Computer Fundamentals (Anita Goel)-1-50.pdf

C o m p u te r F u n d a m e n ta ls Copyright © 2010 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior written consent in any form o f bi...

C o m p u te r F u n d a m e n ta ls Copyright © 2010 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior written consent in any form o f binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher o f this book. ISBN 978-81-317-3309-7 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Published by Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd., licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia Head Office: 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, A-8 (A), Sector 62, NOIDA, 201 309, UP, India. Registered Office: 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110017, India Typeset by AcePro India Pvt. Ltd Printed in India at Saurabh Printers Pvt. Ltd. Copyrighted material B r ie f C o n t e n t s Preface xxi Acknowledgem ents XXV UNIT 1 BASiCS_OF_COMPUIER 1. Introduction to Computer 1 2. The Computer System Hardware 19 3. Computer Memory 39 4. Input and Output Devices 61 5. Data Representation 87 UNIT II USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE 6. Interaction of User and Computer 115 7. Operating System 131 8. Computer Programming Fundamentals 150 9. Data Communication and Computer Network 163 10. The Internet and Internet Services 196 UNIT 111 APPLICATIONS AND SECURITY 11. Information Systems 219 12. Fundamentals of Database 236 13. Multimedia 256 14. Computer Security 284 UNIT IV COMPUTER PRACTICALS 15. Windows XP 307 16. MS-Word 2007 342 17. MS-Excel 2007 379 18. MS-PowerPoint 2007 422 19. MS-Access 2007 458 20. Network and Internet Connections 486 21. Using LaTeX 503 Appendix A 515 Appendix B 517 Appendix C 519 Appendix D 523 Index 541 Copyrighted material Contents rretace XXI Acknowledgements XXV 1JN 1 T 1 R A S IC S O F T O M P I J T F R 1 1. Introduction to Computer 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Digital and Analog Computers 2 1.3 Characteristics of Computer 2 1.4 History of Computer 3 1.5 Generations of Computer 4 1.5.1 First Generation (1940 to 1956): Using Vacuum Tubes 4 1.5.2 Second Generation (1956 to 1963): Using Transistors 5 1.5.3 Third Generation (1964 to 1971): Using Integrated Circuits 5 1.5.4 Fourth Generation (1971 to present): Using Microprocessors 6 1.5.5 Fifth Generation (Present and Next): Using Artificial Intelligence 6 1.6 Classification of Computer 7 1.6.1 Microcomputers 7 1.6.2 Minicomputers 9 1.6.3 Mainframe Computers 9 1.6.4 Supercomputers 9 1.7 The Computer System 10 1.7.1 The Input-Process-Output Concept 11 1.7.2 Components of Computer Hardware 12 1.8 Application of Computers 13 Summary 15 Keywords 16 Questions 17 2, The Computer System Hardware 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Central Processing Unit 20 2.2.1 Arithm etic Logic Unit 20 2.2.2 Registers 21 2.2.3 Control Unit 22 Copyrighted material _______ v iii I. 1 Contents 2.3 Memory Unit 22 2.3.1 Cache Memory 22 2.3.2 Primary Memory n 2.3.3 Secondary Memory 24 2.4 Instruction Format 24 2.5 Instruction Set 25 2.6 Instruction Cycle 25 12. Microprocessor 22 13. Interconnecting the Units of a Computer 21 2.8.1 System Bus 28 2.8.2 Expansion Bus 29 2.8.3 External Ports 29 2.9 Performance of a Computer 29 2.10 Inside a Computer Cabinet 31 2.10.1 Motherboard 31 2.10.2 Ports ancf Interfaces 32 2.10.3 Expansion Slots 12 2.10.4 Ribbon Cables 31 2.10.5 Memory Chips 34 2.10.6 Storage Devices 34 2.10.7 Processor 34 Summary 35 Keywords 36 Questions 36 Computer Memory 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Memory Representation 40 3.3 Memory Hierarchy 40 3.4 CPU Registers 42 3.5 Cache Memory 42 3.6 Primary Memory 43 3.6.1 Random Access Memory 43 3.6.2 Read O nly Memory 44 3.7 Secondary Memory 46 3.8 Access Types of Storage Devices 46 3.8.1 Sequential Access Devices 46 3.8.2 Direct Access Devices 47 3.9 Magnetic Tape 47 Copyrighted material  Contents j IX 3.10 Magnetic Disk 48 3.10.1 Floppy Dink_________________________________________________________ 50 lJQ.2-Bnr.cLDi±k____________________________________________________ i I 3.10.3 Zip Disk______________________________________.______________________ 52 3.11 Optical Disk__________________________________________________ 52 3.11.1 CD-R O M ________________________________________________ 51 ±J±2-DYDzRQM __________________________________________________________ 51 3.11.3 Recordable O ptical Disk 55 3.12 Magneto-Optical Disk 55 3.13 Using the Computer Memory___________________________________ 56 Summary_____________________________________________________ 56 Keywords_____________________________________________________ 57 Questions_____________________________________________________ 58 4. Input and Output Devices__________________________________________ 6 } 4J._lntiQ.duc.ti.Q n________________________________________________________________ 6 J 4.2 Input-Output Unit 62 4.2.1 Input Unit 62 4.2.2 Output Unit 62 4.3 Input Devices 63 4.4 Human Data Entry Devices 64 4.4.1 Keyboard 64 4.4.2 Pointing Devices______________________________________________________ 65 4.4 J L l_MQii.se__________________________________________________________(15 4.4.2.2 TrackBali 66 4.4.2.3 joystick 66 4.4.2.4 Digitizing Tablet 67 4.4.3 Pick Devices 68 4.4.3.1 Light Pen 68 4.4.3.2 Touch Screen 68 4.5 Source Data Entry Devices_____________________________________ 69 4.5.1 A u d io In p u t D e v