ChatGPT-Nutrition Care.docx

**ChatGPT--Nutrition & Food Expertise:** *47 Questions will be From This Section* +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **CARDIOVASCULAR | **ATHEROSCHLEROSIS:** | **CORONARY ARTERY | | DISEASE:** | | DISEASE (CAD):**...

**ChatGPT--Nutrition & Food Expertise:** *47 Questions will be From This Section* +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **CARDIOVASCULAR | **ATHEROSCHLEROSIS:** | **CORONARY ARTERY | | DISEASE:** | | DISEASE (CAD):** | | | - *Definition:* Ath | | | - *Definition:* Car | erosclerosis | - *Definition:* Cor | | diovascular | is a condition | onary | | disease (CVD) | characterized by | Artery Disease | | encompasses a | the buildup of | (CAD) is a | | range of | plaque (fatty | condition | | conditions that | deposits, fibrous | characterized by | | affect the heart | connective tissue | the narrowing or | | and blood | and smooth muscle | blockage of the | | vessels. It | cells) on the | coronary arteries | | includes diseases | walls of | due to | | such as: | arteries. This | atherosclerosis, | | | buildup leads to | which is the | | - Coronary | the narrowing and | buildup of plaque | | artery | hardening of the | (fatty deposits) | | disease (CAD) | arteries, which | in the artery | | | can restrict | walls. This leads | | - Heart failure | blood flow to | to reduced blood | | | various organs | flow to the heart | | - Dyslipidemia | and tissues such | muscle and can | | | as: | result in angina | | - Hypertension | | (chest pain) or | | | | myocardial | | - Stroke | | infarction (heart | | | - Coronary arteries | attack). | | | (CAD) | | | | | | | - [Atherosclerosis: | - Heart (myocardial | | | ] Build-u | infarction) | - Atherosclerosis:  | | p | | Accumulation | | of plaque in the | - Brain (stroke) | of cholesterol, | | arteries. | | fatty substances, | | | - Legs (PAD; | and other | | - [Hypertension | *Peripheral | materials in the | | (High Blood | Artery Disease*) | artery walls. | | Pressure):]{.unde | | | | rline} Puts | **Cause | - Risk | | strain on the | (Etiology):** | Factors: High | | heart and blood | | blood pressure, | | vessels. | | high cholesterol | | | | levels, smoking, | | - [High | - [High LDL | diabetes, | | Cholesterol:]{.un | Cholesterol: ]{.u | obesity, | | derline} Elevated | nderline}Elevated | sedentary | | levels of LDL | levels of | lifestyle, and a | | cholesterol and | low-density | family history of | | low levels of HDL | lipoprotein (LDL) | heart disease. | | cholesterol. | cholesterol | | | | contribute to | | | - [Diabetes:]{.unde | plaque formation. | | | rline} High | | - [Medical History | | blood sugar | - [High Blood | and | | levels damage | Pressure: ]{.unde | Symptoms:]{.under | | blood vessels. | rline}Damages | line} Chest | | | artery walls, | pain, shortness | | - [Smoking:]{.under | making them more | of breath, or | | line} Causes | susceptible to | other symptoms of | | endothelial | plaque buildup. | angina. | | damage and | | | | increases | - [Smoking: ]{.unde | - [Physical | | clotting risk. | rline}Contributes | Examination:]{.un | | | to endothelial | derline} Evidence | | - [Obesity:]{.under | damage and | of heart murmurs | | line} Associated | increased plaque | or abnormal heart | | with multiple | formation. | rhythms | | risk factors, | | (arrhythmias). | | including high | - [Diabetes]{.under | | | blood pressure | line}: High | - [Diagnostic | | and diabetes. | blood sugar | Tests:]{.underlin | | | levels can | e} | | - [Physical | accelerate | | | Inactivity:]{.und | atherosclerosis. | - *Electrocardi | | erline} Contributes | | ogram | | to obesity and | - [Genetics:]{.unde | (ECG)* to | | poor | rline} Family | detect | | cardiovascular | history of | electrical | | health. | cardiovascular | abnormalities | | | disease can | in the heart. | | | increase risk. | | | | | - *Coronary | | - [Genetics:]{.unde | - [Inflammation:]{. | Angiography* | | rline} Family | underline} Chronic | to visualize | | history of CVD | inflammation can | the blood | | increases