CRI 318L Part 3 - Questioned Documents Examination - The University of Mindanao PDF

CRI 318L PART 3 #GEMPESAO  Q.D. Laboratory Activity: 6 DECIPHERMENT OF HIDDEN WRITINGS CONCLUSION: 1. What makes the letter/name appear on the surface of the paper when heated? 2. Which among the fluids when heated appeared with less time? Why? 3. Which among the fluids when heated appear...

CRI 318L PART 3 #GEMPESAO  Q.D. Laboratory Activity: 6 DECIPHERMENT OF HIDDEN WRITINGS CONCLUSION: 1. What makes the letter/name appear on the surface of the paper when heated? 2. Which among the fluids when heated appeared with less time? Why? 3. Which among the fluids when heated appeared with more time or have not appeared at all? Why? Questioned Documents Examination Laboratory Activities Activity 1: The Earliest Handwriting Instruments Activity 2: Systems of Graphology Activity 3: Right and Left Handwriting Specimens Activity 4: Quill Pens and Ink Wells Activity 5: System of Writing Activity 6: Decipherment of Hidden Writings Activity 7: Forgery Activity 8: Recognition of Handwriting Characteristics Activity 9: Handwriting Identification Activity 10: The Use of Electronic Magnifier Activity 11:Typewriting Identification Activity 12: Examination of Fraudulent Checks (Counterfeiting) MEDRANO MEDRANO  Legal Term What is a Forgery? (In the context of signature) An act of simulating, copying or tracing somebody’s signature without the permission of the latter’s profit. It has a variety of classes, from simple handwriting to a more complex form of signature. It is an act of falsifying and counterfeiting bank notes, treasury, paper bills, checks etc. #GEMPESAO  SIGNATURE IDENTIFICATION MEDRANO  WHAT IS SIGNATURE? The first name and surname used at the end of the document to confirm its authenticity T a discharge of authority to manifest authorship of a command, order or an execution #GEMPESAO MEDRANO  SIGNIFICANT TERMS FRAUDULENT SIGNATURE A forged signature. It involves the writing of a name as a signature by someone other than the person himself, without his permission, often with some degree of imitation. #GEMPESAO  SIGNIFICANT TERMS CROSSMARK. Historically, many who could not write signed with a cross mark or crude X. This authenticating mark is still used today by illiterates, and if properly witnessed, it can legally stand for a signature. Ballot marks are also referred to as cross marks because of the common practice of marking with an X. #GEMPESAO  SIGNIFICANT TERMS EVIDENTIAL SIGNATURE - Is not simply a signature - it is a signature, signed at a particular time and place, under particular conditions, while the signer was at particular age, in a particular physical and mental condition, using particular implements, and with a particular reason and purpose for recording his name. #GEMPESAO  SIGNIFICANT TERMS FREEHAND SIGNATURE A fraudulent signature that was executed purely by simulation rather than by tracing the outline of a genuine signature. #GEMPESAO  SIGNIFICANT TERMS GUIDED SIGNATURE A signature that is executed while the writer’s hand or arm is steadied in any way. Under the law of most jurisdictions such a signature authenticates a legal document provided it is shown that the writer requested the assistance. Guided signatures are most commonly written during a serious illness or on a deathbed. #GEMPESAO  SIGNIFICANT TERMS IMITATED SIGNATURE Synonymous with freehand forgery #GEMPESAO  SIGNIFICANT TERMS MODEL SIGNATURE A genuine signature that has been used to prepare an imitated or traced forgery. #GEMPESAO  SIGNIFICANT TERMS THEORY OF COMPARISON The act of setting two or more signature in an inverted position to weigh their identifying significance, the reason being that those we fail to see under normal comparison may readily be seen under this theory. #GEMPESAO  SIGNIFICANT TERMS ELECTRONIC SIGNATURE Electronic digitized signature was produced through digitized tablet with the use of a digital pen which is using signing electronic documents for transactions. #GEMPESAO  BASIC CONCEPTS Signature Analysis is a method used to determine the authorship of a signature on its handwriting characteristics. #GEMPESAO WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HANDWRITING IDENTIFICATION AND SIGNATURE ANALYSIS? #GEMPESAO  SIGNATURE A method used to determine the authorship of a signature based on its ANALYSIS handwriting characteristics. HANDWRITING A process to identify or verify the IDENTIFICATION authorship of a handwriting document #GEMPESAO  CLASSIFICATION OF SUSPECT SIGNATURE ❑Forged signature where no attempt has been made to make a copy of the genuine signature of the person purporting to sign the document. ❑Forged signature of fictitious person ❑Forged signature, which closely resembles the genuine signature since a tracing process has produced them GEMPESAO  CLASSIFICATION OF SUSPECT SIGNATURE Forged signature where no attempt has been made to make a copy of the genuine signature of the person purporting to sign the document. Forged signature of fictitious person Forged signature which closely resembles the genuine signature since they