ic e _________________________________________________________ 6 9 4.5.2 Video Input Device___________________________________________________ 69 4.5.3 O ptical Input Devices 70 4.5.3.1 Scanner 70 4.5.3.2 Optical Character Recognition (OCR) 71 4.5.3.3 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) 72 4.5.3.4 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) 72 4.5.3.5 Barcode Reader 72 4.6 Output Devices 74 4.6.1 Hard Copy Devices 74 4.6.1.1 Printer 74 4.6.1.2 Plotter 76 4.6.1.3 Computer Output on Microfilm 77 Copyrighted material — M g Contents 4.6.2 Soft Copy Devices 77 4.6.2.1 Monitor 77 4.6.2.2 Visual Display Terminal 77 4.6.2.3 Video Output 78 4.6.2.4 Audio Response 78 4.7 I/O Port 80 4.8 Working of I/O System 81 Summary 82 Keywords 83 Questions 84 5. Data Representation 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Number System 88 5.2.1 Decim al Number System 88 5.2.2 Binary Number System _______________________________________________ 89 5.2.3 O ctal Number System________________________________________________ 89 5.2.4 Hexadecimal Number System________________________________________ 89 5.3 Conversion from Decimal to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal 90 5.3. / Converting Decim al Integer to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal 90 5.3.2 Converting Decim al Fraction to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal 92 5.3.3 C o n ve rtin g D e c im a l Integer. Fraction to B inary, O c ta l, Hexadecimal 94 5.4 Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal to Decimal 95 5.5 Conversion of Binary to Octal, Hexadecimal 97 5.6 Conversion of Octal, Hexadecimal to Binary 97 5.7 Binary Arithmetic 98 5.7.1 Binary Addition 98 5.7.2 Binary Subtraction 100 5.8 Signed and Unsigned Numbers 102 5.8.1 Complement of Binary Numbers 102 5.9 Binary Data Representation 103 5.9.1 Fixed Point Number Representation 103 5.9.2 Floating Point Number Representation 105 5.10 Binary Coding Schemes 106 5.10.1 EBCDIC 106 5.10.2 A SC II_________________________________________________________ 106 5^1D,3.JJniL0ik ____________________________________________________________ W Z 5.11 Logic Gates__________________________________________________ 108 Summary 110 Keywords 110 Questions 111 Answers 113 Copyrighted material  Contents I Ix i UNIT II USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE 115 6. Interaction of User and Computer 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Types of Software 116 6.3 System Software 116 6.3.1 Operating System 117 6.3.2 Device Driver 117 6.3.3 System Utilities 118 6.3.4 Programming Languages 120 6.3.4.1 Machine Language 121 6.3.4.2 Assembly Language 121 6.3.4.3 High-level Language 122 6.3.4.4 Different Generations of Programming Languages 122 6.3.5 Translator Software 122 6.3.5.1 Assembler 124 6.3.5.2 Compiler 124 6.3.5.3 Interpreter 125 6.3.6 Linker 125 6.3.7 Loader 125 6.4 Application Software 126 6.5 Software Acquisition 127 Summary 128 Keywords 129 Questions 129 7. Operating System 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Objectives of Operating System 132 7.3 Types of OS 132 7.4 Functions of OS 134 7.5 Process Management 135 7.5.1 CPU Scheduling 136 7.5.2 Process Synchronization 136 7.5.3 Deadlock 137 7.6 Memory Management 138 7.6.1 Memory Allocation 138 7.6.2 Virtual Memory 139 7.7 File Management 140 7.8 Device Management 141 7.9 Protection and Security 142 Copyrighted material  Contents 7.10 User Interface 143 7.11 Examples of Operating Systems 144 7.11.1 MS-DOS 144 7.11.2 Windows Family of OS 145 7.11.2.1 Brief History of Windows OS 146 7.11.3 Linux OS 146 Summary 147 Keywords 147 Questions 148 Computer Programming Fundamentals 150 8.1 Introduction 150 8.2 Program Development Life Cycle 151 8.3 Algorithm 152 8.4 Control Structures 153 8.5 Flowchart 153 8.5.1 Flowchart Symbols 153 8.5.2 P re p a rin g a F lo w c h a rt 153 8.6 Pseudo Code 156 8.6.1 Preparing a Pseudo Code 156 8.7 Programming Paradigms 158 8.7.1 Structured Programming 158 8.7.2 Object-Oriented Programming (O O P) 159 8.7.3 Aspect-Oriented Programming 160 Summary 161 Keywords 161 Questions 162 Data Communication and Computer Network 163 9.1 Introduction 163 9.2 Importance of Networking 164 9.3 Data Transmission Media 165 9.3.1 Twistedpair 765 9.3.2 Coaxial Cable 766 9.3.3 O ptical Fiber 766 9.3.4 Radio Transmission 767 9.3.5 Microwave Transmission 168 9.3.6 Satellite Transmission 168 Copyrighted material  Contents 1____ x iil 9.4 Data Transmission Across Media 168 9.4.1 Transmission Modes 168 9.4.2 Transmission Speed 170 9.4.3 Fundamentals o f Transmission 170 9.4.3.1 Analog and Digital Signals 171 9.4.3.2 Modulation and Demodulation 172 9.4.3.3 Multiplexing 174 9.4.3.4 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission 174 9.5 Data Transmission and Data Networking 175 9.5.1 Switching 176 9.5.1.1 Circuit Switching 177 9.5.1.2 Message Switching 177 9.5.1.3 Packet Switching 177 9.6 Computer Network 178 9.6.1 Network Types 178 9.6.1.1 Local Area Network 179 9.6.1.2 Metropolitan Area Network 179 9.6.1.3 W ide Area Network 180 9.6.2 LAN Topologies 180 9.6.2.1 Bus Topology 180 9.6.2.2 Ring Topology 181 9.6.2.3 Star Topology 181 9.6.3 Communication Protocol 181 9.6.4 Network Devices 184 9.6.4.1 Network Interface Card 184 9.6.4.2 Repeater 185 9.6.4.3 Bridge 186 9.6.4.4 Hub 186 9.6.4.5 Switch 187 9.6.4.6 Router 188 9.6.4.7 Gateway 188 9.7 Wireless Networking 189 9.7.1 Bluetooth Technology 189 9.7.2 Wireless