risk. | damage arterial | flow in the | | | walls and promote | coronary | | - [Age:]{.underline | plaque buildup. | arteries. | | } Risk | | | | increases with | - [Sedentary | - *Stress Test* | | age. | Lifestyle:]{.unde | to assess the | | | rline} Lack | heart's | | - [Gender:]{.underl | of physical | function | | ine} Men | activity is | under | | have a higher | associated with | physical | | risk at a younger | higher risk. | stress. | | age, but women's | | | | risk increases | | - *Blood Tests* | | and may surpass | | to check for | | men's after | - [Clinical | elevated | | menopause. | Assessment:]{.und | cholesterol | | | erline} Includes | levels, | | - [Stress:]{.underl | history of | markers of | | ine} Chronic | symptoms (e.g., | heart damage, | | stress can | chest pain, | and other | | negatively impact | shortness of | relevant | | heart health. | breath). | indicators. | | | | | | | - [Blood | Lipid Targets: | | | Tests:]{.underlin | | | - Coronary Artery | e} Elevated | **Lab Test** | | Disease (CAD): | cholesterol | **Definition** | | Diets high in | levels, | | | saturated fats | particularly LDL | | | and cholesterol | and | | | can exacerbate | triglycerides. | | | CAD. | | **Normal** **T | | | - [Imaging | arget** | | - Hypertension: | Tests:]{.underlin | ------------------ | | High sodium | e} | --------------------- | | intake can worsen | | --------------------- | | hypertension. | - Ultrasound: C | --------------------- | | | an | --------------------- | | - Heart Failure: | detect the | --------------------- | | Fluid and sodium | presence and | - --------------- --- | | restriction are | extent of | ----------- | | often necessary | plaque. | **TC** | | to manage | | Total Cholesterol: Am | | symptoms. | - CT | ount of total cholest | | | Angiography:  | erol in blood | | - Stroke: | Provides | | | Post-stroke | detailed | | | dysphagia may | images of | \< 5.2 mmol/L ≤ 4 | | require dietary | arterial |.0 mmol/L | | modifications for | structures. | **HDL Chol** | | safe swallowing. | | High-Density Lipoprot | | | - MRI: Used to | ein: \"Good\" cholest | | | assess the | erol that absorbs cho | | | extent of | lesterol and carries | | - Reduce Risk | arterial | it back to the liver | | Factors: Manage | damage. | ≥ 1.0 mmol/L ≥ 1 | | blood | |.0 mmol/L | | cholesterol, | - Coronary | **LDL Chol** | | blood pressure, | Angiography:  | Low-Density Lipoprote | | and glucose | Direct | in: \"Bad\" cholester | | levels through | visualization | ol leading to plaque | | diet. | of coronary | buildup and heart dis | | | arteries to | ease | | - Promote Heart | assess | \< 3.5 mmol/L ≤ 2 | | Health: Increase | blockage. |.0 mmol/L | | intake of fruits, | | **Non-HDL Chol** | | vegetables, whole | | Total Cholesterol -- | | grains, lean | | HDL = Non-HDL Chol; I | | proteins, and | - Cholesterol and | ncludes VLDL, IDL, Lp | | healthy fats. | Fat Intake: Diets | (a), LDL, etc. | | | high in saturated | | | - Manage Symptoms: | and trans fats | \< 4.0 mmol/L ≤ 2 | | Tailor diet to | can raise LDL |.6 mmol/L | | address specific | cholesterol | **TG** | | symptoms like | levels and | Triglycerides: Fat fo | | fluid retention | exacerbate plaque | und in blood used for | | or dysphagia. | formation. | energy; excess fat i | | | | s stored | | | - Blood Sugar | | | | Levels: High | ≤ 1.7 mmol/L ≤ 1 | | - Coronary Artery | carbohydrate |.7 mmol/L | | Disease (CAD): | intake, | | | Low-fat, | particularly | | | low-cholesterol | refined sugars, | | | diet, rich in | can worsen | | | omega-3 fatty | diabetes and | | | acids, fiber, and | contribute to | | | antioxidants. | atherosclerosis. | | | | | | | - Hypertension: | - Sodium | | | Low-sodium diet, | Intake: Excess | | | rich in | sodium can lead | | | potassium, | to high blood | | | calcium, and | pressure, which | | | magnesium. | is a risk factor | | | | for | | | - Heart Failure: | atherosclerosis. | | | Low-sodium and | | | | controlled-fluid | | | | intake. | | | | | - Cholesterol | | | - Stroke: Pureed or | Management: Reduc | | | modified