ChE 103 - 4 Liquid Fuels PPT PDF

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology Topic 4 Industrial Stoichiometry ChE 103: Liquid Fuels Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | Ch...

UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology Topic 4 Industrial Stoichiometry ChE 103: Liquid Fuels Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology Reminder: Note that the slides provided to you in any form is intended only for your use in connection with the course that you are enrolled in. It is not for distribution or sale. Permission should be obtained from your instructor for any use other than for what it is intended. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology We are now done on learning the analysis of combustion of gaseous fuels using Cases 1, 2, and 3. We may now proceed on discovering the other types of fuels for combustion. Schematic Diagram of Combustion (https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/combst1.html) Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology LIQUID FUELS Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology 01 Description and 01 Properties of Liquid Fuels Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology Liquid hydrocarbon fuels are commonly derived from crude oil through distillation and cracking processes. Besides this, liquid fuels can also be obtained from biomass, coal tar, sand and oil shale. Liquid fuels satisfy a wide range of combustion requirements. Most liquid fuels are mixtures of hydrocarbons for which compositions are usually given in terms of mass fractions. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology ADVANTAGES of liquid fuels 1. Require less space for storage. 2. Higher calorific value. 3. They have nearly constant calorific value. 4. Easy control of consumption. 5. Staff economy. 6. Absence of danger from spontaneous combustion. 7. Easy handling and transportation. 8. Cleanliness. 9. No ash problem. 10. Non-deterioration of the oil in storage. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology DISADVANTAGES of liquid fuels 1. Higher cost. 2. Greater risk of fire. 3. Costly containers are required for storage and transport. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Properties of Liquid Fuels Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Properties of Liquid Fuels Specific Gravity It is the ratio of the density of the fuel to the density of water. Specific gravity is an indication of the composition. For most liquid fuels, a lower specific gravity suggests a higher percentage of light hydrocarbon and faster-burning fuel. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Properties of Liquid Fuels Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its internal resistance to flow. Viscosity is the most important characteristic in the storage and use of fuel oil. It influences the degree of preheat required for handling, storage and satisfactory atomization. If the oil is too viscous, it may become difficult to pump, hard to light the burner, and tough to operate. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Properties of Liquid Fuels Flash Point The flash point of a fuel is the lowest temperature at which the fuel can be heated so that the vapour gives off flashes momentarily when an open flame is passed over it. Flash point for furnace oil is 66°C. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Properties of Liquid Fuels Pour Point The pour point of a fuel is the lowest temperature at which it will pour or flow when cooled under prescribed conditions. It is a very rough indication of the lowest temperature at which fuel oil is readily pumpable. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Properties of Liquid Fuels Specific Heat Specific heat is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of oil by 1°C. The specific heat determines how much steam or electrical energy it takes to heat oil to a desired temperature. Light oils have a low specific heat, whereas heavier oils have a higher specific heat. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Properties of Liquid Fuels Sulfur Content The amount of sulfur in the fuel oil depends mainly on the source of the crude oil and to a lesser extent on the refining process. The normal sulfur content for the residual fuel oil (furnace oil) is in the order of 2-4 %. The main disadvantage of sulfur is the risk of corrosion by sulfuric acid formed during and after combustion, and condensing in cool parts of the chimney or stack, air preheater and economiser. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Properties of Liquid Fuels Carbon Residue Carbon residue indicates the tendency of oil to deposit a carbonaceous solid residue on a hot surface, such as a burner or injection nozzle, when its vaporisable constituents evaporate. Residual oil contain carbon residue ranging from 1 percent or more. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology 02 Classification of Liquid Fuels 01 Liquid fuels may be divided into two main classes, based on how they will be used: light oils or spirits and heavy oils. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology 01 Light Oils or Spirits Spirits are suitable for use with internal combustion engines and jet engines. It includes a. The lighter, more volatile fractions obtained by distilling or cracking natural petroleum oils and related natural deposits b. The light fractions obtained by the hydrogenation of coal, coal tar or heavy oil residues c. The light fractions obtained by the synthesis of hydrocarbons by the Fischer Tropsch Process Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology 01 Light Oils or Spirits Spirits are suitable for use with internal combustion engines and jet engines. It includes d. Alcohols, particularly methyl and ethyl alcohol, obtained by synthesis of fermentation process e. Benzole, obtained by the distillation of coal tar or by extraction from coal gas f. Alcogas or gasohol – mixture of methyl or ethyl alcohol and gasoline Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology 01 Light Oils or Spirits Of these, only the most volatile and cleanest products, gasoline or petrol (natural and synthetic), benzole and alcohol are suitable for spark ignition engine. The next higher fractions of petroleum oil, shale oil and synthetic oil, generally included in the class of oils known as paraffin, kerosene or naphtha are suitable for jet engines. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology 02 Heavy Oils These include the heaviest grades of natural petroleum oils and lubricating oils from which the more valuable lubricating oil and fractions have been removed by distillation. a. Mazut – residue after atmospheric distillation of crude oil b. Gudron – residue after vacuum distillation of crude oil The heavy heating oil has high viscosity, which requires heating up to temperatures of 65-90OC for transportation and atomization. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology 03 Crude Oil Crude oil is a naturally occurring, 01 unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials. Basically, typical crude oil is a mixture of alkanes (propane, butane), alkenes, aromatics (benzene, toluene) and cycloalkane (napthene) of organic compounds containing C, H, O, N and S elements. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology 03 Crude Oil A type of fossil fuel, crude oil can be refined to produce usable products such 01 as gasoline, diesel, and various other forms of petrochemicals. It is a non-renewable resource, which means that it can't be replaced naturally at the rate we consume it and is, therefore, a limited resource. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Three Stages of Refining Separation In the first step, molecules are separated through fractional distillation at normal atmospheric pressure, according to their molecular weight. Fractions of crude oil based on their molecular weight (Source: http://www.learnaboutair.com/images/science_s2_d2.png) Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Three Stages of Refining Separation Fractional distillation separates high-boiling-point heavier hydrocarbons from light hydrocarbons with lower boiling points. Fractions of crude oil based on their molecular weight (Source: http://www.learnaboutair.com/images/science_s2_d2.png) Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Three Stages of Refining Separation Name of Fraction Boiling Range (oC) Composition Uses 1. Refinery Gases below 30 C1 to C4 As domestic or industrial fuel under the name LPG 2. Petroleum ether 30 - 70 C5 to C7 As a solvent 3. Gasoline (11.25 kcal/g) 40 - 120 C5 to C9 As a motor fuel in internal combustion engine 4. Naphtha (11 kcal/g) 120 - 180 C9 to C10 As a solvent in dry cleaning 5. Kerosene (11.1 kcal/g) 180 - 250 C10 to C16 As domestic fuel and jet engine fuel 6. Diesel 250 - 320 C10 to C18 Diesel engine fuel 7. Heavy Oil 320 - 400 C17 to C30 ❖ As a lubricant On refraction gives ❖ In cosmetics and medicines a. Lubricating Oil ❖ In candles and wax paper b. Petroleum Jelly (vaseline) c. Grease d. Paraffin Wax 8. Residue may be above 400 C30 and above ❖ Waterproofing of roofs a. Asphalt ❖ As a fuel b. Petroleum Coke Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Three Stages of Refining Conversion There are still many too heavy hydrocarbon molecules remaining after the separation process. To meet demand for lighter products, the heavy molecules are cracked into two or more lighter ones. Cracking of diesel oil to produce shorter products (Source: https://useruploads.socratic.org/Ww7frTv1T3m1ATD8M8ij_Cracking_Still.gif) Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Three Stages of Refining Conversion Cracking is a process by which long-chain hydrocarbons are broken up into smaller molecules. Thermal Cracking - use of heating to break molecular bonds Catalytic Cracking - use of a bed of Cracking of diesel oil to produce shorter products catalyst to break the molecular bonds (Source: https://useruploads.socratic.org/Ww7frTv1T3m1ATD8M8ij_Cracking_Still.gif) Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Three Stages of Refining Conversion Reforming is another process whereby light petroleum distillates (naphthas) are contacted with a platinum-containing catalyst at