LAN 190 9.7.3 Wireless W AN 191 Summary 192 Keywords 193 Questions 193 10. The Internet and Internet Services 196 10.1 Introduction 196 10.2 History of Internet 197 10.3 Internetworking Protocol 198 10.4 The Internet Architecture 198  B x iv H il Contents 10.5 Managing the Internet 199 10.6 Connecting to Internet 199 10.7 Internet Connections 200 10.7.1 Dial-up Access 201 10.7.2 Leased Line 201 10.7.3 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISD N ) 202 10.7.4 Digital Subscriber Line (D SL) 202 10.7.5 Cable Modem 203 10.8 Internet Address 203 10.9 Internet Services 204 10.9.1 World W ide Web (W W W ) 204 10.9.1.1 W ebBrowser 206 10.9.1.2 Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 207 10.9.1.3 Internet Search Engines 207 10.9.1.4 W W W Development Languages 209 10.9.2 Electronic M ail 210 10.9.2.1 E-mail Address 210 10.9.2.2 E-mail Message Format 210 10.9.2.3 E-mail Services 211 10.9.2.4 How E-mail Works 211 10.9.3 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 212 10.9.3.1 How FTP Works 213 10.9.4 Terminal Network (Telnet) 213 10.9.5 News 214 10.9.6 Internet Relay Chat (IR C ) 214 10.10 Uses of Internet 214 Summary 215 Keywords 216 Questions 216 UNIT III APPLICATIONS AND SECURITY 219 11. Information Systems219 11.1 Introduction 219 11.2 Data, Information and Knowledge 220 11.3 Characteristics of Information 221 11.4 Information System (IS) 221 11.5 Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) 223 11.6 Need for Efficient Information System 224 11.7 Categories of Information System 225 Copyrighted material  Contents i 1 -'IBfeSSlliS 11.8 Operations Support System 226 11.8.1 Transaction Processing System (TPS) 226 11.8.2 Office Automation System (O A S) 227 11.9 Management Support System 228 11.9.1 Management Information System (M IS) 228 11.9.2 Decision Support System (D SS) 229 11.9.3 Executive Information System (EIS) 230 11.10 Specialized Information System 230 11.10.1 Expert Systems 230 11.10.2 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 231 11.10.3 Electronic-Commerce (E-Commerce) 231 11.11 Careers in Information Systems 232 Summary 233 Keywords 234 Questions 234 Fundamentals of Database 236 12.1 Introduction 236 12.2 Database 237 72.2.1 File-Oriented Approach and Database Approach 237 12.2.2 Characteristics of Database Approach 239 12.2.3 Data Models, Schema and Instances 240 12.2.4 High-Level or Conceptual Data M odel 240 12.2.4.1 Entity 240 12.2.4.2 Attribute 240 12.2.4.3 Relationship 241 12.2.4.4 Entity-Reiationship (E-R) Model 241 12.2.5 Representation or Implementation Data M odel 242 12.2.5.1 Relational Database Model 242 12.2.5.2 Hierarchical Database Model 244 12.2.5.3 Network Database Model 244 12.2.6 Low-Level or Physical Data M odel 245 12.3 Database System 245 12.3.1 Components of Database System 245 12.3.2 Architecture o f Database System 246 12.4 Database Management System________________________________ 247 12.4.1 Data Independence________________________________________________ 248 12.4.2 Data Dictionary____________________________________________________ 248 12.4.3 Database Administrator (D BA )____________________________________ 249 12.4.4 Database Languages_______________________________________________ 249 12.4.4.1 Data Definition Language (DDL)_____________________________ 249 12.4.4.2 Data Manipulation Language (DML)__________________________ 249 Copyrighted material _________ XVI 1 Contents 12.5 Database System Architectures 250 12.5.1 Centralized D BM S Architecture 250 12.5.2 Client-Server Architecture 250 12.5.3 Distributed Databases 251 12.6 Database Applications 251 Summary 252 Keywords 253 Questions 253 13. Multimedia 256 13.1 Introduction 256 13.2 Multimedia: Definition 257 13.3 Characteristics of Multimedia System 257 13.4 Elements of Multimedia 259 13.4.1 Text * 259 13.4.2 Graphics 260 13.4.2.1 Bitmap Graphics 262 13.4.2.2 Vector Graphics 264 13.4.3 Audio 265 13.4.3.1 Audio from a CD to W eb 266 13.4.4 Video 268 13.4.4.1 Video on Internet 269 13.4.5 Animation 271 13.5 Multimedia System 272 13.5.1 Desirable Features of Multimedia System 272 13.6 Multimedia Applications 273 13.6.1 In Education 273 13.6.2 In Entertainment 276 13.6.3 In Training 277 13.6.4 In Business 277 13.6.5 Virtual Reality 278 Summary 280 Keywords 280 Questions 281 14. Computer Security 284 14.1 Introduction 284 14.2 Security Threat and Security Attack 285 14.3 Malicious Software 286 14.3.1 Virus 287 14.3.2 Worms 287 Copyrighted material  Contents | X V Ii 14.3.3 Trojan Horses 287 14.3.4 Javascripts, Java Applets and ActiveX Controls 288 14.4 Hacking 288 14.4.1 Packet Sniffing 289 14.4.2 Password Cracking 289 14.4.3 E-mail Hacking 289 14.5 Security Services 289 14.6 Security Mechanisms 290 14.7 Cryptography 290 14.7.1 Secret Key Cryptography 291 14.7.2 Public-Key Cryptography 291 14.7.3 Hash Functions 292 14.8 Digital Signature 292 14.9 Firewall 294 14.9.1 Types of Firewall 2 96 14.9.1.1 Packet Filter Firewall 296 14.9.1.2 Circuit Filter Firewall 296 14.9.1.3 Application-Level Gateway 297 14.10 Users Identification and Authentication 297 14.10.1 User Name and Password 298 14.10.2 Smart Card 299 14.10.3 Biom etric Techniques 299 14.11 Other Security Measures 300 14.12 Security Awareness 301 14.13 Security Policy 302 14.13.1 Formulating a Security Policy 302 Summary 303 Keywords 304 Questions 304 UNIT IV COMPUTER PRACTICALS 307 15. Windows XP 307 15.1 Introduction 307 15.2 Features of Windows XP 308 15.3 The Desktop 308 L5 A J.-Ih eJzsk.Bar.