have been produced by a tracing process #GEMPESAO  CLASSIFICATION OF SUSPECT SIGNATURE Simulated forgery Genuine signature which has been obtained by trickery Genuine signature which writers are honestly unwilling to accept as genuine Genuine signature which has been deliberately written illegibly or in unusual manner, to afford the signatories some plausible grounds for disclaiming them should they deem it expedient #GEMPESAO THE LEGIBILITY OF SIGNATURE #GEMPESAO  LEGIBLE SIGNATURE when the name and last name that appear are easy to recognize. This means that you are a person with clear objectives, who is balanced, who has sense for responsibility and duty and who feels identified with himself #GEMPESAO  SEMI-LEGIBLE SIGNATURE when it is hard to read but each stroke may be identified with a letter. These kinds of signature are associated to impatience and anxiety. #GEMPESAO  ILLEGIBLE SIGNATURE is the ones where it is impossible to identify any letters. There are people who, due to business reasons, sign thousands of times of times a day, using a short signature #GEMPESAO  TYPES OF SIGNATURE KNOWN contain elements and features or common SIGNATURE to the writer are other classes of writing. QUESTIONED contain elements and features where SIGNATURE issues on individual characteristics are in doubtful manner. #GEMPESAO  Kinds of Signature 1. Conventional – the signature which is readable and the form of letter strokes are complete. #GEMPESAO  Kinds of Signature 2. Highly Individualized –the signature which is more often not readable and has a series of ornamental strokes. #GEMPESAO  Stroke Structure of Signatures ❑ The stroke structure of signatures is the series of lines and design of letters that compose the individuality of signatures. #GEMPESAO  What Is Signature Identification? ❖The identification or verification of signatures is a specialized branch of handwriting examination. The identification principles and pointers in general handwriting fundamentally remain the same in the identification of signatures. #GEMPESAO ❖ However, certain characteristics and factors must be given careful consideration because: 1. Known signatures may contain certain elements and features not common to the writer’s other classes of writing. 2. Factors of identification given closet study of signature examination may not be given the same special emphasis in general writing #GEMPESAO  A combination of the following factors provides a full description of the individual handwriting movement in the execution of the signature. 1. A continuous writing movement or, the opposite, a writing movement interrupted at intervals by either pen stops or actual pen lifting 2. Rhythmic or, the opposite, the jerky patterns of writing 3. Shading and pen emphasis on particular strokes 4. Overall writing pressure 5. Speed of execution 6. Smooth or angular connecting strokes between letters 7. Starting of the initial writing movement before or after the pen gets in contact with the paper and the corresponding condition at the termination of the word #GEMPESAO  A signature is a combination of rather limited letters or design which, due to frequent use, becomes almost automatic. In writing his signature, a person produces a particular pattern which contains personal concepts of design and which pattern, when often repeated, serves to distinguish his signature from all others. Elements which constitute general forms of signature include: 1.Design of letter 2. Relevant size of capital, single-space small letters and those which follow the base line or above and the height of a single space 3. Ornamentation or form 4. Arrangement of different parts of the signature with respect to the remainder of the signature. #GEMPESAO  The examination of signatures is considered a specialized branch of handwriting identification for the following reasons: 1. A signature is a word most practiced by many people and therefore most fluently written. 2. A signature is a means to identify a person and have a great personal significance. 3. A signature is written with little attention of spelling and some other details. 4. A signature is a word written without conscious thought about the mechanics of its production and is written automatically. 5. A signature is the only word the illiterate can write with confidence. #GEMPESAO  The identification of a signature is based on the combination of the two personal styles of signatures, namely: 1. Conventional or ordinary copy-book form wherein the letters are legible. 2. Highly individualized which are characterized by a series of intertwining strokes, ornamentations and flourishes. #GEMPESAO  Indications of Forgery General indications of non-genuineness may include the following: 1. Blunt starts and stops – The forger places the pen point in contact with paper, and then starts writing. When he is finished with the name or some portion thereof, he stops the pen and lifts it from the surface. 