texture | ing | | | diets if | intake of | | | dysphagia is | saturated and | | | present. | trans fats can | | | | lower LDL | | | | cholesterol | | | | levels. | | | - Coronary Artery | | | | Disease (CAD): | - Blood Pressure | | | Medications such | Control: Lowering | | | as statins can | sodium intake and | | | lower | increasing | | | cholesterol; | potassium and | | | dietary changes | magnesium can | | | can further | help manage blood | | | improve outcomes. | pressure. | | | | | | | - Hypertension: | - Weight | | | Antihypertensive | Management: Maint | | | medications and a | aining | | | low-sodium diet | a healthy weight | | | work | through diet can | | | synergistically | reduce the burden | | | to lower blood | on the | | | pressure. | cardiovascular | | | | system. | | | - Heart Failure: | | | | Medications like | - Blood Sugar | | | diuretics help | Control: Managing | | | manage fluid | carbohydrate | | | retention; | intake can help | | | dietary changes | control diabetes | | | can complement | and reduce | | | medical therapy. | cardiovascular | | | | risk. | | | - Stroke: | | | | Rehabilitation | | | | therapies, | | | | including dietary | - Low Saturated and | | | modifications, | Trans | | | aim to improve | Fats: Include | | | recovery and | sources of | | | quality of life. | healthy fats, | | | | such as nuts, | | | | seeds, and olive | | | | oil. | | | - Coronary Artery | | | | Disease (CAD): | - High Fiber | | | Monitor lipid | Intake: Eat | | | profiles, blood | plenty of fruits, | | | pressure, and | vegetables, whole | | | symptom | grains, and | | | management. | legumes to | | | | improve | | | - Hypertension: | cholesterol | | | Regular blood | levels. | | | pressure | | | | monitoring and | - Lean | | | adjustment of | Proteins: Incorpo | | | antihypertensive | rate | | | therapy as | sources like | | | needed. | fish, poultry, | | | | and plant-based | | | - Heart Failure: | proteins. | | | Monitor weight, | | | | fluid intake, and | - Reduced | | | symptom | Sodium: Opt for | | | progression. | low-sodium | | | | alternatives and | | | - Stroke: Evaluate | limit processed | | | recovery and | foods. | | | adaptation to | | | | dietary changes; | - Moderate | | | monitor for | Carbohydrates: Fo | | | complications | cus | | | such as | on complex | | | aspiration | carbohydrates and | | | pneumonia. | whole grains to | | | | stabilize blood | | | | sugar levels. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Effective in | | | | lowering LDL | | | | cholesterol, | | | | managing blood | | | | pressure, and | | | | stabilizing blood | | | | sugar levels. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Statins: Lower | | | | LDL cholesterol | | | | levels and reduce | | | | plaque buildup. | | | | | | | | - Antihypertensives | | | | : Manage | | | | blood pressure to | | | | reduce stress on | | | | arterial walls. | | | | | | | | - Antiplatelet | | | | Agents: Reduce | | | | the risk of blood | | | | clots forming on | | | | plaques. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Angioplasty and | | | | Stenting: Open | | | | narrowed arteries | | | | and restore blood | | | | flow. | | | | | | | | - Bypass | | | | Surgery: Create | | | | alternative | | | | pathways for | | | | blood flow around | | | | blocked arteries. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Regular Blood | | | | Tests: Monitor | | | | cholesterol | | | | levels, blood | | | | sugar, and | | | | triglycerides. | | | | | | | | - Blood Pressure | | | | Checks: Track and | | | | manage blood | | | | pressure levels. | | | | | | | | - Imaging | | | | Studies: Assess | | | | the progression | | | | of | | | | atherosclerosis | | | | and the | | | | effectiveness of | | | | interventions. | | | | | | | | - Clinical | | | | Follow-Up: Evalua | | | | te | | | | symptoms, | | | | adherence to | | | | treatment, and | | | | overall | | | | cardiovascular | | | | health. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **CARDIOVASCULAR | **Hypertension:** | **Heart Failure:** | | DISEASE:** | | | | | - Is a condition in | - *Definition*: is | | **HYPERLIPIDEMIA** | which the force | a chronic | | *(also known as | of the blood | condition in | | dyslipidemia):* | against the walls | which the heart | | | of the arteries | is unable to pump | | - *Definition:* ref | is consistently | sufficient blood | | ers | too high. Blood | to meet the | | to elevated | pressure is | body's needs for | | levels of lipids | measured using | oxygen and | | (fats) in the | two numbers: | nutrients. This | | blood, primarily | | can result from | | cholesterol and | 1. [Systolic | impaired heart | | triglycerides. It | Pressure:]{.under | muscle function | | increases the | line} | or problems with | | risk of | The top number, | the heart's | | cardiovascular | which measures | pumping | | diseases, | the pressure in | mechanism. | | including heart | your arteries | | | attack and | when your heart | **Cause (Etiology):** | | stroke. | beats. | | | | | - [Ischemic Heart | | | 2. [Diastolic | Disease:]{.underl | | | Pressure:]{.under | ine} Reduced | | - Genetic factors | line} | blood flow to the | | (e.g., familial | The bottom | heart muscle, | | hypercholesterole | number, which | often due to | | mia), | measures the | coronary artery | | diabetes, | pressure in your | disease. | | hypothyroidism, | arteries when | | | liver disease, | your heart is at | - [Hypertension:]{. | | kidney disease, | rest between | underline} High | | and certain | beats. | blood pressure | | medications | | leading to | | (e.g., | **Category** | increased | | corticosteroids, | **Systolic Bl | workload on the | | some diuretics). | ood Pressure** **Di | heart. | | | astolic Blood Pressur | | | | e** | - [Myocarditis:]{.u | | | ------------------- | nderline} Inflammatio | | - TC: \> 5.2 mmol/L | ------- ------------- | n | | | ---------------- ---- | of the heart | | - HDL-C: \< 1.0 | --------------------- | muscle, often due | | mmol/L | ----- | to viral | | | **Normal** | infection. | | - LDL-C: ≥ 3.5 | \< 120 mm Hg | | | mmol/L | \< 8 | - [Cardiomyopathy:] | | | 0 mm Hg |  Diseases | | - Non-HDL-C: ≥ 4.0 | **Elevated** | of the heart | | mmol/L | 120-129 mm Hg | muscle that | | | \< 8 | impair its | | - TG: \> 1.7 mmol/L | 0 mm Hg | function. | | | **Hypertension Stag | | | | e 1** 130-139 mm Hg | - [Arrhythmias:]{.u | | | 80-8 | nderline} Abnormal | | - Increased | 9 mm Hg | heart rhythms | | Risk: High levels | **Hypertension Stag | affecting the | | of saturated and | e 2** ≥140 mm Hg | heart's | | trans fats can | ≥90 | efficiency. | | exacerbate | mm Hg | | | hyperlipidemia. | **Hypertensive Cris | - [Other:]{.underli | | | is** \> 180 mm Hg | ne} Congenital | | - Restricting fat | \> 1 | heart defects, | | intake can reduce | 20 mm Hg | excessive alcohol | | the absorption of | | consumption, and | | fat-soluble | - Primary | certain | | vitamins (A, D, | (Essential) | medications. | | E, K), leading to | Hypertension: No | | | potential | specific cause | **Diagnostic | | deficiencies if | can be | Criteria:** | | not carefully | identified; it | | | managed. | develops | - Clinical | | | gradually over | Symptoms: Dyspnea | | | time and is often | (shortness of | | | related to | breath), fatigue, | | - Reduce Lipid | genetic factors, | edema (swelling), | | Levels: Dietary | age, lifestyle, | and orthopnea | | modifications can | and diet. | (difficulty | | help lower LDL | | breathing while | | and triglyceride | | lying flat). | | levels. | | | | | - Secondary | - Physical | | - Improve | Hypertension: | Examination: Jugu | | Cardiovascular | Caused by an | lar | | Health: A | underlying | venous | | heart-healthy | condition, such | distension, | | diet can reduce | as kidney | pulmonary | | the risk of | disease, hormonal | crackles, and | | cardiovascular | disorders, | peripheral edema. | | complications. | certain | | | | medications, or | - Diagnostic Tests: | | | other medical | | | | problems. It | - Echocardiogra | | - Reduce Saturated | tends to develop | m: Assesses | | Fats: Decrease | suddenly and may | heart | | intake of red | be more severe. | structure and | | meats, butter, | | function. | | and full-fat | +--------+--------+ | | | dairy products. | | **Non- | **Modi | | - Electrocardio | | | | Modifi | fiable | | gram | | - Increase | | able | Risk | | (ECG): Identi | | Unsaturated | | Risk | Factor | | fies | | Fats: Incorporate | | Factor | s** | | arrhythmias | | sources of | | s** | | | and heart | | omega-3 and | +========+========+ | rhythm. | | omega-6 fatty | | - In | - ↑ | | | | acids (e.g., | | creasi | LD | | - Chest | | fish, nuts, | | ng | L | | X-ray: Evalua | | seeds). | | ag | ch | | tes | | | | e | oleste | | heart size | | - Increase Fiber | | | rol, | | and fluid | | Intake: Consume | | - Fa | ↓ | | accumulation. | | more fruits, | | mily | HD | | | | vegetables, and | | hi | L | | - B-type | | whole grains. | | story- | ch | | Natriuretic | | | | -genet | oleste | | Peptide (BNP) | | - Limit Simple | | ics | rol | | Test: Measure | | Carbohydrates and | | | | | s | | Sugars: Avoid | | | - Al | | levels of | | excessive intake | | | cohol | | BNP, which | | of refined carbs | | | | | can be | | and sugary foods. | | | - Di | | elevated in | | | | | abetes | | heart | | - Moderate Alcohol | | | | | failure. | | Consumption: Exce | | | - Ob | | | | ssive | | | esity | | **Effect on | | alcohol can | | | | | Nutrition:** | | elevate | | | - Ph | | | | triglyceride | | | ysical | | - Fluid | | levels. | | | in | | Retention: Leads | | | | | activi | | to weight gain | | | | | ty | | and may require | | | | | | | sodium and fluid | | - Dietary | | | - Sm | | restriction. | | Changes: Can lead | | | oking | | | | to improvements | | | | | - Increased | | in lipid | | | - Un | | Nutritional | | profiles, | | | health | | Needs: Due to the | | reducing LDL and | | | y | | increased | | triglycerides, | | | di | | metabolic demands | | and increasing | | | et | | and potential for | | HDL. | | | | | malnutrition. | | | | | - St | | | | - Medications: Stat | | | ress | | - Reduced | | ins | +--------+--------+ | Appetite: Common | | and other | | due to the | | lipid-lowering | - **Blood Pressure | underlying | | drugs can | Measurement**: | condition and | | effectively lower | Consistently high | medications. | | LDL levels but | readings over | | | may have side | 140/90 mm Hg. | **Rationale for | | effects like | | Nutrition Care:** | | liver issue. | | | | | | - Manage Fluid | | - Lifestyle | - | Balance: Restrict | | Modifications: Re | | sodium and fluid | | gular | | intake to prevent | | physical activity | | or reduce edema. | | can help improve | - - - | | | lipid levels and | | - Optimize | | overall heart | | Nutritional | | health. | | Status: Ensure | | | - - - - | adequate caloric | | | | and protein | | | - - | intake to | | - Regular Blood | | maintain muscle | | Tests: Monitor | | mass and overall | | lipid levels | | health. | | periodically to | - - - | | | assess the | | - Support Heart | | effectiveness of | | Function: Provide | | diet and | | nutrients that | | medication. | - - - - | support | | | | cardiovascular | | - Assess Dietary | | health, such as | | Adherence: Evalua | | omega-3 fatty | | te | | acids and | | compliance with | | antioxidants. | | dietary | | | | recommendations | | **Matching Diet to | | and adjust as | | Condition and | | needed. | | Treatment:** | | | | | | - Review Other Risk | | - Sodium | | Factors: Regularl | | Restriction: Redu | | y | | ce | | assess other | | sodium intake to | | cardiovascular | | manage fluid | | risk factors, | | retention and | | such as blood | | lower blood | | pressure and | | pressure. | | blood glucose | | | | levels. | | - Fluid | | | | Restriction: In | | | | cases of | | | | significant fluid | | | | retention, limit | | | | fluid intake as | | | | advised by a | | | | healthcare | | | | provider. | | | | | | | | - Heart-Healthy | | | | Diet: Emphasize | | | | fruits, | | | | vegetables, whole | | | | grains, lean | | | | proteins, and | | | | healthy fats. | | | | | | | | - Monitoring | | | | Potassium: Depend | | | | ing | | | | on medications, | | | | such as | | | | diuretics, | | | | monitor and | | | | adjust potassium | | | | intake | | | | accordingly. | | | | | | | | **Effect of Treatment | | | | (Nutritional/Drug/Med | | | | ical | | | | Therapy):** | | | | | | | | - Nutritional | | | | Therapy: Effectiv | | | | e | | | | in managing | | | | symptoms related | | | | to fluid and | | | | sodium balance | | | | and supporting | | | | overall health. | | | | | | | | - Medications: Diur | | | | etics | | | | (to reduce fluid | | | | retention), ACE | | | | inhibitors (to | | | | lower blood | | | | pressure), | | | | beta-blockers (to | | | | reduce heart | | | | workload). | | | | | | | | **Monitoring/Evaluati | | | | on | | | | of Therapy:** | | | | | | | | - Weight | | | | Monitoring: Regul | | | | arly | | | | check weight to | | | | assess fluid | | | | status. | | | | | | | | - Dietary Intake | | | | Assessment: Evalu | | | | ate | | | | adherence to | | | | dietary | | | | recommendations | | | | and adjust as | | | | needed. | | | | | | | | - Symptom | | | | Tracking: Monitor | | | | changes in | | | | symptoms such as | | | | shortness of | | | | breath, fatigue, | | | | and edema. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **CARDIOVASCULAR | **HYPERTENTION | | | DISEASE (Sunnybrook | MANAGEMENT:** | | | Recommendations):** | | | | | **Nutrition | | | **DYSLIPIDEMIA | Recommendations:** | | | Management:** | | | | | - Maintenance of | | | **Lipid Profile | healthy body | | | Targets:** | weight (BMI | | | | 19.5-24.9) and | | | - LDL-C \50% | circumference | | | reduction | (\ | | | | | - Weight loss for | | | - For individuals | all overweight | | | who begin | hypertensive | | | treatment, the | patients | | | goal is to | | | | achieve an LDL-C | - Abstain from | | | level of less | alcohol or reduce | | | than 2.0 mmol/L, | alcohol intake to | | | or at least a 50% | ≤2 drinks/d. No | | | reduction from | safe limit for | | | their baseline | alcohol | | | LDL-C level. | consumption to | | | | prevent HTN. | | | | | | | | - DASH (Dietary | | | - ApoB \ | vegetables, | | | | low-fat dairy | | | - LDL-C \ | for | | | | hypertensive | | | - For individuals | and | | | with very high | normotensive | | | LDL-C levels | individuals | | | (greater than 5.0 | at risk of | | | mmol/L), a | developing | | | reduction of more | HTN | | | than 50% is | | | | strongly | | | | recommended. | | | | | - Consider | | | - Statins lower | reducing | | | LDL-C levels, | daily sodium | | | which reduces the | intake | | | buildup of plaque | towards | | | in arteries, | 2,000mg | | | thereby lowering | | | | the risk of heart | - Do NOT | | | attacks, strokes, | supplement | | | and other | calcium or | | | cardiovascular | magnesium to | | | events. | prevent or | | | | treat HTN | | | **Nutrition | | | | Recommendations:** | - Increase | | | | dietary | | | - Maintain and | potassium | | | achieve a healthy | intake if | | | body weight, | there is no | | | improve lipid | risk of | | | profile, and | hyperkalemia | | | reduce risk of CV | | | | events | | | | | | | | - Avoid trans-fat | - Patients at high | | | and decrease | risk for | | | intake of | developing | | | saturated fat | hyperkalemia | | | | should be | | | - Target saturated | assessed for | | | fat intake \ | | | emphasizing mixed | | | | omega-3/omega-6 | - **Medications:**  | | | PUFA sources | Patients | | | (canola oil, | on medications | | | soybean oil, | that can cause | | | etc). | hyperkalemia | | | | (such as ACE | | | - IF replacing | inhibitors, ARBs, | | | saturated fats | potassium-sparing | | | with MUFA and | diuretics) should | | | carbohydrates, | be managed in | | | choose plant MUFA | consultation with | | | sources (olive | a pharmacist. | | | oil, canola oil, | | | | nuts and seeds) | - **Chronic Kidney | | | and high-quality | Disease | | | carbohydrate | (CKD):** Patients | | | sources (whole | with CKD, | | | grains and low GI | especially with a | | | carbohydrates) | glomerular | | | | filtration rate | | | - Do not