________________________________________________________ m IJAJJ^.kilcQiis.d.Dd.Sh.QrLcu.ts____________________________________________111 15.4 Structure of Windows 313 Copyrighted material -Triii I Contents 15.5 Windows XP Explorer 314 15.5.1 The Start 314 15.5.2 The Window 315 15.5.3 The View 316 15.5.4 Selecting Files 317 15.5.5 Working with Folders 317 15.5.6 Files and Folders Properties 318 15.6 The Search 323 15.7 The Recycle Bin 323 15.8 Configuring the Screen 324 15.9 Configuring the Mouse 326 15.10 Adding or Removing Programs 328 15.11 Adding New Hardware 328 15.12 System Tools 330 15.13 The Scandisk 332 15.14 Windows XP Media Player 334 15.15 Windows XP Help 334 15.16 W in d o w s V ista 334 15.17 Windows 7 337 Questions 340 Word 2007 342 16.1 Introduction 342 16.2 Starting MS-Word 343 16.3 MS-Word Screen and Its Components 344 16.4 The Office Button 347 16.5 The Ribbon 350 16.5.1 The Home Tab 353 16.5.2 The Insert Tab 355 16.5.3 The Page Layout Tab 358 16.5.4 The References Tab 360 16.5.5 The Mailings Tab 360 16.5.6 The Review Tab 363 16.5.7 The View Tab 365 16.5.8 The Help 3 66 16.6 Solved Examples 366 Exercises 375 Copyrighted material  Contents | MS-Excel 2007 379 17.1 Introduction 379 17.2 Start MS-Excel 380 17.3 Basics of Spreadsheet 381 17.4 MS-Excel Screen and Its Components 382 17.5 The Office Button 386 17.6 The Ribbon 390 77.6.7 The Home Tab 392 17.6.2 The Insert Tab 394 17.6.3 The Page Layout Tab 399 17.6.4 The Formulas Tab 400 17.6.5 The Data Tab 403 17.6.6 The Review Tab 405 17.6.7 The View Tab 406 17.6.8 The Help 408 17.7 Solved Examples 409 Exercises 417 MS-PowerPoint 2007 422 18.1 Introduction 422 18.2 Basics of PowerPoint 424 18.3 Start MS-PowerPoint 425 18.4 MS-PowerPoint Screen and Its Components 426 18.5 The Office Button 429 18.6 The Ribbon 434 18.6.1 The Home Tab 435 18.6.2 The Insert Tab 438 18.6.3 The Design Tab 440 18.6.4 The Animations Tab 442 18.6.5 The Slide Show Tab 443 18.6.6 T he R e v ie w Tab 446 18.6.7 The View Tab 447 18.6.8 The Help 452 18.7 An Example 453 Exercises 456 MS-Access 2007 458 19.1 Introduction 458 19.2 Database Terminology 459 19.3 Start MS-Access 460 py righted H B H 1 Contents 19.4 MS-Access Screen and Its Components 461 19.5 The Office Button 463 19.6 The Ribbon 467 19.6.1 The Home Tab 468 19.6.2 The Create Tab 472 19.6.3 The External Data Tab 475 19.6.4 The Database Tools Tab 476 19.6.5 The Help 477 19.7 Solved Example 478 Exercises 483 20. Network and Internet Connections 486 20.1 Introduction 486 20.2 Start Network Connections 487 20.3 Create a New Connection 488 20.4 Manage a Network Connection 491 20.5 Network Setup 493 20.6 Windows Firewall 493 2 0.7 S h a rin g o f File s 495 20.8 Wireless Network Setup 496 20.9 Connect using Virtual Private Network (VPN) 497 20.10 Set Up a Wired Network 498 20.11 Automatic Wireless Network Connections 498 20.12 Set up Internet Properties— Internet Options 501 20.13 Choose an Internet Connection 502 21. Using LaTeX 503 21.1 Introduction 503 21.2 Create LaTeX Document 504 21.3 Components of a LaTeX Document 504 21.4 LaTeX Commands 504 21.5 Solved Examples 508 Exercises 514 Appendix A 515 Appendix B 517 Appendix C 519 Appendix D 523 Index________________________________________________________ 5A1 Copyrighted mate P r e f a c e C om puters play a key role in o u r everyday lives. In addirion co com m unication m edia like television, radio and newspaper, we now have another com m unication m edium , i.e. com puters. We use com puters to e-m ail, to chat, for the Internet browsing, for teleconferencing, for video conferencing, etc. W e also use them for e-learning, e-com merce, e-banking, e-governance, e-ticketing and for m any m ore things. And the interesting part is, while we interact w ith the other m edia like television, radio, newspaper, etc. to merely get inform ation, the interaction in com puters is tw o ways— we can be a creator as well as a user. We m ay use a com puter as a m edium to get m ore inform ation, as a tool to perform certain activities, o r as an integral part o f another com ponent. T h e fundam entals o f com puters arc the stepping stones to com puter science. Nowadays, all courses, related and unrelated to com puter science, require using a com puter. Knowledge o f the basics o f co m p u t­ ers has becom e a fundam ental requirem ent, in whatever area we choose to study o r follow professionally. C o m p u ter fundam entals are also an introductory course to a m ore advanced study o f com puter science. ABOUT THE BOOK T his book is w ritten w ith the aim o f introducing the fundam entals o f com puters to the reader. A ttention has been paid to include chapters that are required by the students studying different courses. T h e book deals w ith b o th the theoretical concepts and the p rac tic a l. T h e unique features o f this book are as follows: 0 Style o f W riting T h e language used in the book is lucid, is easy to understand, and facilitates easy grasping o f concepts. T h e chapters have been logically arranged in sequence. T h e book is w ritten in a reader-friendly m anner both for the students and the teachers. M ost o f the content presented in the book is in the form o f bullets, organized sequentially. This form o f presentation, rather than in a paragraph form , facilitates the reader to view, understand and rem em ber the points better. T h e explanation is supported by diagrams, pictures and images wherever required. Sufficient exercises