2. Pen lifts and hesitation – this is occasioned when the pen stops at an unusual point in the writing, perhaps where a radical change in direction about to take place or a new letter formation is about to be started. #GEMPESAO  Indications of Forgery General indications of non-genuineness may include the following: 3. Tremor – because the creation of most forms of non-genuine signatures are little more than drawings, the pen is moving slowly that small, almost microscopic, changes in direction take place in what should be a fluid-looking line. The resultant line is not smooth, but reflects the “shaking” pen. #GEMPESAO  Indications of Forgery General indications of non-genuineness may include the following: 4. Speed and pressure – again, because the pen is moving slowly rather than with the dynamic movement associated with most genuine writings, the ink line remains constant thickness, resulting from the same constant pressure exerted on a slowly moving pen. There will be little, if any, tampering of internal lines. 5. Patching – infrequently, but at one time or another, most of us have made an error while writing our own signature. Some individuals may leave the signature alone, caring little about the mistake or imperfection, while others will simply “fix” the signature by correcting the offending portion. #GEMPESAO  Characteristics of a Genuine Signature 1. Degree of Skill – Genuine signature even if showing tremors will show some free connecting and terminal strokes made by the momentum of the hand. 2. Firmness of Stroke – In genuine signature, hesitation and pen-stops are on natural places. 3. Habitual Speed of Writing – Even in slow and unskillful signature, there will be consistency in speed. #GEMPESAO  Characteristics of a Genuine Signature 4. Fundamental Muscular Movement – In genuine signature the upwards strokes show more smoothness and freedom of movement than the downward strokes. 5. Pattern of Shading and Pen Emphasis 6. Presence of Natural Variation – As no two signatures are exactly alike, a certain amount of natural variation is expected and consequently allowed for in letter design. 7. Coordination, Continuity and Rhythm 8. Carelessness #GEMPESAO  Standards of Comparison ❖The ideal exemplar to be used for a signature or handwriting comparison is one which duplicates all the conditions under which the questioned material was written. ❖It contains the same written words and numerals, it was executed at approximately the same time, using the same writing implement, the same type of paper bearing the same format (check, airlines ticket, etc.), in the same writing style (cursive vs. cursive), #GEMPESAO  An accepted standard for comparison purposes can be definitely established as to its origin in one of the following ways: 1. That it be acknowledged by the writer as having been written by him 2. By testimony of a witness who saw the writing executed 3. By requesting the suspect to write a specimen to be used for comparison purposes 4. A responsive letter received through the mail (registered) 5. Sometimes by the testimony of the witness who states under oath that he is familiar with the handwriting or signature of the suspect #GEMPESAO  Standard Handwriting ❖Standard handwriting is generally considered to fall into two groupings: non-requested standards sometimes referred to as “gathered” and requested or “collected” standards #GEMPESAO  Standard Handwriting Non-requested standards are quite writings which were indisputably prepared by the accused when he had no reason to think that they would be used for a signature or handwriting comparison. They are, therefore, inherently devoid on any attempt or disguise. #GEMPESAO  Standard Handwriting ❖Request standards are those in which the subject is asked to write specific material, usually through dictation. These standards will be used for the express purpose of conducting a signature of handwriting comparison. Court-ordered standards fall into this category. #GEMPESAO  Suggested Steps in the Examination of Signatures 1. Place the questioned and the standard signatures in a juxtaposition (side by side) for simulation viewing of the various elements and characteristics. 2. Find elements to be considered on the movement employed or manner of execution (slow, deliberate, rapid, etc.). The fundamental difference existing between a genuine signature and an almost perfect forgery is in the manner of execution. #GEMPESAO  Suggested Steps in the Examination of Signatures 3. Second element to examine is the quality of line: smooth, fluent, presence of tremor or hesitant. Defect in line quality is only appreciated when simultaneous viewing is made. 4. Examine the beginning and ending lines; they are very significant. Determine whether the appearance is blunt, club-shaped, tapered, or vanishing. 5. Examine the design and structure of the letter. Determine roundness, smoothness, angularity and direction. Each individual has a different concept of letter design. #GEMPESAO  Suggested Steps in the Examination of Signatures 6. Look at the presence of patching or retouching. 7. Examine the connecting strokes, slant, ratio, size, and lateral spacing. 