarded for competitions except for a CROWN (crown of anything olive, leaf…) Stephantic Agonist Events, series of individual events that make up to a whole Gymnikos Agon Naked competition, athletic competitions Hippikos Agon A horse competition, horse race The Foot race Held in Stadion (stadium), 30 x 200 yards (1 stade) ➔ Stadium come from the Greek word Stade ➔ Stade: unit of measurement the ancient Greek had, 1 Stade = 200 yards ➔ Every site for holding competition is slightly different ❖ The distance is not precise, roughly 200 yards Olympia stadium held about 20 Runners (other hold 12-16 lanes) Heats held for more than 20 runners ➔ Any Greek can complete, different from nowadays ➔ They will hold heats (EG total 80, 20x4 groups, top runners will advance) 4 types of footraces ➔ Rarely hear runner win a 100m and 1500m. The Stadion (Stade) (f. 34) highest prestige (most memorable) ➔ EG, you ask which runner you know --- the fastest one (200 m dash) ➔ The ancient Greek refer to not year, but the name of the winner Eg not 2000 Olympics, but Ryan Olympics, John Olympics …. (regardless of other competition) ➔ First 52 years, it was the only events in a religious event. ➔ Every 4 years honour particular God 200 yards long ➔ Young people, no beard (youth competition) ➔ Have beard, adults (adults competition) legs have straight point out 90 degree, it’s a sprint If the leg is pointing to the ground, the speed is slower One of the pros of Pot: Consistent in the imagery Position of thigh will tell you the speed of people running diaulos: ‘double-flute’ (f. 67) 400 yards Aulos = flute in Greek, Di = double Two lengths of the stadion Stay at your lane and went to the end , touch and come back ➔ Its unlike modern 400, it go back to other direction ➔ The legs position!!! ➔ the leg is slightly incline downward ➔ Letters on the right side: I am a diaulos runner ➔ The middle distant, is not a sprint ➔ 3 adults ➔ Certain not a stadion race, assume is a diasulos race Dolichos (f. 67) Do = slow How long the race is? (the one up top) ➔ 4000 - 4800 yards, long distance race ➔ 20 or 24 laps? ➔ One author stated “what oil, what dust, what body type”, not what body help you go across the finish line No staggered starts ➔ The Spartan is known for the nudity, competitive warlike athletics ➔ rules, fair and equal treatment, exceeding concern being objectively fair ❖ From the top photo, it will be unfair for the people at the outside lane ❖ The Greeks replied it is fair because everybody treated the same, have chance get assigned for the outside lane (equal risk) The race would end in the other side, wherever it is, the spectator and judges will be there ➔ If the judges cannot judge, top 2 runners will run again ➔ The leg is different with the above photo, but both are Dolichos race ➔ We can determine whether is a Stadion race, but imagery of Diaulos and Dolichos blends together Hoplitodromos Dromos = running Hoplit = particular kind of warriors in ancient Greece, which carry a large round shield ➔ It’s a footrace in armour, added in year 520 ➔ Never highly regarded, winner is not well known ➔ Sometimes just wear shield, sometimes shield and helmet, some times shield and leg protector (shin guard), sometimes all three ❖ The change requirements over time ➔ Not a Olympic events 400 yards in armor of some kind Not very highly regarded The hippios: ‘horse’ race 800 yards, not an Olympic event ➔ One of the crown race (Nemea) Hip = horses ➔ Not sure why is called a horse race No one recorded the winning time!!! ➔ They just care who won The torch race Never found it in any crown competition Hold only in local competition in Athens ➔ residence in Athens could organize themselves to participate in this relay race (group by neighborhood) ➔ Race at a particular starting point and to the central hill --- Acropolis, a spiritual and religious place ➔ They also have to carry torches, and cannot let the torches got up (got up get disqualified) Based on pure athletics ➔ Some luck (torches go out) ➔ Team competition (40 or so young men (18-20 yrs)) The ceremony of Olympics with torches, is inspired by the torch race ➔ But the torch race is never in Olympics The Marathon It is never a competition or event ➔ a warrior/messenger, run from a place --- Marathon, to back to Athens and deliver news The distance (42.2 meters) is just the distance the Windsor Castle to London Olympics Stadium, nothing to do with athletics, just inspired by some incidents Balbis & Trumpet Balbis = starting line ➔ Just a line on the stand Originally just one groove The Greek will say “foot, beside, foot, go” Starting Position One is on a 3 point stand, the other one is just standing What was the requirement? Kampter Kampter = turning post ➔ They want the runner to run in the middle of the center Crashes, Cheating How can the judges see who won? ➔ The right one is the dolichos race ➔ One judge per member to see whether they cheat Hysplex A First found in early 5th C. The Greek interest concern real fair Hysplex = starting gate ➔ The gate with a string holding, he let go the string and every gate fall, people started to run Hysplex A because it get banned pretty quickly. ➔ When we let go, the