Data Communication (Chapter 1) PDF

5. Hubs - called concentrators or wiring COSC 85 - DATA COMMUNICATION (Chapter 1) concentrators 6. Switch- connectivity device similar to a hub, Telecommunication - means communication at a except s...

5. Hubs - called concentrators or wiring COSC 85 - DATA COMMUNICATION (Chapter 1) concentrators 6. Switch- connectivity device similar to a hub, Telecommunication - means communication at a except switches make intelligent routing distance. 7. Routers -operate at the network layer (layer 3) Data refers to information presented in whatever 8. Modem (modulator-demodulator)- device that form modulates an analog carrier signal to encode Data communications are the exchange of data digital information between two devices via some form of 9. Satellite dish- dish-shaped type of parabolic transmission medium such as a wire cable. antenna designed to receive microwaves from communications satellites, Five Components of Data Communication 1. Sender TCP/IP - industry standard suite of protocols 2. Medium providing communication 3. Message Network mask helps you know which portion of 4. Protocol the address identifies the network 5. Receiver Data Flow NETWORK MODELS(Chapter 2) 1. Simplex - unidirectional communication 2. Half-duplex- 2 way directional(one at a time) Established in 1947, the International Standards 3. Full-Duplex- 2 way directional communication Organization (ISO) is the organization simultaneously Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s. Network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by communication links. SEVEN LAYER OF THE OSI MODEL Nodes - can be a computer, printer 1. Application Types of Connections 2. Presentation 1. Point-to-point - direct connection by two devices 3. Session 2. Multipoint- shared connection by multiple 4. Transport devices 5. Network 6. Data Link LAN(Local Area Network) around a single 7. Physical office or building 8. WAN (Wide Area Network) - public carrier Physical Layer - bits from one hop(node)to the facilities must be used. next. Communication device is a hardware component Data Link Layer- frames from one hop to the that enables a computer to send (transmit) and next. receive data, Network Layer- packets from the source host to the destination host Transmission Media Transport Layer- delivery of a message from one 1. Guided(Wired)- cables process to another 2. Unguided(Wireless)- free space Session Layer- dialog control and synchronization MOST COMMON COMMUNICATION DEVICES Presentation Layer- translation compression and 1. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) -most popular encryption form of cables in the network and the cheapest Application Layer- providing services to the form user 2. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)- more common in The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined high- speed networks. as having four layers: host-to-network, internet, 3. Coaxial cable - consists of a hollow outer transport, and application. However, when cylindrical conductor TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the 4. Fiber Optic cable- the most expensive network TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: cable. This cable is smaller physical, data link, network, transport, and application.  Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific. NETWORK MEDIA (Chapter 3) CATEGORIES OF UNSHIELDED TWISTED-PAIR CATEGORIES OF COAXIAL CABLES FIBER TYPES BANDS  Radio Waves - used to multicast communication, DCIT 26 such as radio and television and paging systems. Microwaves - unicast communication such as MODULE 1- APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT cellular phones, satellite network Infrared Signal - short-range communication in a Application development refers to the process of closed area creating software applications that perform specific tasks or provide certain TELEPHONE AND CABLE NETWORK FOR DATA functionalities.(2) Application development can TRANSMISSION (Chapter 4) be done for a variety of platforms, including desktop, mobile, and web applications. Telephone Networks - use circuit switching POTS - Plain Old Telephone Systems- analog TYPES OF APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT signals to transmit voice Intra-LATA (local-access transport 1. Mobile Application Development - the process areas)services are provided by local exchange of creating software applications that run on carriers. mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and smartwatches. TWO TYPES OF LECs 2. Web application development is the process of creating software applications that run on web 1. Incumbent local exchange carriers browsers 2. Competitive local exchange carriers. 