8. Do not relay so much in similarity or differences of the capital letters, for these are often changed according to the whim and caprices of the writer. #GEMPESAO  CLASSES OF SIGNATURE FORMAL OR usually executed in signing significant and COMPLETE important documents or papers CURSORY usually executed in the conduct of one’s own OR INFORMAL daily affairs T CARELESS usually executed for signing receipts and SCRIBBLE similar insignificant documents. Mostly made by messengers, or receiver of letters and acknowledgement. #GEMPESAO MEDRANO CLASSES OF SIGNATURE T #GEMPESAO MEDRANO  What is Signature Identification? Simple Forgery Forged Signatures of fictitious persons Simulated or Traced Forgery Genuine Signature which the writer is unwilling to accept as genuine Genuine signature obtained by trickery. #GEMPESAO  CLASSES OF DISPUTED SIGNATURE Simple Forgery Forged Signatures of fictitious persons Simulated or Traced Forgery Genuine Signature which the writer is unwilling to accept as genuine Genuine signature obtained by trickery. #GEMPESAO  METHODS OF FORGERY SIMPLE FORGERY (Spurious Signature) also known as spurious signature which refers to a bogus signature where no attempt has been made to make a facsimile or copy of the signature writing or signature of a person purported to make or sign a document #GEMPESAO  METHODS OF FORGERY SIMPLE FORGERY (Spurious Signature) As the name implies, this is one of the SIMPLEST TYPE FOR THE FORGER that need not have a genuine signature at hand to make such a forgery. Using his own style of writing, the forger executes the name of the person who is supposed to sign the document. #GEMPESAO  METHODS OF FORGERY SIMULATION (SIMULATED FORGERY) regarded as the most skillful form of forgery. It is a fake signature that resembles a genuine signature executed in a free hand. Through Free-hand Imitation, a gifted forger will make practice over a scratch paper twenty-thirty times before signing it to the fraudulent document #GEMPESAO  #GEMPESAO An attempt to imitate the signature thru free-hand simulation Genuine Signature Simulated Signature  METHODS OF FORGERY TRACED FORGERY Traced forgeries are generally created by one of the four methods: transmitted light, carbon intermediate, pressure indented image, and Tracing paper techniques. No two signatures or handwritings, even from the same person are ever totally duplicated. #GEMPESAO  METHODS OF FORGERY TRACED FORGERY The traced forgery like simulated forgery, necessarily requires the aid of a mode signature. As the name implies, the result of an attempt of the forger to make a close resemblance of the original by means of some tracing processes to as to transfer it to the fraudulent document. #GEMPESAO An example of a traced signature and the model signature from which it has been traced. The traced signature contains less detail than the known signature An example of a traced signature and the model from which it has been traced. The traced signature contains less details than the known signature.  METHODS OF FORGERY Traced signatures are usually departed from genuine signature in the following manners 1. In fluency that is the result of greater speed of execution in normal, natural writing 2. In line quality that a tracing lacks 3. The presence of pen lifts and/or retouching that is indicative of the uncertainty of the writing movement 4. The attendance of guidelines in the form of graphite or carbon lines or indentations #GEMPESAO  TRACED FORGERY 1. Carbon-Medium Tracing (Carbon Process) ✓This process is one of the most common means utilized by forger in making a number of identical copies or records of certain entries. ✓A piece of carbon paper either blue or black is interleaved between the genuine signature and the fraudulent document with the genuine #GEMPESAO An example of a traced signature using carbon process  METHODS OF FORGERY 2. INDENTION OR CANAL-LIKE PROCESS- INDENTATION/WRITING OFF-SET This is done in a similar way the carbon outline process, only that now a carbon paper is eliminated in the process, and the genuine document is laced above the fraudulent document. #GEMPESAO Side-lighting has been used to show indentations in a forged signature.  TRACED FORGERY 3. Transmitted Light Tracing (Projection Process) ✓Among the three methods being utilized by some forger, the method has greater advantage on the part of the forger. Here the fraudulent document is the one placed above the document, using a transmitted light, these two documents will be placed on the top of the plane glass of the transmitted light. ✓ With a strong light passing through these documents, the image/ outline of the signature will be projected to the fraudulent document and later be traced with ink. #GEMPESAO  TRACED FORGERY 3. Transmitted Light Tracing (Projection Process) MORE ASTUTE FORGERS will copy parts from several signatures, tracing them from different documents and presenting them as a single genuine signature. If the signatures used for models are presented as proof of genuineness, the document examiner may be able to match the signatures, because the parts copied will overlay the traced signature. Another ploy is to move the SIGNATURE SLIGHTLY AFTER COPYING the first few letters or the first name. This prevents the material from aligning exactly #GEMPESAO INDICATIONS OF FORGERY Blunt starts and stops Pen lifts and hesitation Tremor Speed and pressure Patching Suggested Steps in the Examination of Signatures 1. Place the questioned and the standard signatures in a juxtaposition (side by side) for simulation viewing of the various elements and characteristics. 