fall is not fall quickly ➔ Some gate may fall faster than other ➔ Some gate stuck and fall slower Hysplex B Found in the beginning of the 4th century When the person let go, the gate snapped down (like a mouse People test it out If you use this method there is no chance the runner’s feet tangle in the gate trap) Hysplex C Same mechanism as Hysplex B Difference, there are pillars, look more dramatically Body-Contact Sports Wrestling, Boxing, Pankration No weight classes, no rounds (no time limits) ➔ You go in until a clear objectively winner Different age categories ➔ youth, adult (and beardless) ➔ Not all events were held for youth and beardless categories Order in which events were added at Olympia (see p. 23) Method for pairing competitors ➔ Gather competitors ➔ Put beans in to the pot, each bean has a letter of it (the letter mean the group) ➔ Draw out a bean ➔ If there are odd number competitors, one guy will buy, skip several rounds.(its fair to Greek) Pale (Wrestling) Status of wrestling ➔ Pale is the Greek appreciate the most ➔ In literature, we can see a lot of metaphor drawn from wrestling (indications of culture value of it) Eg: when we lose an argument, “we get flipped by…” Palaestra: the place for wrestling (other events can be hold) How is winner determined ➔ Not sure ❖ We know in competition, it was the first person win 3 out of 5. ❖ The main method to win is not sure, we don’t know ➔ Defeat admitted by raising a finger ❖ Know one sub category is to make opponent raise a finger, opponent voluntary give up Story: ➔ Famous Greece wrestler --- Milo ➔ He wanted to claim his price and he fell ➔ People said he lost ➔ He said anyone want to play him and make him fell 2 more times ***Indicator: he fell to the ground with body parts to lose, not necessary needed to be pinned ➔ Two wrestler ➔ Woman on he left with white skin --- Nike (stand for victory, ribbons also stand for victory) ❖ Showing someone about to win, but don’t know how to win (not just knee touching) ➔ Fight inside the sand, any people go out will reset ➔ Cannot punch, cannot bite, can finger bender Starting Stance ➔ Standing stance is similar to the current wrestling ➔ The woman with wings is Nike, consistently represent victory Grabbing the Middle Techniques: ➔ Throw them to the back Not guarantee win, but get a better position Turning the rear Goal: get their feet off the ground Stick your butt over the mid section body, and flipped them over your hip Snap Mare Same goal as the previous Flipped them over your shoulder Grabbing the Legs Same goals Grab their leg, try to get them off balance ➔ Pose before the grabbling the legs ➔ Ancient sourer said wrestler kept their hair short to avoid being grabbed ➔ Why a beard guy fighting a unbearded person The Skama pit dug in stadium ➔ The Skamma: the term for the pit ➔ Dig a pit and fill it with sand At Olympia: next to the Temple of Zeus ➔ not inside the stadium Palaestra could have 2 pits? ➔ a wet and dry one Pyx (Boxing) Added 20 years after wrestling The origin of boxing: ➔ The Spartans invented it ➔ Not have much information for boxing as wrestling, rely on visual evidence like pots ➔ Much more brutal than today (we assume) ➔ They like recorded victory scene, so we see a lot bloody noses (dangerous) Bloody, painful, deadly ➔ Like Mike Tyson highlights, it also bloody ➔ If you are dream about boxing, you are in bad luck, unless you are a doctor or cook (they always deal with blood) ➔ Very famous bronze statue ➔ Famous boxer ➔ the cut and scar “cauliflower ears” Rules No wrestling No low Blows No pigskin Thongs ➔ No raise your finger and the match is over Quitting ***Rule is little uncertain Fight till knockout / some resign?? ➔ The guy down low give up The referee is holding his stick upright If the referee is holding up, somebody has commit a foul but what’s the foul??? Guys on the ground, but the refugee did nothing Some events are included in Adult events but not in boy events In Olympia, the Pentathlon, boxing is included Himas (Himantes) ➔ A thong and and sth to wrap around your hand ➔ The guy in the middle is preparing for a fight ➔ The right hand side is just boys and punching each other ➔ A boxer is wraping his hand with a Himas ➔ Pigskin Thong is rougher, will hurt opponent skin Training Equipment Ear-guards Spheres ➔ soft gloves with padding? Apply on hand heavy bag ➔ not sandbag ➔ coach use it to hit you while you have to keep balance ***Number of different things not found in competition but in training ➔ This are not sphairai ➔ Sphairai is only use in training ➔ But the people is fighting, not training Oxys Late 4th C. BC Oxys: wrap all around your arms, and greater padding around your hand Techniques ➔ Fight with open hand, slap them, block them…. ➔ All of the punches seems aiming only for the head Blows to the body They decided to resolve the competition by giving body shot to one another You will punch me and take turns But we still see a lot of head punches over body punches ➔ Because people like the knockout pose, dramatic conclusion ➔ With padding, most lethal to punch is the head Myth of Polydeuces and Amykos Polydeuces (son of Zeus)vs. Amykos in Argonautica ➔ Likened to sacrifice