Organic Molecules Chemistry Lecture Notes PDF

**Organic Molecules** **Biomolecules** - \_\_\_\_\_Organic\_\_\_\_\_ compounds essential for life - Four groups: - - - - **Carbohydrates** - Hydrated (water-containing) carbon molecules - - Used for \_\_\_\_\_\_energy\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_storage\_\_\_\_\_\_ of en...

**Organic Molecules** **Biomolecules** - \_\_\_\_\_Organic\_\_\_\_\_ compounds essential for life - Four groups: - - - - **Carbohydrates** - Hydrated (water-containing) carbon molecules - - Used for \_\_\_\_\_\_energy\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_storage\_\_\_\_\_\_ of energy, and cellular \_\_\_structures\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Types: - - - **Monosaccharide** = simple sugar - Water soluble - \_\_\_\_\_hydrophilic\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Contain 3-7 carbon atoms in a chain or ring - - - - **Important Monosaccharides** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_Glucose\_\_\_\_\_\_** is: - - - - **\_\_\_\_\_Galactose\_\_\_\_\_\_** is: - - - - - **\_\_\_\_\_Fructose\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** is: - - **Disaccharide** -- composed of \_\_\_\_two\_\_\_\_ monosaccharide units - **\_\_\_\_\_Dehydration\_\_\_\_\_\_ synthesis** - water is created when two monosaccharides are joined together to form a disaccharide - - **\_\_\_\_\_\_Hydrolysis\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - water is utilized when a disaccharide is decomposed into its monosaccharide components - **Important Disaccharides** - **\_\_\_\_\_\_Sucrose\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - - - - **\_\_\_\_\_\_Maltose\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - - - **\_\_\_\_Lactose\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - - **Polysaccharide** -- combination of many monosaccharides - Not water soluble because of their size - Can have a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ storage function **Important Polysaccharides** - **\_\_\_\_\_Starch\_\_\_\_\_\_** - - - - - - - **\_\_\_\_\_\_Glycogen\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - - - - - - - - **\_\_\_\_\_\_Cellulose\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - - - - - - - - - **Lipids** - - - - - - - Five classes important for life: - - - - - **Fatty Acids** - \_\_\_\_Fatty\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_acids\_\_\_\_\_\_: - - - - - **\_\_\_\_\_Saturated\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fatty acids** - - - - **\_\_\_\_\_Unsaturated\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fatty acids**: - - - - **\_\_\_\_\_\_Essential\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fatty acids** are those needed by the body, but not synthesized within the body in adequate amounts - \_\_\_\_\_\_Linoleic\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_linolenic\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ acid are essential - - Linoleic and linolenic acids: - - **Neutral Fats (Triglycerides)** - Composed of a \_\_\_\_\_\_glycerol\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ backbone with \_\_\_\_\_three\_\_\_\_\_\_ fatty acids attached - \_\_\_\_\_Nonpolar\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Triglycerides used for \_\_\_\_\_energy\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Decomposed through \_\_\_\_\_\_hydrolysis\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reaction - Excess food is \_\_\_\_\_\_stored\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as triglycerides - - - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_Lipoproteins\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are used to transport fats within the body - - **Waxes** - Composed of a long chain fatty acid portion and a long chain alcohol portion - Water \_\_\_\_\_insoluble\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_Protective\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ coatings on feathers, fur, and skin - Example: \_\_\_\_\_Sebum\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - secretion of sebaceous glands - Keeps skin soft and prevents \_\_\_\_\_\_\_dehydration\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Phospholipds** - Components: - - - - - - Main component of cell \_\_\_\_\_membranes\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - - - Phospholipids also form the myelin sheath of nerve cells **Steroids** - Lipids that take form of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon \_\_\_\_\_rings\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - \_\_\_\_\_Hydrophobic\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Nonpolar - Different types formed by attaching unique \_\_\_\_\_\_functional\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ groups **Steroid Examples** - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Cholesterol\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is: - - - - - \_\_\_\_\_\_Cortisol\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a glucocorticoid produced in the adrenal glands - - - **\_\_\_\_\_\_Aldosterone\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** is a mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenal glands - - - **\_\_\_\_\_Estrogen\_\_\_\_\_\_ -** Hormone involved in \_\_\_\_\_\_egg\_\_\_\_\_\_ development in the ovaries **Bile Salts** - Bile is a liver secretion stored in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_gallbladder\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Bile empties into the intestine and aids in \_\_\_fat\_\_\_\_\_ digestion - Bile salts \_\_\_\_\_emulsify\_\_\_\_\_\_ lipids and break large fat globules into smaller droplets - - Principle bile salt is sodium glycocholate **Eicosanoids** - Lipids formed from \_\_20\_\_\_\_ carbon fatty acid and a ring structure **Eicosanoid Examples** - **\_\_\_\_\_Prostoglandins\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - - **\_\_\_\_\_Thromboxane\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** - - - **\_\_\_\_\_Leukotrienes\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** -