2. Find elements to be considered on the movement employed or manner of execution (slow, deliberate, rapid, etc.). The fundamental difference existing between a genuine signature and an almost perfect forgery is in the manner of execution. Suggested Steps in the Examination of Signatures 3. Second element to examine is the quality of line: smooth, fluent, presence of tremor or hesitant. Defect-in-line quality is only appreciated when simultaneous viewing is made. 4. Examine the beginning and ending lines; they are very significant. Determine whether the appearance is blunt, club-shaped, tapered, or vanishing. Suggested Steps in the Examination of Signatures 5. Examine the design and structure of the letter. Determine roundness, smoothness, angularity and direction. Each individual has a different concept of letter design. 6. Look at the presence of patching or retouching. 7. Examine the connecting strokes, slant, ratio, size, and lateral spacing. 8. Do not relay so much in similarity or differences of the capital letters, for these are often changed according to the whim and caprices of the writer. ESSENTIAL PHASES IN SIGNATURE ANALYSIS RECOGNITION OF CHARACTERISTICS COMPREHENSIVE COMPARISON T EVALUATION CONCLUSION MEDRANO  POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION IN SIGNATURE ANALYSIS SPACES BETWEEN FIRST NAME AND LAST NAME this refers to the distance between the letters and words that compose the name and the last name or last names. Variants are condensed name and last name, signatures T of spaced letters and signatures of condensed letters. The distance between name and last name is linked to the psychological bond or separation between what they both represent (name: personal - family ego; last name - social ego and maternal-paternal images respectively.) MEDRANO  POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION IN SIGNATURE ANALYSIS LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION Signatures are organized when they are constant. They are correctly placed in relation to the text, the distance between words T and letters is appropriate and the shape of letters is clear. MEDRANO  POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION IN SIGNATURE ANALYSIS DIMENSION In this item we analyze the size of the letters of the signature and the uppercase-lowercase relationship of the signature in the text. The T size is related to self-esteem and the concept you have of yourself. Letters of the signature are bigger than the ones in the text Signatures done all in uppercase; Letters of the signature and letters of the text are the same size Letters of the signature are small compared to the text; MEDRANO  POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION IN SIGNATURE ANALYSIS SHAPE CURVE - ANGLE - people whose signature is angle- predominant resist to difficulties, are conclusive, definitive and reluctant to change. They might be intransigent and intolerant. Especially in environments T of trust ARCHES-GARLANDS - arches reflect movements of defense before the environment. Those who sign with arches, attain to social norms and conventionalisms. They may fall in the artificial and pay more attention to than the real MEDRANO  POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION IN SIGNATURE ANALYSIS DIRECTION ASCENDING SIGNTURE - They indicate reluctance to difficulties, optimism, ambition, clarity in objectives , self-improvement, fighting spirit. Risks of dissatisfaction HORIZONTAL SIGNATURE - They reflect emotional stability. Satisfaction about the present situation. T DESCENDING SIGNATURE - They are associated with discouragement, to lack of energy to get to the desired objectives, discouragement, lack of self-confidence and insecurity may lead to depression. Also, associated with acceptance of authority, locking into their own ideas. Descending lines may also appear due to mental fatigue. ASCENDING and DESCENDING SIGNATURES: They may indicate clyclotomia MEDRANO  POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION IN SIGNATURE ANALYSIS SLANT SIGNATURE INCLINED TO THE RIGHT - affectionate person who takes initiatives VERTICAL SIGNATURE - emotional self-control. INVERTED SIGNATURE when the signature is inclined to the left, it indicates for these individuals that it is hard to give themselves emotionally, due to protection or to T childhood experiences. MEDRANO  POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION IN SIGNATURE ANALYSIS SPEED AND PRESSURE FAST SIGNATURE - are from people who need to get to objectives quickly, who are impatient, expeditious, who are resolved andT not very reflexive. SLOW SIGNATURES- calm people that are able to wait to get what they