and sacrifice (like Achilles and Hector) ➔ Polydeuces wins the match (“sacrificer”); Amykos is the “ox” Greek (P) vs barbarian (A) ➔ Polydeuces is an athlete, what’s the price ➔ there no prices it his competition ➔ After outboxing him, P tied A up and told him what is respect Pankration: ‘all-powerful’ ➔ Combination of boxing and wrestling (like mixed martial arts) Rules and Prohibitions ➔ Cannot bite, cannot gouge ➔ In the painting, it stated what we are not suppose to do ➔ The two guy in the middle trying to gauge each other eyes, the refugee hold the sticks ➔ Twisting ankle and cover with eyes ➔ Trying to gauge into the eyes → This is a boxing match, they have got himas on Ponos Ponos: a good pain since you are persuading victory Ponos = pain Hercules (Herakles) Palaimon Hercules – famous Greek hero ➔ He defeat monsters ➔ His nickname: Palaimon (means the wrestler) Hercules is interesting because he can be identified body contact athletics Identify he is fighting lions, the lions skin is so tough ➔ That’s Hercules ➔ He squeeze the lion to death Hercules going up against the giant No matter how tired the giant, if he tough ground, he fresh again Then he just lift him up until he give up Hercules vs the sea monster This one is different Hercules is more huge and packed with muscle Hercules with the lion skin Lecture 4 Crown Competitions: The events at Olympia, Delphi, Nemea, and Isthmia Gymnikos Agon footraces, contact sports, pentathlon Hippikos Agon Horse contest The Pentathlon They are individual events that comprise to Pentathlon ➔ We don’t know the order, no rule book 1. Stadion (footrace) 2. Diskos (discus throw) 3. Halma (long jump) 4. Akon (javelin throw) 5. Pale (wrestling) ➔ There are ancient Roman source, this is the order in Roman time (only evidence and we assume it like this) ❖ People went from Stadion (footrace track) to Skama (sand pit) The status of Penthathlon ➔ Winner is going to be the well rounded (highest priest because they excel to all aspects) ➔ Most worthy for our respect ➔ Physique of Pentathlon athletes are the most beautiful and aesthetic ❖ this body type is most useful to be beautiful How was the winner decided? In this pot, we can see this people doing the vents in Pentathlon ➔ Clearly reflecting pentathletes Why is the pickaxe ? Right side of the man ➔ You need the pickaxe to dick up the Skamma (refer to Pentathlon and athlectics) ***No body know how’s the winner is decided The Diskos Ancient sports (odyssey--Homer’s poem) Throw from rounded end of stadium Competitors given 3 throws? ➔ 37R list all the things they have ➔ There are 3 different diskos, same numer that are used in pentathlon ❖ 3 throws / 3 different types of diskos Picture on the right Throw from this end to the other end Preparation: rub your hand with some sand for grip Picture on the right Have the man with the pickaxe ➔ setting the scene for pentathlon, dug out the skamma, and the athlete is going to let go the diskos Stone or Bronze There was no uniform weight and material Stone diskos and bronze diskos are around 2kg ➔ The shape is like modern There are certain game that will provide certain diskos ➔ Not standardize (not exactly the same) ➔ In this particular time and particular place, this type of diskos are being used Diskos thrower is about to throw a diskos ➔ There is an owl on the diskos, which mean it’s held in Athens (owl is sacred animal in Athen) ➔ Have their branding on the diskos The Discus Throw Its always recorded the thrower is about to throw (either beginning or conclusion of the event) ➔ They don’t have the ability for the mid throw, like diskos in the air (not like modern artist) Not necessary foul ➔ Seems the person is step over a line A bronze statue ➔ fouled off frame → part of a foul (before or after the event) ➔ before: please god to let you win ➔ after: thanks for allowing me to win (I will give you something in return) → it is inaccurate Discobolus One of the most famous statue --- 'LVFREROXV ➔ 'LVFREROXV = diskos thrower ➔ They will use a marker to mark the distance of the throw Long jump (Halma) Only kind of jump that the ancient Greek has Rule ➔ Both footprints have to show ➔ If only show one = assume the other footprints before that = not counted ➔ Not entirely sure how many jumps the athlete has Pit Dug in the Stadium This pit doesn’t have the sand in it (unlike skamma) Flute Just clear up space and enough to show your footprint in long jump double flute: diaulos, which is given to the name of 400 yards race This is the real diaulos, double flute ➔ When competing , someone will blow the flute to give them rhythm to set their pace Important: This picture is in training or competition? ➔ Training, because the athlete has a cap on, which is part of the athlete kit only use in training Triple jump It’s also a modern event Story: a person who jump beyond the dug up area (50 feet) ➔ it is a physically impossible ➔ Either a triple jump or false story They have a reef on their head (made up of leaves) ➔ Prices given to athlete Hand Weights: Halter (PL: Halteres) Halter: hand weights ➔ Not standardize (around 1.5-2.5kg) ➔ No pattern, no particular shapes Curved, different then the above Halter