Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms Lecture Notes PDF

FACULTY OF PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICS DEPARTMENT 1st SEMESTER 2023-2024 THIRD YEAR PHARMACEUTICS –II Lecture -1 Pharmaceutical Dosage forms - I Prepared by DR.GAMAL OSMAN ELHASSAN...

FACULTY OF PHARMACY PHARMACEUTICS DEPARTMENT 1st SEMESTER 2023-2024 THIRD YEAR PHARMACEUTICS –II Lecture -1 Pharmaceutical Dosage forms - I Prepared by DR.GAMAL OSMAN ELHASSAN 1  Objectives Define Pharmaceutics, Drug, Dose, Dosage Forms and Importance of Dosage forms. Explain Classification of Dosage Forms. Definitions (ex: carminative, preservative, astringent, etc.) Discuss the Selection of Suitable Dosage Forms for Patients. 2  PHARMACEUTICS:INTRODUCTION Pharmaceutics is concerned with the scientific and technological aspects of the design and manufacture of dosage forms. It is the most diverse of all subject areas in pharmaceutical science and encompasses- An understanding of the basic physical chemistry necessary for the efficient design of dosage forms (physical pharmaceutics) An understanding of relevant body system and how drugs arrive there following administration (biopharmaceutics) 3 – The design and formulation of medicines (dosage form design) – The manufacture of these medicines on both a small scale (compounding) and large scale(pharmaceutical technology) – The avoidance and elimination of microorganisms in medicines (pharmaceutical microbiology) 4  DRUG, DOSE, DOSAGE FORMS Drug: A drug is defined as an agent intended for use in the dignosis,treatment,cure or prevention of disease in humans or in other animals. Drugs are obtained from the following sources:- Natural Sources: Plants, Animals,Minerals,Microorganisms Semi-Synthetic drugs: Antibiotics, Morphine derivatives,etc. Synthetic Derivatives: Aspirin,Paracetamol,etc. 5 Dosage: The scheme of dose to be taken by a patient in a particular period of time in order to get rid off illness. Dosage Forms: Dosage forms are the means (or the form) by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body. 6  Dosage form is a blend of a drug component with a non drug component produced in a definite physical form, shape and size, intended to be administered by a particular route of administration. These non drug components are known as “additives” are used to maintain overall stability of the dosage form. 7  IMPORTANCE OF DOSAGE FORMS There are different dosage forms available to deliver the drug in the system namely oral solutions, suspensions, emulsions, capsule, tablets, ointments, suppositories, powders and other miscellaneous solutions. A drug should be prepared in an appropriate dosage form in order to obtain a stable drug product prior to administration. Liquid dosage forms that is the oral solutions are preferable form for some drugs like antacids. This can be further in a form of syrup or elixir. 8  Some are in powdered form that needs to be reconstituted before being used like antibiotic amoxicillin Syrups and elixirs are the most commonly prescribed oral drug solutions. There are other forms that are not widely used, such as galenicals, tinctures, fluidextracts, spirits, and aromatic water. Drugs in solution form is recommended preparation for infants, children and sometimes for adults who have difficulty in swallowing. 9  CLASSIFICATION OF DOSAGE FORMS Dosage forms may be classified according to the physical form of the final product: 1) Solid Dosage forms 2) Liquid Dosage forms 3) Semisolid Dosage form SOLID DOSAGE FORMS One of the oldest dosage forms -Most of the solid dosage forms are available in Unit dose (doses which are taken by numbers). e.g. Tablets, Capsule, pills, cachets, powders etc. 10  Some solids are supplied in bulk (Means quantity available in large). Bulk powders can be supplied as Internal (Granules, Fine powders) as well as External (Dusting Powders, Insufflations etc). INSUFFLATIONS :These are medicated dusting powders meant for introduction into body cavities (nose, throat, ear, vagina etc) with the help of an apparatus known as an insufflator. SNUFFS: solid dosage forms of medicaments which are inhaled into nostrils. 11  LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS Liquid dosage forms are intended for External, Internal or parenteral use. They can be I) Monophasic Liquid dosage forms. II) Biphasic liquid dosage BIPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS Consists of two phases are known as a biphasic liquid dosage forms. They are sub categorized into two different forms namely as – I) Emulsion II) Suspension 12  MONOPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS Monophasic liquid dosage forms are represented by true or colloidal solution. It is sub classified as – I) Internal Use II) External use I-FOR INTERNAL USE: SYRUP: It is a concentrated or saturated solutions of sucrose in purified water. ELIXIR: It is clear, sweetened, aromatic, hydroalcholic preparations meant for oral use. LINCTUSES: These are viscous liquid preparations that’s are used for the treatment of cough. DROPS: These are liquid preparations meant for oral administration. 