elevated temperatures and hydrogen pressures for the purpose of raising the octane number of the hydrocarbon feed stream. Some of the desired reforming reactions (Source: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/fsc432/sites/www.e- education.psu.edu.fsc432/files/Lesson8/Lesson8Figure4.png) Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Three Stages of Refining Treating Treating involves removing or significantly reducing molecules that are corrosive or cause air pollution, especially sulfur, and eventually produce products of high selling value. Desulfurization is the removal of sulfur from petroleum fractions by means of extraction, Some of the desired reforming reactions absorption or by the use of catalysts. (Source: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/fsc432/sites/www.e- education.psu.edu.fsc432/files/Lesson8/Lesson8Figure4.png) Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Three Stages of Refining Treating Blending is a refinery operation that blends different component streams into various grades of petroleum product. Basic intermediate streams can be blended into different finished products. For example, naphthas can be blended into gasoline, or jet fuel streams, depending on the demand. General scheme of the continuous gasoline-blending system (Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/General-scheme-of-the-continuous-gasolin e-blending-system-studied-in-this-work_fig3_316900326) Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology 04 Gasoline and 01 Diesel Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Gasoline Gasoline, also known as petrol, is an energy-dense secondary fuel that can be thought of as an energy currency. It is used to power many heat engines, most importantly it acts as a fuel for a large proportion of cars. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Gasoline It is a mixture of nearly 400 different types of hydrocarbons. It has hydrogen to carbon ratio varying from 1.7 to 2.0 and is typically characterized by the molecular formula C8H18. The Gasoline is liquid at room temperature with boiling range approximately of 35 – 315oC. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Gasoline Octane Number Knocking combustion in internal combustion engines can cause engine overheating, loss in efficiency and increase in emissions. Persistent knocking can lead to mechanical damage to engine under high load operation. High antiknock quality of gasoline is needed to prevent or minimize knocking combustion in high compression ratio internal combustion engines. Octane number is a measure of the anti-knock quality of gasoline. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Gasoline Octane Number The octane number of gasoline is the % by volume of iso-octane in an iso-octane (C8H18) and n-heptane (C7H16) mixture with the same knocking tendency as the fuel. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Gasoline Octane Number To convert volume to weight basis, density is employed. To convert weight to molal basis, molar weight is employed. 𝝆 octane = 6918 g/cm3 𝝆 heptane = 6840 g/cm3 These values can be taken from Perry’s Handbook (Physical Properties of Organic Compounds) Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Diesel Diesel fuel is a combustible liquid used as fuel for diesel engines. Diesel is a mixture of a large number of hydrocarbons, which generally boil within the temperature range of 150 to 390oC. The quality of the final product depends on the characteristics of the crude oil processed and the characteristics of the various streams blended in the product. In diesel engines the fuel is ignited not by a spark, as in gasoline engines, but by the heat of air compressed in the cylinder, with the fuel injected in a spray into the hot compressed air. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology * Diesel Cetane Number Cetane number is the most widely used and accepted measure of ignition quality of the diesel fuels. A higher cetane number is being specified now for the diesel fuels as it results in improved cold starting, warm-up, reduced combustion noise, lower fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. The cetane number is defined as the % by volume of cetane in a cetane (C16H34) and methyl naphthalene (C11H10) mixture that has the same performance as the fuel. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology 05 Combustion 01 Analysis Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology Combustion Analysis The analysis of liquid is normally given in % by weight. Thus a unit weight basis is employed which is converted to molal units when comparing the fuel with air and with the combustion gases. In the case of fuel oils, the analysis in terms of individual chemical compounds is rarely known. Instead the approximate weight % elemental analysis consisting of C, H, O, N, S are given. Of these hydrogen is significant in the combustion analysis. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology Combustion Analysis We commonly speak of two kinds of hydrogen in liquid fuels. Combined Hydrogen is that equivalent to oxygen in the complex compounds of the fuel. It is treated as though it were already combined with oxygen in the proportions of water called Combined Water. This concept of combined water is just hypothetical and is used mainly to simplify calculations. Net Hydrogen is defined as the hydrogen that uses oxygen from air for combustion. Net hydrogen plus combined hydrogen gives the total hydrogen in the fuel. total hydrogen in fuel = net hydrogen + combined hydrogen Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology Combustion Analysis The quantity of N and S in the fuel, is relatively small; it is common practice to neglect them if their combined percentage is less than or equal to 3% Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology Combustion Analysis Sample Problem 1: Gasohol Mixture as fuel An automobile uses a gasohol mixture made up of 80% gasoline (octane number = 85) and 20% ethanol. Air is supplied 30% in excess such that the molal ratio of CO2 to CO is 5:1 and H2 to CO is 1:2 in the exhaust gas. Calculate the Orsat analysis of the exhaust gas. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology Combustion Analysis Sample Problem 1: Gasohol Mixture as fuel An automobile uses a gasohol mixture made up of 80% gasoline (octane number = 85) and 20% ethanol. Air is supplied 30% in excess such that the molal ratio of CO2 to CO is 5:1 and H2 to CO is 1:2 in the exhaust gas. Calculate the Orsat analysis of the exhaust gas. Step 1: Draw the block flow diagram Step 2: Assume that composition of gasoline can be expressed as an octane-heptane mixture. Convert octane number to weight % Step 3: Assume Basis Step 4: Tabulate to compute for atoms H and C and theoretical oxygen Step 5: Compute for the composition of air Step 6: Determine the Orsat analysis of stack gas Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology Combustion Analysis Sample Problem 2: Fuel oil with incomplete elemental analysis A furnace is fired with fuel oil with a partial analysis of 80% C, 1.2% N and 0.55% S with a calorific value of 52 MJ/kg. Orsat analysis of stack gas shows 1.17% CO, 10.62% CO2, 6.34% O2 and 81.87% N2. The stack gas leaves at 350OC and 730 mmHg. Air is supplied at 25OC, 740 mmHg and saturated with water. Calculate a. % excess air b. Complete elemental analysis of fuel oil c. m3 air/kg oil d. m3 stack gas/kg oil e. % calorific value lost due to incomplete combustion Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology Combustion Analysis Sample Problem 2: Fuel oil with incomplete elemental analysis A furnace is fired with fuel oil with a partial analysis of 80% C, 1.2% N and 0.55% S with a calorific value of 52 MJ/kg. Orsat analysis of stack gas shows 1.17% CO, 10.62% CO2, 6.34% O2 and 81.87% N2. The stack gas leaves at 350OC and 730 mmHg. Air is supplied at 25OC, 740 mmHg and saturated with water. Calculate Step 1: Draw the process flow diagram Step 2: Assume basis Step 3: Compute for % excess air Step 4: Compute for weight of the fuel oil Step 5: Compute for the % net H and %H and %O in combined water Step 6: Finalize the elemental analysis of the fuel oil Step 7: Compute for total moles of air Step 8: Compute for m3 wet air to kg fuel Step 9: Compute for m3 stack gas to kg fuel Step 10: Compute for the calorific loss due to unburnt combustible Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology Combustion Analysis Sample Problem 3: Motor Benzole Motor benzole is a mixture of 3 aromatic hydrocarbons: benzene, toluene and xylene in proportions 75%, 15% and 10% by weight. A motor is run using benzole and gives an exhaust gas which analyses 10.7% CO2 and 1.07% CO. Calculate the % excess air and the complete analysis of the exhaust gas. Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology Combustion Analysis Sample Problem 3: Motor Benzole Motor benzole is a mixture of 3 aromatic hydrocarbons: benzene, toluene and xylene in proportions 75%, 15% and 10% by weight. A motor is run using benzole and gives an exhaust gas which analyses 10.7% CO2 and 1.07% CO. Calculate the % excess air and the complete analysis of the exhaust gas. Step 1: Draw the process flow diagram Step 2: Assume basis Step 3: Compute for theoretical oxygen Step 4: Establish an expression for the composition of air Step 5: Use carbon balance to compute moles of CO and CO2 in stack gas Step 6: Dry stack gas balance to compute for the excess O2 Step 7: Compute for the % excess air Step 8: Compute for the water from combustion Step 9: Complete analysis of stack gas Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology References Himmelblau, D.M., & Riggs, J.B. (2004). Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, 7th ed. Prentice-Hall. Radasch, A.H., & Lewis, W.K. (1954). Industrial Stoichiometry: Chemical Calculations of Manufacturing Processes, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill. Laurito et al. Industrial Stoichiometry Basis of Lecture: ChE 103 Course Pack of JLTT Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025  UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES VISAYAS School of Technology Thank you for listening! Engr. Paul Arean S. Sanapo | Instructor | ChE 103 | AY 2024-2025