use | (GFR) \< 45 | | | omega-3 PUFA | mL/min. | | | supplements to | | | | reduce CVD. If | - **Elevated | | | patient chooses | Baseline | | | to use | Potassium:** Pati | | | supplements (e.g. | ents | | | for management of | with a baseline | | | high | serum potassium | | | triglycerides), | level \ 4.5 | | | high doses are | mmol/L | | | required | | | | (2-4g/d). | **2017 Canadian | | | | Cardiovascular | | | | Society HF | | | | Guidelines:** | | | - Moderate energy | | | | (caloric) intake | - Heart Failure | | | | (HF): A condition | | | - Adopt healthy | where the heart | | | dietary pattern | is unable to pump | | | (e.g. | blood effectively | | | Mediterranean, | to meet the | | | Portfolio, DASH) | body\'s needs. | | | | | | | - Dietary pattern | - Ejection Fraction | | | high in nuts (≥ | (EF): The | | | 30g/d) | percentage of | | | | blood the left | | | - Dietary pattern | ventricle pumps | | | in legumes (≥ 4 | out with each | | | servings/d) | contraction.  | | | | | | | - Dietary patterns | | | | high in olive | | | | oils (≥60mL/d) | - Heart Failure | | | | with Reduced | | | - Dietary patterns | Ejection Fraction | | | rich in fruits/ | (HFrEF): EF \< | | | vegetables (≥5 | 40% | | | servings/d) | | | | | - Heart Failure | | | - Dietary patterns | with Mildly | | | high in total | Reduced Ejection | | | fibre (≥ 30 g/d) | Fraction | | | and whole grains | (HFmrEF): EF | | | (≥ 3 servings/d) | 41-49% | | | | | | | - Low glycemic load | - Heart Failure | | | or low GI dietary | with Preserved | | | patterns | Ejection Fraction | | | | (HFpEF**)**: EF ≥ | | | - Vegetarian | 50% | | | dietary patterns | | | | | **Nutrition | | | | Recommendations:** | | | | | | | - Portfolio dietary | - Advice for | | | pattern (a plant | dietary salt and | | | based diet | fluid restriction | | | specifically | has scarce | | | designed to help | supporting | | | lower cholesterol | evidence | | | levels by | | | | focusing on a | - Sodium | | | "portfolio\" of | Restriction | | | cholesterol-lower | | | | ing | | | | foods. | | | | | - Conflicting | | | | evidence about | | | | effects of | | | - Dietary patterns | restricting | | | high in nuts (≥ | sodium in | | | 30g/d) | patients with HF | | | | | | | - Dietary patterns | - Optimal amount of | | | high in soy | salt in diet is a | | | protein (≥ 30g/d) | subject of debate | | | | | | | Tofu, soy nuts, | - Suggest | | | edamame, soymilk | restricting | | | | dietary salt | | | - Dietary patterns | intake to between | | | with plant | 2-3g/d | | | sterols (≥ 2g/d) | | | | | - Adapt amount to | | | Almonds, | clinical | | | pistachios, | situation, | | | sunflower seeds, | severity of | | | fortified foods | symptoms, and | | | (margarine, OJ, | baseline | | | cereals), olive | consumption | | | oil, wheat | without | | | bran/germ | interfering with | | | | other nutritional | | | - Dietary patterns | content | | | high in viscous | | | | soluble fibre (≥ | | | | 10g/d) | | | | | - Fluid restriction | | | Oats, barley, | | | | psyllium, pectin | | | | | | | | - US NCEP Step I | - High quality data | | | and II dietary | lacking, no | | | patterns: | high-quality | | | | evidence in | | | | ambulatory care | | | | environment | | | - Step I: ≤ 30% | | | | total energy as | - Appropriate | | | fat, ≤10% total | quantity of fluid | | | energy as | is a subject of | | | saturated fat, ≤ | debate | | | 300mg/d dietary | | | | cholesterol | - Allowing liberal | | | | fluid intake is | | | - Step 11: ≤ 7% | reasonable | | | total energy as | | | | saturated fat, | - Consider \~2L/d | | | ≤200mg/d dietary | fluid restriction | | | cholesterol | for patient with | | | | fluid retention | | | | or congestion not | | | | easily controlled | | | - Dietary patterns | with diuretics | | | high in dietary | | | | pulses (e.g. | - Severely limiting | | | beans, peas, | fluid to \ | - Special | | | | consideration | | | - Achieve and | should be applied | | | maintain a | for hyponatremic | | | healthy body | patients. | | | weight: BMI | | | | 18.5-24.9 to | - Alcohol | | | \