Halter Technique → just left his feet, begun his jump → just begun his jump About to land and the halter is behind them ← Jump technique Hold the halter in front of you, you raised down As you are jumping, you push it down around your sides (slides 25) Maybe swing the weight backward will earn you a little forward ***Is this effective? Akon (javelin throw) wreath A cap A oil bottle on the left Diskos down below He is holding a javeline ➔ However he is holding his finger looped into a strip of leather, and all the way down to the far end “Thonged” Throwing Put the thonged down at the end, and twisted it around and around the javeline, and put back around the javeline Lot of culture do this, some other culture hunting techniques Comparative Evidence When you throw, the javeline rotate and it goes a straight path Holding in the middle and rope attach to the end → increase the arc and distance Run up to the mark It is certain, there are 5 throws Wrapping up the javeline = getting ready The guy in the middle is ready, putting his finger at the end, ready to run up and throw it Accuracy or Distance Modern: distance But possible they have a target trying strike A boy is killed by the javeline ➔ The boy run into his path ➔ The guy hit the boy instead of sth, unable to hit his target ***So it has something to do with a targets and accuracy An athlete about to let go of his Javeline Blunt Javelins in Practice Youths were not permitted to compete in all events For boys and adults only They have wrestling and other, but not pentathlon Hippikos Agon Horse events (added in 680) Numerous Types, But limited Evidence You need to have a much greater space than a stadium ➔ Didn’t have benches seating, only have open setting Do not have any great evidence ➔ Recently tech reshaped and human can make reasonable guess The Hippodrome Hippodrome: horse racing Just a cleared space, 600x200 meters The middle, we assume it’s the space of race ➔ How long exactly, we do not know ➔ The triangle is the racing gate, and go to the turning post Starting line, 2 turning posts 400 meters between posts; 12 laps 40 - 60 chariots, no barrier Maybe there are spectators watching this events Crashes Crashed definitely happen, a fatal crashes It’s said he is dead, made his enermy off guard Image on the right There is a turning post, 2 sets chariots racing side by side Image on the right Multiple chariots racing around Show how exciting it is ➔ 4 horses in one chariot, chariot is light weight (light wood) ➔ The last lap is signal by a trumpet 4-Horse Chriot Race most prestigious, very expensive ➔ Opening event for the horse racing portion ➔ a individual have 4 horses and devote time to train them, this victory glorify to the individual and the city the person represented ➔ Only upper class can participate, this competition can bankrupt you procession: judges, chariots, & charioteers ➔ How slim the wheel The guy is like a surfboard and maintain his balance Delphi charioteer, 5’11”, bronze, c. 478 (sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi) Found in the bottle of the sea ➔ Suppose to have 4 horses attached with this statue Precious, most bronze statue is lost Supposed to go to Delphi, thanks to Apollo to winning the chariot race This athlete is able to wear clothes Reconstruction of the original look of the artwork Owner and Charioteer The owner (the sponsor) matter, not the charioteer (usually light weight slave…) ➔ This is a 2 horses A spartan king said there is no “arete” (no excellent) If the city sponsored the horse, the city won the competition Starting-Gate At Olympia The starting lane is stagger, the guy in the middle is easier ➔ So this gate is designed to compensate the guy in the sides (open the gate in sequence) The dolphin go down, the eagle go up ➔ A blast ➔ Take off There is a horse frightener put in the horse racer to disturb ➔ The charioteer has to deal with them Horseback Race No settle, the participants are all naked Race just 1 lap The guy usually smaller There are some fouls, but don’t know what it is The Jockey is small The Jockey doesn’t need to be with the horse, the horse win as long as it reach the finish line 2-horse Chariot Added in year 408, (maybe added earlier) 8 laps long Images on the right showing 2 horses chariot races Cart Race Started near 500-444BC ➔ Abandoned 484-444BC other events (culpay race) ➔ Abandoned too Other Olympic Events Strange: ➔ Not pure objective determine the winner ➔ No team events But you needed these people Herald Held a day before the competition begin See who shout the louder ➔ They will responsible to announce for the festival (the Herald) Trumpet Added in 396 Trumpet competition ➔ Trumpet function: start a competition and get audience attention Other Stephanitic Events not Found at the Olympics Stephanitic event: crown Singing w/ Kithara Contest that consider valuable, but not athletic Kithara: string instrument, earliest in the event (added 586) ➔ Subjective – who is the best singer Flute (w/& wo/ singing) Diaulos The wing creature is Nike (godets of Victory) There is a singer singing in front of the judges (added singing for once and abandoned it after) The winner will be playing for