have been included for practice in addition to the solved examples. T h e questions at the end o f the chapter are given section-wise. It is easier for the reader to find answers for the section-wise questions in a particular section rather than the whole book. (♦) Content o f Book — Theory (Chapters 1 -1 4 ) Several latest topics have been included in the book. Some o f these topics are USB, Z ip disk, Flash m em ory Wireless networking N otebook, N etbook, PDA, sm artphones Aspect O riented Program m ing (AOP) Im parting education via m ultim edia Cryptography, Digital signature, Firewall, Biometrics System clock, BIO S, C M O S , SIM M & D IM M m em ory m odule In the theory chapters (Chapters 1-14), the theory is supported with the practical information like, the nam e o f supercom puter o f India, how to create m p3 file from C D , w hat is a stream ing video and understanding m achine configuration. Copyrighted material XXli 1 Preface T his book does not discuss in detail the old technologies that have becom e too com m on o r are no longer used, like, about keys in a keyboard, m agnetic tape, using mouse, drum printers and mes- sage switching. Several colored inserts in the book provide a colored view o f the photographs. 0 Content o f Book—Practical (Chapters 15-21) a n d Appendix T his book describes MS-Office with the latest com m ercially available version, version 2007. T his book includes description o f Windows Vista and Windows 7 in addition to the detailed description o f W indow s XP. T h e solved examples in the M S-O ffice chapters arc described step-wise. A long list o f practical exercises is provided at the end o f each chapter. Some chapters contain topics that are new to a book on com puters. These chapters are C hapter 11— Inform ation Systems C hapter 12— Fundam entals o f Database C hapter 14— C om puter Security C hapter 19— MS-Access C hapter 20— N etw ork and Internet C onnections C hapter 21— Using LaTeX Appendix D — Assembling a PC. TARGET AUDIENCE This book has been w ritten keeping in m ind the readers familiar and not-so familiar w ith com puters. Several chapters have been included that cover the syllabi of different universities in India. T h e book is well suited for the following target audience: 0 Computer science students undergoing a course in com puter science— D C A , M CA, BSc(Gcn), BSc(Hons), M Sc(IT), BSc(IT), BCA, D O E A C C level courses. 0 Engineering students of first year— BTech, BE. 0 Science students pursuing BSc in physics, chemistry, botany, zoology and mathematics. 0 Non-science students pursuing B C om (P), B C om (H ons), BA(P), BDP, BBA, MBA, BBE 0 Students enrolled in short-term courses on I T in polytechnics, training institutes, Technical Institutes. 0 Any learner interested in com puter science. STRUCTURE OF THE TEXT T h e book follows a structured and m odular design, to facilitate the instructor in the teaching o f the course and the students in the reading o f rhe book. Figure 1 shows the design o f the book. T h e following para­ graphs present a brief review o f the four units o f the book. U nit I comprises five chapters. T his unit introduces the reader to the computer as a machine. C hapter 1 provides a b rief introduction to com puters— their evolution, types and applications. C hapter 2 discusses organization o f the com puter, different parts inside a com puter case and their interaction. C hapter 3 provides an overview o f the m em ory hierarchy, different kinds o f m em ory o f the com puter and storage devices that are required for storing large quantities o f data. T he different devices that are used for providing input to the computer, and the presentation o f o u tp u t from the com puter are discussed in C hapter 4. T he com puter uses the binary num ber system; C hapter 5 discusses binary coding schemes, logic gates, and the representation and conversion o f num bers in the binary, octal and hexadecimal num ber system. Copyrighted mati  Preface | X X iii Figure 1 Modular structure of text U nit II comprises five chapters. T his unit focusses on the interaction o f user and computer, and the Internet. C hapter 6 provides a description o f the system software and the application software. C h ap ter 7 describes the operating system in detail. T he writing o f the program m ing logic and the different program m ing para­ digms are discussed in C hapter 8. Chapters 9 and 10 relate to networking and the Internet. C hapter 9 discusses com puter networks and the com m unication o f data across the network. T h e Internet and its services are detailed in C hapter 10. U nit III contains four chapters. This unit is about applications and security. C hapter 11 describes the inform ation systems. This chapter is included bearing in m ind the non-science courses. For teaching this paper in a science course, you may skip this chapter. T he fundam entals o f databases are discussed in C hapter 12. C hapter 13 describes the different elements o f the m ultim edia system— text, audio, graphics, video and anim ation. C hapter 14 on com puter security discusses the security attacks, and the way to handle them. Unit IV consists o f seven chapters. This unit is designedfor the computer practicals. A detailed discussion on W indow s XP is provided in C hapter 15, including a brief description about W indow s Vista and W indow s 7. C hapters 16 through 19 are about the four m ain com ponents o f M S-Office 2007, i.e. M S-W ord, M