want. MEDRANO  POINTS OF IDENTIFICATION IN SIGNATURE ANALYSIS CONNECTION CONNECTED SIGNATURE - are the one where uppercase and lowercase are connected (T,P, V,W, N excluded) T DISCONNECTED SIGNATURE - As a first measure, we need to make sure that the pen has been lifted from the paper to consider dissociation. Juxta positions may also appear. Predisposition to isolation. Difficulty to sustain what is being done. MEDRANO DOCUMENT ALTERATIONS T MEDRANO  DOCUMENT ALTERATION any material that contains marks, symbols or DOCUMENT signs either visible, partially visible, or invisible that may ultimately convey a meaning or message to someone. type of written proof that is offered at a DOCUMENTARY trial to establish the existence or non EVIDENCE existence of a fact that is in dispute. MEDRANO  AGE OF DOCUMENT A. WATERMARKS A brand put on the paper by manufacturers MEDRANO  AGE OF DOCUMENT B. DISCOLORATION Observance of the changes in its physical characteristics. Naturally, a paper will discolor after a passage of time due to numerous environmental factors MEDRANO  ALTERATION is a variation made in the language or terms of a legal document that affects the rights and obligations of the parties to it. MODIFICATION changing a thing without obliterating it. MEDRANO  FORGERY a forged or copied document, signature, bank note, or work of art; Applies to treasury or bank notes or similar instruments FALSIFICATION to make false by mutilation or addition; to represent falsely Applies to public, commercial, or private documents MEDRANO  FORGERY Art. 169. How forgery is committed. — The forgery referred to in this section may be committed by any of the following means: 1. By giving to a treasury or bank note or any instrument, payable to bearer or order mentioned therein, the appearance of a true genuine document. 2. By erasing, substituting, counterfeiting or altering by any means the figures, letters, words or signs contained therein. MEDRANO  CRIME AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST FORGERY Art. 169. How forgery is committed. — The forgery referred to in this section may be committed by any of the following means: 1. By giving to a treasury or bank note or any instrument, payable to bearer or order mentioned therein, the appearance of a true genuine document. 2. By erasing, substituting, counterfeiting or altering by any means the figures, letters, words or signs contained therein. MEDRANO  CRIME AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST FORGERY Art. 166. Forging treasury or bank notes on other documents payable to bearer; importing, and uttering such false or forged notes and documents. — The forging or falsification of treasury or bank notes or certificates or other obligations and securities payable to bearer and the importation and uttering in connivance with forgers or importers of such false or forged obligations or notes, shall be punished as follows: 1. By reclusion temporal in its minimum period and a fine not to exceed P10,000 pesos, if the document which has been falsified, counterfeited, or altered, is an obligation or security of the United States or of the Philippines Islands MEDRANO  CRIME AGAINST PUBLIC INTEREST FORGERY 2. By prison mayor in its maximum period and a fine not to exceed P5,000 pesos, if the falsified or altered document is a circulating note issued by any banking association duly authorized by law to issue the same. 3. By prison mayor in its medium period and a fine not to exceed P5,000 pesos, if the falsified or counterfeited document was issued by a foreign government 4. By prison mayor in its minimum period and a fine not to exceed P2,000 pesos, when the forged or altered document is a circulating note or bill issued by a foreign bank duly authorized therefor. MEDRANO  WAYS OF COMMITTING FALSIFICATION 1. Counterfeiting or imitating any handwriting, signature or rubric; 2. Causing it to appear that persons have participated in any act or proceeding when they did not in fact so participate; 3. Attributing to persons who have participated in an act or proceeding statements other than those in fact made by them; 4. Making untruthful statements in a narration of facts; 5. Altering true dates; 6. Making any alteration or intercalation in a genuine document which changes its meaning; MEDRANO  WAYS OF COMMITTING FALSIFICATION 7. Issuing in an authenticated form a document purporting to be a copy of an original document when no such original exists, or including in such a copy a statement contrary to, or different from, that of the genuine original; or 8. Intercalating any instrument or note relative to the issuance thereof in a protocol, registry, or official book. MEDRANO  WAYS OF COMMITTING FALSIFICATION Art. 170. Falsification of legislative documents. — The penalty of prison correctional in its maximum period and a fine not exceeding P6,000 pesos shall be imposed upon any person who, without proper authority therefor alters any bill, resolution, or ordinance enacted or approved or pending approval by either House of the Legislature or any provincial board or municipal council. Art. 