the pentathletes Acting Poetry Poetry competition 1. Suspicion of favouritism 2. Poem have plagiarism Lecture 5 The sites of the crown competitions The 4 Panhellenic (Stephanitic“Crown”) games Stephanic = Crown ➔ Only something you will achieve Panhellenic = All Greece can compete (EG US open) ➔ There are some not crown games (cash offer) but is Panhellenic ➔ If you an demonstrate you are a Greek, you can join this game no matter which country you live The ‘period’ = circuit: 4-year cycle ➔ they organized well which athlete will not have games overlapped (no 2 being hold in the same time) Isthmian games and Neman games hold every 2 years Olympic games and Pythian games hold every 4 years Year 1: Isthmian and Olympic ➔ hold in different time in the year Year 2: Nemean Year 3: Isthmian & Pythian Year 4: Nemean Year 5: Isthmian/Olympic (start over game) They set standards on how other games hold Other competitions model them This games are prestigious and in higher hierarchy ➔ lot of tombstone of Ancient Greece Athlete Olympic and Pythian is more prestigious (less games in 4 years) ➔ Win all 4 games = truly great athlete Olympic Games Founded in 776, Archaic Age (beginning) Held at Olympia Run by Elis Every 4 years August or September In honor of Zeus Prize: crown of olive leaves If a tombstone win multiple PanHellenic games = put Olympic first Olympia (bottom left corner, SW Greece) (The Olympos is unrelated ) ➔ In Peloponnesus (where the Dorians dominate) ➔ It’s a region/field which belong to Elis (Elis control the land around it) ❖ so the game is run by Elis ➔ The game is coincide with second/third full moon (longest day of the year) ❖ people easily lose track of Calender, people will recognize full moon better Landscape Hill of Krones ➔ K = hill of Kronos ➔ Kronos = father of Zeus ❖ Zeus defeated Kronos to be a king (wrestling match) The Altis (Sanctuary = sacred space to..) ➔ The Altis = sanctuary of Zeus (every religious sight will have a Sanctuary) ❖ South of Hill of Kronos ❖ In modern, Sanctuary is for refugee ❖ if you go into a sacred space, no one is allow can harm you ➔ In this area there are all sorts of Altis (not just for Zeus), there are statues… ➔ Dedications and altars throughout ➔ 300BC photo Slightly version of Olympia as it developed The are many dots near the temple → those are mini Altis (more than hundred) No business is conducted in the Altis (business for selling food and drink in Olympia) Actual photograph The top is the remains of the building around the Altis We can see the stadium (separate from the Altis) ➔ Initially, it was a race race to the heart of the Altis (the stadium is in the center of the altis) The Altar of Zeus The Altis of Zeus is right in the middle among the Altis The Altis of Zeus is tiny, not the temple of Zeus Stadium 1 is is at the right side of Zeus’s Altis ➔ For the first 52 years of Olympics, the Stadion race is he only event ➔ People will stand 1 stad away from Zeus and race toward (oldest structure) The Black Layer ➔ The soil is black, High in carbon → Dark layer ➔ Since there is a sacrifice to Zeus, the ancient sacrifice is the participants will eat the food ➔ There are 2 big BBQ, the amount of animals is so large → the bones are left there and decompose to carbon ➔ Its located the left circle beside Atlis of Zeus Dark age, find it right around the altis of Zeus 2 of the right is god Zeus (assume) ➔ the nipples and belly are prominence The one of the far left is Zeus wife / a female ➔ no penis Charioteer, very very ancient 1st Phase of Building (C.620) The photo: the plan of Olympia (very end, AD 150) “On “at the end mean “a building for” Pelopion: the story of Pelops ➔ Building for Pelops (a tomb for king Pelops) ➔ Five sided structure, just wall no roof The story of Pelops ➔ He is the earliest sacrifice, with Black rams (black male sheep) ➔ Pelops was the grandson of the god ➔ His father chopped off Pelops head and sacrifice to the god to see if they are eating human ➔ The god know and punished his father in a terrible way ➔ And the put Pelops back together ➔ Then, Pelops want to marry the princess and made a play ➔ but the princess’s father said whoever beat him in a chariot race can marry his daughter, cannot beat I will kill that guy ➔ Some people already failed to beat him ➔ Pelops bribe the king’s horse keeper, and break the king’s wheel ➔ The horse keeper decided to do it, Pelops decide to kill the horse keeper ➔ The horse keeper curse Pelops ”You will die in this area and your body will in the tomb” ➔ The death of Pelops, the king and the horse keeper (like homer … his friend funeral…) Prytaneion (the home fire) ➔ Up in the north west corner (the pink structure) ➔ a fire place = symbolic of a city ➔ Every home has a scared fire place, related the time when heating is not sufficient (keep it burning day and night) ➔ The fire place of Alice is not their city, but in Olympia ➔ They have their banquets and parades and they will march through the altis (end at fireplace) Heraion (fig. 169) ➔ A place to honour Zeus’s wife --- Hera ➔ Oldest temple in Olympia (to a woman, since no woman allow in the beginning of Olympic) ➔ Right over of black layer (stones structure) ➔ For public announcement / treaty of the sign Lack of amenities at Olympic No place to sleep? How order kept? (7 century) Treasuries Number 5 on the picture ➔ A series of buildings (full of all sort dedications) ➔ Olympics dedication is not for athlete only (military dedication) ➔ There is a staff on sight day and night constantly, regardless the Olympic is held or not ➔ The staff not only for policing for jewelry, but it’s a tourist attraction ➔ The staff will kill the animals for you and help you BBQ for sacrifice Olympic staff ➔ Bodyguards ➔ priest ➔ butcher Temple to Zeus Sacred Grove Number 15 in the map ➔ Largest building in the Atlis ➔ Consider one of the “Seven Wonders” in the world ➔ The left, there is a grove ➔ The priest will use a golden sickle to cut off the olive branches, make a olive wreath, put on the golden ivory table the temple of Hera (waiting for the winner) Sculptured Reliefs There are series of Sculptures on the side of the temple ➔ Peolops ➔ Hercules at the slides (his labours cleaning out the stables) ❖ the one survive in the temple Ivory-Gold statue of Zeus 40 feets tall Nike on the left with angel wing The eagle on the stick (Zeus’s animal) This status didn’t survive 2nd Phase (460-323) Zanes (plural of Zeus) ➔ Just below the number 5 ➔ You will walk along the tunnel to go to the stadium ➔ bronze statues of Zeus at ancient Olympia ➔ Unethical action in Olympic, That cheater/community get fined and the money collected will buy this statue Workshop of Pheidias ➔ Number 9 in the map ➔ Outside the Altis there is a building called the workshop of Pheidias, where he wrought the image of Zeus piece by piece. In the building is an altar to all the gods in common. ➔ It’s a tourist attraction now Bouleuterion: Olympic Council ➔ Number 12 in the map ➔ Place for council members ➔ Olympic committee who plan and admin the game, that was set up for them to make judgements or to meet ➔ Or the oath for athlete Baths ➔ Up to the north in the map ➔ There are running water for athlete to wash themselves The Semi circle is the the entrance to the stadium 3rd Phase (323 Onward) Gymnasium / palaistra complex ➔ A place to workout or prepare, Not to compete ➔ Include a Palaistra (for wrestling and combat sports) ➔ Number 1 and 2 in the map Leonidaion hotel ➔ Lower left of the map ➔ Hotel offer for athletes initially Exedra (nymphaion) ➔ Running water supply 323 was the year Alexander the Great died ➔ Alexander the Great is a non-Greek, but he attached himself as a Greece and attached Greece to the rest of the world ➔ 323 onward à the money is increasing Tunnel Entrance Tunnel Entrance to the Stadium ➔ Athlete enter dramatically (merching) Echo Stoa and Apodyterion Echo Stoa ➔ Number 16 in the map ➔ A very long shaded porch ➔ The temperature is hot, you get a shaded porch to keep cool ➔ The porch is so long and you will hear echo Apodyterion ➔ Changing room ➔ Other side of the Stoa Stadium No seating, open space, you will be arranged by which part of Greece you from ➔ we find coins in the stadium (EG HK bills are in one region, China bills in one region) ➔ a old man cannot find seats on his city section, no other section allow him exclude spartan, every spartan man stood up → “every Greece know what is Good, Sparta do what is good” Upper left hand side, a rectaugular place ➔ A place for Greek Judges The opposite side, the north side ➔ altar of Demeter god (she is a god of agriculture) ➔ At that Alter, there is a priest (only woman in the Olympic) The stadium move further and further away because more and more building is keep constructing Hellanodikaion Altar to demeter Pythian Games Panhellenic in 586 → open for all Greece at Delphi ➔ Only Pythian Games among 4 Panhellenic games, held outside Peoponnesos Run by a council of 12 tribes ➔ The organizer of the Pythian games work with the organizer of Olympic games (make decision jointly) every 4 years For Apollo Laurel leaves ➔ When you won, you get a crown of laurel leaves → (apollo wanted to rape Daphne and she turned into a tree … honour with laurel tree) Mousikos agon (muscial context) Olympia vs Delphi Delphi is not controlled by any city Council of 12 different Greek people, got together and become the board of directors of Delpi Olympia is just a middle of pastoral ground Delphi was at the foot of mount Parnassus ➔ The God live on the mountain (sacred to the art) ➔ this is apollo favourite location Pythian Theatre Dedicated to Apollo Delphi had an oracle named Pythia ➔ The woman (processed by Apollo) can answer you with your question ➔ The offering is the gold painting and statue They call it the Apollo the belly button of the world ➔ Because they think it is the center of the world Because of the many treasure, when order broke down, this sight suffer badly Peribolos (Sacred Sanctuary) Temple to Prudent Athena (Center) Peribolos = boarder Kleobis and Biton of Argos This 2 characters possibly historical ➔ Think of what the true happiness for Greek Story: Solon tells of how these Argive brothers took their mother named Cydippe, a priestess at the temple of Hera, to a festival for the goddess to be held in town. When their mother's oxen could not be found, the