S-Excel, M S-Pow erpoint and MS-Access. C hapter 20 is about N etw ork and the Internet connections. T h is chapter facilitates the reader in the creation and m anaging o f com puter netw ork and the Internet connection. C hapter 21 is about using LaTeX which is used for the production o f publication-quality typeset docum ents. PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES Pedagogy is the art and science o f how som ething is taught and how students learn it. H ow the teaching occurs, the approach to teaching and learning, the way the co n ten t is delivered and w hat the students learn as a result o f the process are all included in pedagogy. T he following are the pedagogical features in this book: ® S ta rt-o f Chapter Aids C ontents— An overall view o f the topics discussed in the chapter is provided, at the beginning o f each chapter. W hy this chapter— It describes the need o f including this chapter in com puter fundam entals and w hy one should read it. ® In-Between Chapter A ids Visualization— “A picture is w orth a thousand words” is a famous quote. T his book supports the concepts w ith figures, diagrams and images to facilitate visualization. Bulleted text— T he book follows a bulleted approach o f w riting the text in contrast to the long paragraphs. T h e bulleted text approach is easier to read, understand and grasp. Copyright X X IV 1 P re fa c e ® End-of-Chapter Aids Sum m ary— Ir reviews the m ajor concepts discussed in the chapter. Keywords— A list o f keywords at the end o f each chapter facilitates in locating a topic in the chapter. Q uestions— T h e questions at the end o f each chapter are given section-wise. T h e reader has to search for the answers in this section, rather than the com plete chapter. Extra questions— A t the end o f each chapter, the extra questions from the com plete chapter are given in th e form o f short notes, abbreviations and differences. Colored inserts— A first initiative in a book on this topic, the colored inserts provide the reader w ith actual images in colour. FEEDBACK For interacting with the author, or for suggestions and com m ents on this book, please send your e-mails at goel.anita.book^gm ail.com. Copyrighted material A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s It took me alm ost 2 years to write this book. D uring m y journey o f book w riting, I have been helped and supported by m y family, friends and collegues. 1 express my gratitude to one and all for their extensive support in this endeavour. I am grateful to Dr. S. C. G upta, Prof. S. K. Wasan and Dr. M ukul Sinha for encouraging me to write a book. I thank them for their valuable advice and for their encouragem ent to dissem inate inform ation. I also th an k them for continually inspiring m e to w rite a good book. I th an k M r Neeraj Saxena, Ms Renu Saxena and M r Rajendra for their extensive help in clicking the photographs in this book. M y special thanks go to all my students, A m it Jain in particular, who have always been eager to inform m e the the expectations o f the students o f a book. T h eir suggestions and feedback have helped m e write the book in a student-friendly manner. T hanks to M r Sachin Saxena and the team o f Pearson Education for their extensive support. T h e book in its present form is a result o f the long discussions and the brainstorm ing sessions w ith Sachin. I am grateful to Sachin for his ideas, suggestions and excellent support provided to m e during the w riting o f this book. I express m y regards and love to m y m other Urm ila, and m y father Am ar C hand. Being their child makes me feel special, and I thank them both for guiding m e through life. T h ro u g h this book. I carry forward the legacy o f book w riting from m y m aternal grandfather late M r C. S. Jain. I express m y respect and thanks to m y father-in-law Gopal Krishan for his m otivation and cooperation, and for taking care o f m atters while I was busy w riting the book. M y thanks are due, in m em ory of m y m other-in-law Pushpa w ho has always loved and supported me. T hanks to m y loving husband, Ajay, for standing by m e in the difficult times d u rin g the course o f w rit­ ing this book. H e is a bagful o f innovative ideas and has contributed creatively to the w riting o f this book. M y special thanks to my lovely and beautiul children, A nirudh and Ashima, who brilliantly contributed towards the creation and editing o f this book. T hey are m y greatest source o f inspiration and m otivation. Since this is n o t the first book on this topic, I thank the authors o f other books on sim ilar topic, whose books have been a source o f ideas for me. I th an k the A lm ighty w ithout whose grace it w ould have been impossible for m e to accomplish this task. Copyrighted material  Unit I BASICS OF COMPUTER INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ® Digital and analog computers © Classification of computer— Micro­ ® Characteristics of computer— Speed, accu­ computers (desktop computer or Personal racy, diligence, storage capability, versatility Computer (PC), notebook computers or ® History of computer— Calculating machines, laptop, netbook, tablet computer, handheld Napier's bones, slide rule, Rascal's adding and computer or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), subtraction machine, Leibniz's multiplication smart phones), minicomputers, mainframe and dividing machine, punch card system, computers, supercomputers