Classification And Nutritive Value Of Feedstuff - Concentrate PDF

CLASSIFICATION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FEEDSTUFF – CONCENTRATE AND ENERGY FEEDS Edited/Revised by DBM, DVM, AP – I, DBVS, UPCVM, for Zootechnics 113, 1st Semester, AY 2024 – 2025; made on 301024 From the PP of Dr. J. dela Cruz, PhD., DBVS, UPCVM GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS Feeds are basic...

CLASSIFICATION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FEEDSTUFF – CONCENTRATE AND ENERGY FEEDS Edited/Revised by DBM, DVM, AP – I, DBVS, UPCVM, for Zootechnics 113, 1st Semester, AY 2024 – 2025; made on 301024 From the PP of Dr. J. dela Cruz, PhD., DBVS, UPCVM GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF FEEDS Feeds are basically classified as concentrates or roughages. Concentrate Feeds are those that are relatively high in digestible nutrients and low in fiber (less than 18%). Concentrate feeds also include the mineral sources, synthetic vitamin preparations and additives. Roughages are those that are low in digestible nutrients and high in fiber. COMPOSITION OF A TYPICAL RATION Energy- about 80% of total feed intake Feed intake is regulated according to energy need “animals eat to satisfy their energy requirement” Protein- < 20% Minerals- 3-4% Ca and P- 0.5% to 1 % range Trace elements -0.5% of total diet Vitamins- < 1% of diet TYPES OF RAW MATERIALS TYPES OF RAW MATERIALS 1. ENERGY FEEDS - feeds used primarily to provide high amounts of utilizable energy - incorporated in the diets in large amounts - cereal grains, root crops 2. BULKY FEEDS - these feeds have medium amounts of energy since they have higher fiber content than the energy feeds - some supplies high amounts of proteins - brans, pollards CONCENTRATE FEEDS 3. PLANT PROTEIN FEEDS -plant parts that contain high concentrations of protein. -legume seeds, oil extraction residues, leaf protein concentrates 4. ANIMAL PROTEIN FEEDS - feeds from animal tissues , prepared commercially as animal feed ingredients -fish meal, shrimp meal, meat meal, MBM, rendering products, skim milk powder CONCENTRATE FEEDS CONTINUED… 5. LIQUID SUPPLEMENTS - feeds added in the diet in liquid form - molasses, oils, fats 6. SYNTHETIC VITAMINS AND AMINO ACIDS 7. MINERALS 8. ADDITIVES - do not supply any nutrients - improve animal performance ADD-ONS Cereal Grains  the most important sources of energy feeds.  swine and poultry feeds are based on cereal grains diet ENERGY FEEDS  Most popular feed ingredient Most widely used energy feed Grain with the highest DE Very palatable Extremely low in Ca, fair amount of P Contains 8-10% CP The protein (zein) is notably low in lysine and tryptophan Contains carotenoids called xantophylls. CORN/MAIZE  Low in niacin (tryptophan) Devoid of Vitamin B12 activity P is “tied up” in the form of an organic molecule called phytic acid/phytate CORN/MAIZE Corn lipids  4% oil  Highin essential fatty acids- important in animal metabolism and exuded in hair follicles  Cornfed animals- sleek, shiny appearance, “bloom” ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS  Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various types of fungi. They can grow on agricultural products before or after harvest or during transportation or storage. Mycotoxins decreases feed quality. DELETERIOUS FACTORS IN CORN-WHAT ARE MYCOTOXINS?  Nutritional aspect Health aspect MYCOTOXICOSIS CAN CAUSE:  AFLATOXINS ASPERGILLUS-INFECTED CORN  OCHRATOXIN EXPOSURE  FUMONISINS FUMONISIN FUSARIUM MOLINIFORME   TYPICAL SYMPTOM OF ZEARALENONE IN SWINE: ENLARGEMENT OF VULVA IN SOWS (FALSE HEAT)  Which are the most prevalent mycotoxins in crops? To answer this question, in 2020 Biomin GmbH analyzed more than 20 000 samples from 79 countries, finding that the most common mycotoxins globally are the Fusarium mycotoxins, vomitoxin (DON, found in 65% of samples) and fumonisin (FUM, 64%), followed by zearalenone (ZEN, 48%). In North America DON was found in 72% of corn samples and in 89% of cereal samples, with average concentration of the mycotoxin in maize (808 ppb) and cereals (1 721 ppb) quite high. In Central America, nearly all (97%) corn samples tested positive for FUM at an average of 1 820 ppb and a maximum of 24 233 ppb. In South America, both FUM and DON have been found in 83% of samples, with an average of positives of 2 280 ppb and 1 584 ppb respectively. In Europe, the most prevalent mycotoxin is still DON (found in 70% of corn samples), with a maximum concentration as high as 11 875 ppb. In Asia, FUM occurs in 96% of corn, followed by DON in 80% of the samples tested. In Africa, DON was the most prevalent mycotoxin, followed by FUM and ZEN.  Best approach to control mycotoxins production in feedstuffs is to prevent fungi growth Do not harvest too early. Harvesting too early means high moisture in the grain/cereal. Adequate drying, processing and good storage facilities are good strategies to reduce mold and mycotoxins problems in feedstuffs Addition of feed additives such as mold inhibitors and mycotoxins adsorbents could also decrease the toxic effects of mycotoxins A form of hemicellulose  Similar to corn in composition and feeding value Less energy than corn Higher protein content than corn (14.2% vs. 9.6%, as fed) Deficient in lysine, threonine and methionine Lower in EFA’s Rough, scaly skin NSP’s- pentosans (xylans), arabinose and xylose WHEAT  SORGHUM  7-10% protein (kafirin), low quality  May be used to replace 50 % or more of the corn in the ration for most livestock without affecting animal performance  For swine and poultry, lysine is the first limiting amino acid followed by threonine  Sorghum grain is devoid of xanthophylls and 70% of its phosphorus is bound in phytate (Sauvant et al., 2004) SORGHUM  Tannins  phenolics in sorghum reduces protein availability.  