brothers yoked themselves to their mother's cart and drove her the six miles to the temple. Having arrived at the festival, the mother prayed for Hera to bestow a gift upon her sons for their strength and devotion, which Hera listened and rewarded the sons. When the prayers and the sacrifice were over, Kleobis and Biton fell asleep in the temple and never woke up, which was the gift Hera bestowed on the boys: Allowing them to die peacefully in their prime. Short vs long live? ➔ human happiness is not dependent on wealth (which is Croesus' view at that point) ➔ happiness cannot be evaluated in the case of any given person until that person has died (when the story of their life is complete). ➔ Short banquet with friends (reasonable time) vs Long banquets with a lot of friends and forever time span ❖ Greek choose the shorter one Stadion at Delphi Olympic does not have this clean and have sitting stadion Gymnasion Cover track of running Wrestling area (lower right hand side) Changing room with nice bath Isthmian Games Panhellenic in 580 At Isthmia (peloponnesos) ➔ A location, not a city that connect the northern and southern part of Greece ➔ If this location is removed, Peloponnesos will be an island ➔ Its so important for commerce ➔ For military, its unfortunately overrun by a lot of soldiers and the location is badly damaged Run by Corinth ➔ Isthmia is run by a commercial and wealthy city Corinth every other year Honour Poseidon (God of the sea) Pine wreath, then change to celery Mousikos agon ➔ Everything involve artistic achievements ➔ Theatre, acting, singing, musical instruments, artworks, poetry Ino & Palaimon ➔ Founding myth: A mother take her with a kid escaped from the husband, she jumped in the sea with her son The boy is named Palaimon (Palai mean wrestling) Palaimonion (Sacred Sanctuary) Place related to Palaimon Site Plan Stadium has to be moved Nemean Games Panhellenic in 573 Held at Nemea ➔ Nemea is just Run by Argos every other year For Zeus in particular of agriculture celery leaves Funereal ➔ The referee has to wear black roll Opheltes ➔ Story pastoral ground A young boy name Opheltes, and he is not allow to touch the ground his feet unless he is ready to walk, If not he will die Greek hero come and want some water, Opheltes was put on the ground temporarily and he was bitten to death by a snake Strictly a Gymnikos Agon (mirror of Olympic) Epipola (sacred sanctuary) There was religious festival that held about a century before they founding of the game (for the other 3 games) Nemean Games ➔ They just created and the competition out of nothing Model Shrine to Opheltes The temple to Zeus and the long altar Entrance to Stadium Famous long alter Entrance Cover entrance to the stadium To conclude just similar architecture with Olympic Isthmian game : ➔ Nemean copy other, then Isthmian game steal his celery) The site is destroyed in 415 during a war, then they moved it to the city of Argos, Then they remove it back to Nemea and move to Argos … Lecture 6 The Olympic Games Myths of Olympic origins Year 300 BC Every competition have some of this, like what happened behind the game 3 Myths 1. Zeus wrestle his father in Olympia ➔ his father want to do away with him because among the god Zeus will drag with him 2. Hercules ➔ The guy on the right is Hercules, he has a club and lion skin , he also a tripod (a gift at the athletic competitions held by Hercules -– Homer) ➔ Hercules found the game competed in them and won most of the events 3. Pelops ➔ …. Wife …. Killed his father ➔ Internet: Pelops was cursed by the chariot driver who aided him in winning the race. Pelops gave his name to the Peninsula of the Peloponnese and a hero cult was founded in his name, and the foundation of the Olympic Games – specifically the chariot races - are attributed to him. Elis Elis who own the land of Olympia (60km away, 10,000 people) 3 gymnasiums ➔ 'Xystos': for training athletes ❖ Set aside for the Olympic Athlete for training ❖ There will be other purpose when Olympic is not holding ❖ Also for Hellanodikai (the judges) to look at the athletes and categorize them (Youth? Adult?) ➔ 'Square': for contact sports ❖ A gymnasium open for everyone and particular to contact sport ➔ 'Maltho': town hall ❖ Function as both gymnasium, like a high school, where the people about to be a adult / full citizen ❖ Also contain those Olympic administrators (organizers) ❖ Like a town hall, discuss political matter Eg, a city contain 3 night clubs and those night club in the morning function as. A library and kindergarten school…. Hellanodikaion ➔ Place where the Hellanodikai (judges) live The “hippodrome” ➔ Where merchants sell the goods Elean Officials and Administrators Elean = related to Elis All the judges are come from Elis Boule (Council) of 50 people oversees ➔ If the athlete disagree with one of the judges and want to appeal, they will appeal to this council Agonothetes (Sponsor) chosen ➔ Boule is going to do ❖ Choose a sponsor (8 wealthy citizens from Elis chosen at random, do once only) EG, They will choose one person to provide oil for athlete (consider at honour) 10 months’ prior, 10 Hellanodikai chosen, and begin training ➔ That’s why