Babbage's analytical engine, Hollerith's ® The computer system— Hardware, punched card tabulating machine software, data, users © Generations of computer ® The Input-process-output concept First generation (1940 to 1956): Using ® Components of computer hardware— vacuum tubes Input/output unit, central processing unit, Second generation (1956 to 1963): storage unit Using transistors ® Application of computers— Education, en­ Third generation (1964 to 1971): Using tertainment, sports, advertising, medicine, integrated circuits science and engineering, government, Fourth generation (1971 to present): home Using microprocessors Fifth generation (present and next): Using artificial intelligence W h y this chapter Com puters are an integral part of our lives. W h e re ve r w e are— sitting in our homes, w ork­ ing in the office, driving on roads, sitting in a m ovie hall, staying in a hotel, etc.— our lives are directly or indirectly affected by the com puters. In this era of inform ation, w e are dependent on the storage, flow and processing of data and inform ation, w hich can o n ly be possible w ith the help of com puters. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce you to the "com puter". 1.1 INTRODUCTION Nowadays, com puters are an integral part o f our lives. T hey are used for the reservation o f tickets for airplanes and railways, paym ent o f telephone and electricity bills, deposit and w ithdraw al o f m oney from banks, processing o f business data, forecasting o f weather conditions, diagnosis o f diseases, searching pyrighted material 2____ Basics of Computer for inform ation on the Internet, etc. C om puters are also used extensively in schools, universities, organiza­ tions, m usic industry, movie industry, scientific research, law firms, fashion industry, etc. T h e term com puter is derived from the w ord compute. T h e w ord compute means to calculate. A com­ puter is an electronic m achine that accepts data from the user, processes the data by perform ing calcula­ tions and operations on it, and generates the desired o u tp u t results. C o m p u ter perform s both simple and complex operations, with speed and accuracy. This chapter discusses the history and evolution o f com puter, the concept o f input-process-output and the characteristics o f com puter. T his chapter also discusses the classification of digital com puters based on their size and type, and the application o f com puter in different dom ain areas. 1.2 DIGITAL AND ANALOG COMPUTERS A digital computer uses distinct values to represent the data internally. All inform ation are represented using the digits Os and Is. T he com puters that we use at our hom es and offices are digital com puters. Analog computer is another kind o f a com puter that represents data as variable across a continuous range o f values. T h e earliest com puters were analog com puters. Analog com puters are used for m easur­ ing o f param eters that vary continuously in real tim e, such as tem perature, pressure and voltage. Analog com puters m ay be m ore flexible bur generally less precise than digital com puters. Slide rule is an example o f an analog com puter. T h is book deals only w ith the digital computer and uses the term computer for them. 1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER Speed, accuracy, diligence, storage capability and versatility are some o f the key characteristics o f a com ­ puter. A brief overview o f these characteristics are— Speed T h e com puter can process data very fast, at the rate o f m illions o f instructions per second. Some calculations that w ould have taken hours and days to com plete otherwise, can be com pleted in a few seconds using the com puter. For example, calculation and generation o f salary slips o f thousands o f employees o f an organization, weather forecasting th at requires analysis o f a large am o u n t o f data related to tem perature, pressure and hum idity o f various places, etc. ® Accuracy C o m p u ter provides a high degree o f accuracy. For example, the com puter can accu­ rately give the result o f division o f any two num bers u p to 10 decimal places. Diligence W hen used for a longer period o f tim e, the com puter does n o t get tired o r fatigued. It can perform long and complex calculations with the same speed and accuracy from the start till the end. 0 Storage Capability Large volum es o f data and inform ation can be stored in the com puter and also retrieved whenever required. A lim ited am ount o f data can be stored, temporarily, in the prim ary memory. Secondary' storage devices like floppy disk and com pact disk can store a large am ount of data permanently. 