they inhibit digestive enzyme activity and form complexes with protein that resist digestion DELETERIOUS FACTOR OF SORGHUM  Highest protein content and quality of any cereal grain Low energy- low starch and high fiber Oats contain higher crude fiber than corn (10.8% vs. 2.6%, as fed) and accordingly are lower in TDN ( 68% vs. 77% for ruminants, as fed) Contains higher crude protein than corn (10.8% vs. 9.6%, as fed) and a little higher in Ca and P Oats are not a good fattening feed OATS  Grown for malting and for feeds  Low energy content  Low starch, high fiber β-glucans Viscous, hygroscopic, gummy materials Reduce intestinal flow rate= low feed intake Inhibit formation of lipid micelles and reduce fat absorption BARLEY  Poultry excreta Wet and sticky Droppings “soupy”- increase environmental humidity and ammonia, problems with manure removal In chicks- pasty vent condition  Manihot esculenta is an economical animal feed  feeding value is about 80% of corn  cassavahas high content of cyanide, both in free and bound forms  cyanide removal: drying and cooking  leaves can be used as silage, dried for feed supplementation and as leaf meal for feed concentrates CASSAVA  stem can be mixed with leaves and used as ruminant feed, or dried for feed concentrates  roots can be chipped or pelletized and used as feed  Suitable in low fertility areas and those frequently visited by typhoons  High yield per hectare  Processing problem- easily deteriorates after harvest CASSAVA Animal protein feeds can be divided into three categories:  1. Commercially prepared seafood meals  2. Slaughtering by-products  3. Dairy by-products PROTEIN FEEDS  Dried Skimmed Milk  Defatted, dehydrated cow’s milk  Contains around 34% protein and protein is of “good quality”(high biological value) Whey is a good example of a good dairy production by- product; buy-product of cheese making Meat Scrap or Meat Meal  By-product of the meat packing industry, consist of the otherwise unusable animal tissue cooked in steam jacketed kettles in its own fat  Contains around 55%-60% protein ANIMAL ORIGIN  Meat and Bone Scrap or Meal  Similar to meat scrap but contains more bone, and consequently higher in Ca and P and lower in protein  Fish Meal  Consists of fish and fish by-products that have been dried and ground into meal  Protein content is usually around 60% and protein is of good quality  It is normally high in Ca and P PLANT ORIGIN  SOY BEAN MEAL  - raw soybeans are toxic to animals due to the presence of Protease inhibitors, lectins, phytoestrogens, goitrogens.  - Heat treatment  - Urease test PLANT ORIGIN  1. Corn gluten feed  - after separating the starch from other substances in the grain  - 22% CP  2. Corn gluten meal  - further separation of other fibrous materials  - 40% CP CORN BY-PRODUCTS  Rice Bran  - the pericarp and aleurone layer removed from polishing rice  - D1 and D2  - high oil content making its energy value comparable to the grain itself  - rancidity is the primary problem BULKY FEEDS  - also called wheat bran  - feeding value is similar to rice bran but have a higher protein (16%)  BULKY FEEDS - POLLARD  - PRODUCT OF SUGAR REFINING INDUSTRY - CONTAINS 15-25% WATER AND AT LEAST 46% SUGAR - VERY LOW IN PROTEIN AND FUNCTIONS PRIMARILY AS AN ENERGY SOURCE - CAN BE ADDED IN THE DIET AT LEVELS UP TO 30% - INCREASES PALATABILITY - DECREASES DUSTINESS TALLOW/LARD OIL LIQUID SUPPLEMENTS  Amino acids To adjust the amino acid content of the feeds without necessarily adding other nutrients, synthetic amino acids are used. The most common synthetic amino acids available in the market are lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan Expensive SYNTHETIC VITAMINS AND AMINO ACIDS  Vitamins Most unstable nutrient Difficult to achieve /maintain the vitamin level according to the requirement. To ensure availability of vitamins in the diet, vitamin premixes are included SYNTHETIC VITAMINS AND AMINO ACIDS  Salt  - Na (39%) and Cl (59%)  - improves palatability Limestone - Cheap and widely available source of Ca (38%) Oyster shell  - also a source of Ca (33%) MINERALS  Sources of Phosphorus  Ca P  1. Dicalcium Phosphate NMT 24% NLT 18%  2. Monodical Phosphate NMT 18% NLT 20%  3. Tricalcium Phosphate NMT 28% NLT 11%  - mineral premixes are also available to supply other important minerals needed by the animal. MINERALS  Corn protein Low protein content, 8-10% Corn protein is of low quality Deficient in lysine and tryptophan and low in methionine Zein/prolamine- low lysine and no tryptophan CORN  Main factors that influence toxicity to mycotoxins are: Bioavailability Combined effect between several mycotoxins Amount of mycotoxins consumed Animal weight, age, physiological and health status MYCOTOXIN TOXICITY FATE OF FEED ENERGY WITHIN THE ANIMAL