the judges need a place to live (previous slide) ➔ They were trained by the Nomophylakes ❖ Trained by “Guardians of the law” (Nomophylakes, professors of olympics) There was some methods where the Olympic will decide ➔ who was allow to put in the statue ➔ who is allow to construct the building (prof guessed the permission is given by Nomophylakes) Truce Declared Every 4 years, Six ambassadors will go throughout Greece, to specific points and announced And they will be met the ambassadors for other community, the other community will say yes I accept this So, all Greece will acknowledge this Elis become so special for holding Olympic and other community would not declare war on them ➔ Elis became soft because they hadn’t had war before ***Image on the right show The truce showed every community who agree on this Story: An unintentional breaking the truce The tradition of the “Olympic Truce”, or “Ekecheiria”, was established in Ancient Greece in the ninth century BC through the signing of a treaty between three kings – Iphitos of Elis, Cleosthenes of Pisa and Lycurgus of Sparta – to allow safe participation in the ancient Olympic Games for all athletes and spectators from these Greek city-states, which were otherwise almost constantly engaged in conflict with each other. 1 Month Prior: Athletes arrive at Elis The Athlete has to arrive one month before the Olympic Pre-Approval for eligibility & Age-group ➔ 2 criteria ➔ Legitimate Greece (Pre approval, their accent, their name, heard of him a criminal?) ❖ can make argument and appeal ❖ decision is made in Olympic ➔ No criminal record trial matches, some withdrawals ➔ You have to show them you have been training for at least 9 months ➔ The athlete come to Elis and have 1 month supervised training Site Preparation Cleaning / Construction ➔ They will cut all the grass, level the stadium, build starting gate, turning post, dig up the jumping pit ➔ At the stadium, they use the white dust to lay out the lanes (Expensive) Image on the right Use a Pickaxe Sometimes the athlete doing it, the prof do not think the Olympic need the athlete to do it Some competitions need Day Before: Journey From Elis to Olympia The day before arrival day, there is a overnight trip (60km), all the Participants, admin, judges, the horses (about 1000 people) will go from Elis to Olympia The athlete will take an oath while at Elis before going to Olympia ➔ You cannot participate if you have a criminal record ➔ You cannot enter Olympia if you have committed murder Judges, athletes, trainers, spectators, etc. depart for Olympia c. 15 hour hike, arrive at day break As they enter, the judges have to be purified, washed with water at the nearby spring and take oath The rule changed from judge allow to win to judge is not allow to participate Arrival Day Purification of Hellanodikai Hellanodikai assess athletes at the Bouleuterion ➔ The Judges officially access the athlete (final decision) ➔ Any male relatives including trainer of the athlete have to take an oath ❖ Swear on a dead body of a male big ❖ Also access the horses also Two “extra-Olympic” contests held ➔ trumpet and the herald The Olympic Experience Socializing ➔ People will be camping there ➔ Talk about what will happen, what just happen ➔ Story1 : philosopher Plato set up his university called “academy”, significant of it is devoted to physical activities ❖ he bonded with different people in Olympic and those people visit him in Athens ➔ Story 2: A man read his first chapter of writing to Olympic ➔ Story 3: A protestor go to Olympic to protest and suicide Entertainment Entrepreneurs Diagoras ➔ A athlete who won, his 2 sons won ➔ They carried his father on their shoulder for a victory lap (the audience is moved) Day 1 Parade thru the Altis; Equestrian and Pentathlon events Lead by the priest of Zeus Start from fireplace and all through of altis (63 in total) and make a sacrifice each The chariot race in the morning, the competitors will be heralded ➔ At this point, the spectator can come forward and challenge and give objection (eg he is not a citizen) (not often to happen) In the afternoon, there is pentathlon Day 2: Parade & Sacrifice, Boys’ Events??? At the evening There will be sacrifice at the tomb of Pelops Priest, athlete and ambassadors and sacrifice 100 cattle We now still don’t know when is the boy events Day 3: Footraces (am), full contact events (pm) No fix order for the events The judges can change the time of events ➔ One story is the judge cancel the events in order to stopping the athlete to win ➔ Use beans in the silver pot and draw. (you cannot look at the bean until every finish drawing) Day 4: Awards (Am) Nike on the right The guy in the middle holding a wreath They will present in front of Zeus The wreath will be kept in the temple of Hera, and then bring it to present to the winner The sponsors will put on a banquet for the athletes of official ➔ Massive BBQ for everyone (paid by Elis, Day 2) ➔ Banquets for the Athletes official (held in the fireplace) Nature of the Prizes Palm branch ribbon Victory lap (ribbon throwing) When you got back home, there will be more prices Cash, statues, honors, free meals for rest of your life