0 Versatility C o m p u ter is versatile in nature. It can perform different types o f tasks w ith the same ease. At one m om ent you can use the com puter to prepare a letter d o cu m en t and in the next m om ent you may play m usic or print a docum ent. C om puters have several lim itations too. C o m p u ter can only perform tasks that it has been program m ed to do. C o m p u ter cannot do any work w ithout instructions from the user. It execures instructions as speci­ fied by the user and does noi take its own decisions. Copyrighted material  Introduction to Computer ____ 3 1.4 HISTORY OF COMPUTER U ntil the developm ent o f the first generation com puters based on vacuum tubes, there had been several developm ents in the com puting technology related to the mechanical com puting devices. T h e key devel­ opm ents that took place till the first com puter was developed are as follows— ® Calculating M achines ABACUS was the first mechanical calculating device for counting o f large num bers. T he word ABACUS m eans calculating board. It consists o f bars in horizontal positions on which sets o f beads are inserted. T he horizontal bars have 10 beads each, representing units, tens, hundreds, etc. An abacus is shown in Figure 1.1 ® N apiers Bones was a mechanical device built for the purpose o f m ultiplication in 1617 a d. by an English m athem atician John Napier. ® Slide Rule was developed by an English m athem atician E dm und G u n ter in the 16th century. Using the slide rule, one could perform operations like addition, subtraction, m ultiplication and division. It was used extensively till late 1970s. Figure 1.2 shows a slide rule. Figure 1.1 Abacus Figure 1.2 Slide rule ® Pascal's A dding a n d Subtraction M achine was developed by Blaise Pascal. It could add and sub­ tract. T he m achine consisted o f wheels, gears and cylinders. ® Leibniz's M ultiplication and D ividing M achine was a mechanical device that could both m ul­ tiply and divide. T he G erm an philosopher and m athem atician G ottfried Leibniz built it around 1673. © Punch Card System was developed by Jac­ *l9tftftll*C9l9ft9|ft*H99*'ft*'ftftftl|||| M ' M I I I I I I I I I I I M I I M I I I I M l l l l i l l l l l l l quard to control the power loom in 1801. He invented the punched card reader that could n iY rim i’ t'tiiitiiiM fiim tiiiiiitifn itM iiim tn iitititiiH H H m im iti recognize the presence o f hole in the punched I t l i l M l l i M t iiti l l l l M l l l l i l i M I M M I t I I I I I H H U i l l l l l M M l l M M l M I I M I card as binary one and the absence o f the hole I 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I f I 1111 ft I I I I 9999111 fill 11 9 < ' 11 11 I I I 9 1 9 * 9 9 9 M 1 9 9 I I I 11 M t 9 t i l I I 111 as binary zero. T he Os and Is are the basis of the m odem digital computer. A punched card is shown in Figure 1.3. Kg1" * 19 Punched card You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book. You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.  Introduction to Computer 7 are able to store m illions o f c o m p o n e n ts on a single chip. T hese co m p u ters have large m em ory req u irem en ts. T his generation o f com puters uses parallel processing that allows several instructions to be executed in parallel, instead o f serial execution. Parallel processing results in faster processing speed. T h e Intel dual- core microprocessor uses parallel processing. T h e fifth generation com puters are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). T hey try to sim ulate the hum an way o f thinking and reasoning. Artificial Intelligence includes areas like Expert System (ES), N atural Lan­ guage Processing (N LP), speech recognition, voice recognition, robotics, etc. 1.6 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER T h e digital com puters that are available nowadays vary in their sizes and types. T h e com puters are broadly classified into four categories (Figure 1.8) based on their size and type— (1) M icrocom puters, (2) M ini­ com puters, (3) M ainfram e com puters, and (4) Supercom puter. Fast Expensive Complex Large Slow Cheap Simple Small Figure 1.8 Classification of computers based on size and type 1.6.1 Microcomputers M icrocom puters are small, low-cost and single-user digital com puter. T hey consist o f C P U , in p u t unit, o u tp u t unit, storage unit and the software. A lthough m icrocom puters are stand-alone machines, they can be connected together to create a netw ork o f com puters that can serve m ore than one user. IBM P C based on Pentium microprocessor and Apple M acintosh are some examples o f m icrocom puters. M icrocom put­ ers include desktop com puters, notebook com puters or laptop, tablet com puter, handheld com puter, sm art phones and netbook, as shown in Figure 1.9. Copyright 8____ I Basics of Computer Laptop Netbook Tablet PD A Sm art Phone Figure 1.9 Microcomputers ® Desktop Computer or Personal Computer (PC) is the m ost com m on type o f m icrocom puter. It is a stand-alone m achine that can be placed o n the desk. Externally, it consists o f three units— key­ board, m onitor, and a system unit containing the C P U , memory, hard disk drive, etc. It is not very expensive and is suited to the needs o f a single user at hom e, small business units, and organizations. Apple, M icrosoft, HP, Dell and Lenovo are some o f the P C m anufacturers. ® Notebook Computers or Laptop resemble a notebook. T hey are portable and have all the features o f a desktop com puter. T he advantage o f the laptop is that it is small in size (can be p u t inside a briefcase), can be carried anywhere, has a battery backup and has all the functionality o f the desk­ top. Laptops can be placed on the lap while w orking (hence the name). Laptops are costlier than the desktop machines. ® Netbook These are smaller notebooks optim ized for low weight and low cost, and are designed for accessing web-based applications. Starting w ith the earliest netbook in late 2007, they have gained significant popularity now. N etbooks deliver the perform ance needed to enjoy popular activities like stream ing videos or music, emailing, Web surfing or instant messaging. T h e w ord netbook was created as a blend of Inter«