171. Falsification by the public officer, employee or notary, or ecclesiastic minister. — The penalty of prison mayor and a fine not to exceed P5,000 pesos shall be imposed upon any public officer, employee, or notary who MEDRANO  WAYS OF COMMITTING FALSIFICATION ART. 172. FALSIFICATION BY A PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL AND USE OF FALSIFIED DOCUMENTS. — THE PENALTY OF PRISON CORRECTIONAL IN ITS MEDIUM AND MAXIMUM PERIODS AND A FINE OF NOT MORE THAN P5,000 PESOS SHALL BE IMPOSED UPON: MEDRANO  METHODS OF ALTERATION ERASURE Mechanical/Abrasive Erasure - this is by rubbing off with rubber or scraping off with sharp instrument (manual, abrasive, pointed, sharp-edges) the letter or word that is intended to be erased. Chemical Erasure- this is by using ink eradicator or bleaching, such as snow peak/liquid eraser; use of chemicals to eliminate/erase the writings. MEDRANO  METHODS OF ALTERATION MECHANICAL CHEMICAL ERASURE ERASURE MEDRANO  METHODS OF ALTERATION ADDITION AND SUBSTITUTION Addition- this method of alteration is accomplished by adding phrase or number in the document. Any matter made a part of the document after its original preparation may be referred to as addition. Substitution- Substituting the paragraph or changing a number. MEDRANO  METHODS OF ALTERATION ADDITION AND SUBSTITUTION Addition- this method of alteration is accomplished by adding phrase or number in the document. Any matter made a part of the document after its original preparation may be referred to as addition. Substitution- Substituting the paragraph or changing a number. MEDRANO  METHODS OF ALTERATION INTERLINEATION A process of inserting between the letters of within the lines or pages of the document MEDRANO  METHODS OF ALTERATION OBLITERATION A process to remove or destroy all traces of or to blot out or render undecipherable MEDRANO  METHODS OF ALTERATION SUPERIMPOSITION A process of superimposing the writings to covers up the original characters of the genuine documents MEDRANO  METHODS OF ALTERATION A process of making false entries into a document in CUT AND PASTE order to attain desired changes on the original meaning of a genuine document A process of making false entries into a document FABRICATION in order to attain desired changes on the original meaning of a a genuine document MEDRANO  EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION Stereoscopic examination with low and high-power objectives is used to detect retouching, patching and unnatural pen lift in signature analysis MEDRANO  EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES TRANSMITTED LIGHT EXAMINATION Documents are subjected to this type of examination to determine the presence of erasures, matching of serrations and some other type of alteration MEDRANO  EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES OBLIQUE LIGHT EXAMINATION Decipherment of faded writing, determination of outlines in traced forgery, embossed impression, etc are subjected to this type of examination MEDRANO  EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATOR (VSC) Used in the examination of masked or obliterated text, watermarks, visible fluorescence, paper fluorescence and oblique illumination of indented writing and embossing MEDRANO  EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES INFRARED LIGHT EXAMINATION The use of infrared light or infrared radiation to visibly detect presence of hidden marks caused by pressure or those charred documents MEDRANO  EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES ULTRA- VIOLET EXAMINATION Provides radiation or illumination in order to visibly notice invisible features in a document like those of paper money. MEDRANO  PROCEDURES 1. Examine documents for any evidence of alteration 2. Use instruments 3. Compare the basic physical properties of the written entries such as color and type. Evaluate the significance of any similarities or differences. If the entries are machine produced, establish the process used. 4. Determine whether the type of writing is consistent throughout the written entries. If machine produced, determine if there is consistency throughout, or whether there is evidence of a second machine 5. Determine whether any writing instrument individualities are present, and whether they are consistent throughout the written entries. Evaluate the significance. If machine produced, determine the consistency of any defects or abnormalities. 6. Examine with long and short wavelength and evaluate the significant results 7. Prepare a permanent record of any significant results MEDRANO Review Questions (1 Whole Yellow Paper) 1. What is a signature? 2. What are the kinds of signatures? 3. What is the stroke structure of signatures? 4. What is signature identification? 5. What are the classifications of suspect signatures? 6. What are the indications of non-genuineness of signatures 7. What are the characteristics of genuineness signatures? 8. What are standards of comparison? 9. What are the suggested steps in the examination of signatures? 10. What are the different methodologies of signature forgery?