3. Desktop application development is the process of creating software applications that run on desktop or laptop computers 4. Cloud Application Development creating The tasks of data transfer and signaling are software applications that run on cloud- based separated in modern telephone networks: data infrastructure transfer is done by one network, signaling by 5. Cross-platform Development creating software another. applications that can run on multiple platforms Dial-up Modems - Traditional telephone lines can carry frequencies between 300 and 3300 Hz, various approaches to cross-platform development giving them a bandwidth of 3000 Hz. - Hybrid development: developers use web Modem- stands for modulator/demodulator technologies such as HTML, CSS, and Digital Subscriber Line - provide higher-speed JavaScript to create a single codebase, access to the Internet. One of the most promising - Native development with cross-platform tools: for supporting high-speed digital communication developers use cross-platform tools such as over the existing local loops Xamarin or React Native to write native code ADSL - asymmetric communication technology that can run on multiple platforms. designed for residential users; it is not suitable - Progressive Web Apps (PWAs): use modern web for businesses. technologies to provide a native-like experience Cable TV network- video service provider, but it on mobile devices. has moved to the business of Internet access. 6. Enterprise application development creating Communication in the traditional cable TV software applications that are designed to meet network is unidirectional. the complex needs of large organizations. Communication in an HFC cable TV network 7. Game development creates video games that can can be bidirectional. be played on various platforms such as PCs, Downstream data are modulated using the consoles, and mobile devices. 64-QAM modulation technique. The theoretical downstream data rate APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES is 30 Mbps 1. Waterfall - is a linear, sequential approach to Upstream data are modulated using the QPSK software development, modulation technique. 2. Agile- iterative approach to software The theoretical upstream data rate is 12 Mbps. development Firewalls -devices installed between the internal 3. DevOps - emphasizes collaboration and network of an organization communication between development and A packet -filter firewall filters at the network or operations teams, transport layer  4. Rapid Application Development - a faster, more TYPES OF DESKTOP APPLICATION iterative approach to software development, FRAMEWORKS 5. Scrum - an Agile methodology that emphasizes teamwork, collaboration, and accountability. 1. CROSS-PLATFORM DESKTOP 6. Lean - emphasizes continuous improvement, APPLICATION FRAMEWORK - created to eliminating waste, and maximizing customer assist developers in creating applications that value. run on multiple operating systems, Electron - well-known desktop application APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT TRENDS framework that is based on Node.js and 1. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine Chromium learning: AI and machine learning are being JavaFX - is a cross-platform desktop application increasingly integrated into app development, framework developed by Oracle. 2. Internet of Things (IoT): IoT refers to the Qt is a cross-platform application development network of connected devices, including smart framework developed by The Qt Company. homes, wearables, and industrial machines. Tauri- open-source desktop application 3. Low-code development platforms allow framework. developers to create apps using pre-built Neutralinojs- lightweight and portable for components and visual interfaces desktop application development using web 4. Cloud-based apps offer several advantages, technologies like HTML5, CSS3, and including scalability, flexibility, and reduced JavaScript. infrastructure costs. Flutter - created by Google, is an immensely 5. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality popular mobile application development (VR): AR and VR technologies are being used framework to create immersive experiences in apps, such as Xamarin.Forms- cross-platform application virtual tours, product demos, and games. development framework developed by 6. Blockchain: integrated into app development, Microsoft. allowing for secure, decentralized transactions NW.js - allows developers to build desktop apps and data management. using web technologies including HTML, CSS, 7. Instant apps: Instant apps allow users to try out and JavaScript. apps without the need to download and install 2. WINDOW DESKTOP APPLICATION them. FRAMEWORKS - are designed specifically for DEVELOPMENT PROCESS developing applications for the Windows 1. Planning and requirements gathering: the operating system. development team identifies the app’s purpose, Window Forms - allows developers to create target audience, features, and functionality desktop applications for the Windows operating requirements system using the.NET framework. 2. Design: the UI/UX designers create wireframes Windows Presentation Foundation - allows and mockups of the app’s user interface, developers to build sophisticated graphical user including the app’s visual design interfaces (GUIs) for desktop applications. 