13  II- FOR EXTERNAL USE LINIMENTS: Liniments are liquid or semi- liquid preparations meant for external application to the skin. LOTIONS: Are usually aqueous, alcoholic or oily liquid preparations. GARGLES: Gargles are aqueous solutions supplied in concentrated forms which are later diluted with warm water before use THROAT PAINTS: are viscous liquid preparations used for mouth and throat infections 14 O  Semisolid Dosage form Semisolid dosage forms meant for external application. 15 OINTMENT: Ointment are semisolid preparation meant for application to skin or mucous membrane. CREAMS: These are viscous semisolid emulsions which are meant for external use. PASTES: Pastes are semisolid preparations intended for external application to skin. The pastes are generally very thick & stiff. JELLIES: Jellies are transparent or translucent, non greasy, semi solid preparations mainly used for external application to skin. NOTE: The suppositories are also included in this category, but it is a unit dosage forms. 16  SOME IMPORTANT TERMS: DEFINITIONS Antacid: an agent that neutralizes hyper-acid conditions of stomach or an agent which counteract acidity. Antitussive: are the drugs which are effective against cough or an agent which prevents or relieves the cough. Appetizer: are the drugs or substances which stimulate appetite (desire of food). Astringent: an astringent is applied to the skin to reduce bleeding from minor abrasions or as a cosmetic to make the skin less oily. 17  Counter irritant: Topical counter-irritants are non-analgesic, non-anesthetic substances or treatments used to treat pain. Capsaicin, menthol (mint oil), methyl salicylate, and camphor are examples of counterirritants Decongestant: are the agents which relieve the congestion. Diuretic: are the substances which produce diueresis or increases the excretion of urine by the kidney. Effervescence: Effervescence is the formation of gas bubbles in a liquid by a chemical reaction. An example of effervescence is the release of carbon dioxide which bubbles as a gas from the liquid. Emetic: agents which induce or produce vomiting. 18  Carminative: a substance which removes excessive gas from G.I.T. Emollient: are the substances which softens and soothen the skin when applied locally. Expectorant: promotes the expulsion of mucous or cough from the respiratory tract. Humectant: a substance that is used for moistening (a moistening substance and gives cooling sensation). Laxative: an agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel. 19  Lubricant: Pharmaceutical lubricants are the agents added to tablet and capsule formulations in a very small quantity (usually 0.25%–5.0%, w/w) to improve the powder processing properties of formulations. Preservative: are the substances which are added to the preparation or product to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Purgative: is an agent that causes evacuation of the intestinal contents (bowels). Scabicide: a drug that destroys the itch mite that causes scabies. Stimulant: An agent that improves normal functions of the system. 20  Selection of Suitable Dosage Forms For Patients As a general rule, pharmaceutical forms are selected on the basis of their general utility and their wide availability internationally. In many instances, a choice of preparations is provided, particularly in relation to solid dosage forms. 21  Selection of Suitable Dosage Forms For Patients Continued.., Tablets are usually less expensive than capsules, but, while cost should be taken into account, The selection should also be based on a consideration of pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, stability under ambient climatic conditions, availability of excipients, and established local preference. 22  Selection of Suitable Dosage Forms For Patients Cont.., For certain drugs with short half-lives that are rapidly metabolized, such as carbamazepine, calcium-channel blockers and theophylline, conventional-release dosage forms must often be taken three or four times a day to maintain drug levels in the required narrow range. 23  Sustained-release dosage forms can reduce the frequency of drug administration, thereby improving compliance and, often, the therapeutic effectiveness of the drug by maintaining a more constant drug level than can be obtained using traditional dosage forms. 24 THANK YOU 25