3. Development: developer writes the code Universal Windows Platforms -UWP is the latest 4. Testing: the app is tested for usability, framework from Microsoft, and it’s designed to functionality, performance, and security. work on all Windows 10 devices, including 5. Deployment:the app is uploaded to a web server desktops, tablets, and smartphones. or cloud platform and 3. macOS DESKTOP APPLICATION 6. Maintenance: requires regular updates to address FRAMEWORKS - frameworks are designed bugs, fix issues, and add new features. specifically for developing applications for the macOS operating system. MODULE 2 - DESKTOP APPLICATION Cocoa - Objective-C programming language and FRAMEWORKS AND TOOLKITS it is the primary framework used for developing Desktop app development offers several macOS applications and provides developers advantages, including enhanced performance, with a range of features that enable them to access to system resources, offline functionality, create powerful and visually appealing and seamless integration with other desktop applications. applications. SwiftUI - modern user interface (UI) development framework that was introduced by Apple in 2019  4. LINUX DESKTOP APPLICATION CSS means Cascading Style Sheets. It is a style FRAMEWORKS - developed for creating apps sheet language that describes how the document for the Linux operating system. These written in HTML will be displayed on the users' frameworks provide developers with tools and screens. libraries to assist them in creating apps that can JavaScript is a programming language that is operate on Linux devices commonly used to create interactive effects GTK - (short for GIMP Toolkit) is a popular within web browsers. open-source framework for developing desktop applications on Linux. HTML and CSS toolkit There are several frameworks used for HTML and CSS. TOP USE CASES FOR DESKTOP FRAMEWORKS Some of them include: Bootstrap Enterprise Applications - Desktop frameworks Foundation are commonly used for building enterprise Bulma applications such as customer relationship UIkit management (CRM) systems Susy Productivity Tools - ideal for developing Materialize productivity tools that enhance efficiency and Pure streamline workflows. Data Analysis and Visualization - well-suited for JavaScript frameworks for front-end creating data analysis and visualization development- Modern web applications use applications. These frameworks provide JavaScript in the front-end. The most popular powerful charting libraries, data manipulation javascript frameworks are Angular, React, and capabilities, and statistical analysis tools. Vue.js (the progressive javascript framework). Graphic Design and Multimedia Applications- widely utilized for developing graphic design BACK- END STACK FOR WEB DEVELOPMENT software, image editing tools, video editing -The back-end executes CRUD operations, an acronym applications, and multimedia creation platforms. for Create, Read, Update, and Demand operations Scientific and Engineering Applications - extensively used in the scientific and The operating system of the development process engineering domains. They provide libraries and Programming languages – This creates logic for apps tools for numerical computing, simulation, data and websites. modeling, and analysis. Frameworks – it provides support of applications based Gaming and Entertainment - frameworks offer on a single programming language. game development libraries, rendering engines, Web Servers – You need backend servers to manage physics simulations, and audio/video processing client requests. capabilities. Databases – Most applications require a SQL or System Utilities and Tools - creating system NoSQL database. MongoDB, PostgreSQL, and MySQL utilities and tools that enhance the functionality are common databases. and performance of desktop computers. TECH STACK FOR WEB APP DEVELOPMENT MODULE 3 WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT 1. LAMP is an industry-standard when it comes to Tech Stack - refers to a set of tools, tech stack models. programming languages, and technologies that Linux (operating system) work together to build digital products or Apache (HTTP server) solutions such as websites, mobile, and web MySQL (relational database management) apps. PHP (programming language, it can also be Perl or A tech stack consists of two equally important Python) elements: the frontend (client-side) and backend 2. MERN tech stack consists of four technologies: (server-side). MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, and Node.js. 3. MEAN brings numerous benefits to web FRONT- END STACK FOR WEB DEVELOPMENT developers. MongoDB (NoSQL database), HTML - Hypertext Markup Language is a Express.js, Angular.js, Node.js standardized system used for tagging text files 4. MEVN (alternative to MEAN)tech stack on World Wide Web pages. It is used to input consists of four technologies: MongoDB, font type, color, graphics, and hyperlink effects. Express.js, Vue.js, and Node.js. 5. Serverless/Jamstack Tech Stack- particular tech stack has broken all the previous tech stack traditions. 6. Python-Django Stack - stack is a combination of the Python programming language and the Django web framework. 7..NET - very robust and thoroughly tested one that is capable of developing dynamic web applications.