Chapter 4 and 5: Crime Scene Investigation PDF

CHAPTER 4 THE CRIME SCENE AND THE METHODS OF SEARCH AND SKETCH and the different methods of searching the crime scene/evidences. The chapter also provides some practical duties and resposibilities of the responding team. UNIT 1. CRIME SCENE (CS) Crime scene is said to be a “treasure island” in criminal investigation. It is because several pieces of evidence are mostly found in the crime scene, which are very relevant for the solution of crime (Manwong, 2003). CS is the venue or place where essential ingredients of the criminal act took place. It includes the setting of the crime and also the adjoining places of entry and exit of both offender and victim (see fig. 6). Types of Crime Scene According to Leysa (2010), the following are types of a crime scene: A. As to location 1. Indoor Crime Scene. This crime scene entails that the offender committed the crime in an enclosed place; the crime could have been committed in a room or inside the house but not necessarily the house of the victim. 2. Outdoor Crime Scene. This crime scene is located in an open area. It could be inside the vehicle, airship, and vessel. 3. Continuing /Running Crime Scene. This crime scene has a mixed location from indoor to outdoor or vice-versa, or continuing outdoor alone, or from one place to another of the same jurisdiction, or from one place crossing to another area of jurisdiction. B. As to time of Commission 1. Daytime Crime Scene. This type of crime scene refers to a crime committed from sunrise to sunset. 2. Nighttime Crime Scene. This type of crime scene refers to a crime committed from sunset to sunrise. Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) It refers to a comprehensive inquiry of a crime scene by conducting systematic procedure of various investigative, methodologies which involve recovery of physical evidence and testimonial evidence for the purpose of idenfying the witnesses, and arrest of perpetrator(s) for prosecution. ICS shall technically commence upon the arrival of the first responder (FRs) and conclude with the lifting on the security condon and release of the crime scene by the Investigator on Case (IOC), (PNP SOP, Number ODIDM-2011-008, p.2). Procedure to be followed if crime incident is reported If a report of a crime incident is received, the identity of the person who reported is noted, to include his/her address, personal circumstances and possibly contact number. Further, responding officers shall take note of the following. 1. The Means of the Report. This is either personal appearance, by phone or any other means. 2. The Time of the Report. The exact time of the report, the hour and the minute should be recorded. 3. The Receiver of the Report. The identify of the one who received the report. 4. The Time of Dispatch. The time when the desk officer dispatches the investigator/s should also be recorded recorded, together with the names of the investigator, with the means of transportation used, either by mobile car, taxi or other means. All the above facts together with the time of arrival at the crime scene will form part of the investigation report to be submitted by the investigator. Debriefing of Initial Responders Debriefing of the initial responders seeks to answer the following question: 1. What is the scope and nature of the scene? 2. What actions or alterations had been taken or noted by first responders (including EMS)? 3. What is the status of involved parties? 4. What level of security had been established and what further security actions are required? The observations of the first people who witnessed a crime may not always be accurate, but they give the team a point to start with. Responding officer should be reminded of the importance of documenting his/her findings, actions, and observations in the initial police report. What is the scope of the crime scene? In order to establish the extent of the crime scene, investigators should re-access the scene boundary after debriefing. They must use the same criteria as the initial officer such as: a. Primary focal points; b. Avenues of entry or exit; and c. Secondary scenes. Based on experience, they may recognize minor nuances that enquire expanding the perimeter. Also, the investigators should explain changes to the initial responding officer (if still on scene) as a mechanism of developing that officer’s knowledge and experience base. Duties of Crime Scene Responders The following are the specific assigned responsibilities of crime scene responders: 1. Team leader (Officer-in-charge). The one who directs the processing of the crime scene. 2. Assistant Team Leader. The one whp implements or executes the order/s coming from his/her superiors. 3. Photographer. The one who takes photographs of all piecesof evidence that are relevant to the crime committed. 4. Sketcher. The one who makes sketches of the immediate, background and inside the scene of the crime. 5. Master note taker. The one who writes down in short hand all observations at the crime scene such as: weather condition, time of arrival at the crime scene and other relevant data that should be noted. 6. Evidence Man. The one in charge in the collection, preservation, tagging of the articles of evidence found at the crime scene. 7. Measurer. The one who makes all relevant measurements of the scene such as: the distance of the body of the victim to the firearm used; in motor vehicle collision, the distances of the two vehicles to the points of references. 8. Security. They are tasked to protect the crime scene before, during and immediately after release of the crime scene. 9. Driver. This refers to any personnel assigned to operate the mobile car during response. Equipment in Crime Scene Responding Responding to a crime scene requires the following equipment: 1. Searching tools – like flashlights, magnifier, etc. 2. Sketching Instruments a. Measuring Devices - like compass, steel tape, ruler, etc. b. Recording Material – like chalk, graphing paper, sketching pad, clipboard, paperboard, etc. c. Collection of Evidence – such as cutting fliers, knife, screw device, dropper, forceps, fingerprinting equipment, etc. 3. Preserving Materials a. Container – like bottles, envelopes, test tubes, pins, thumbs tacks, etc. b. Label and seal (evidence tags) – like gummed labels, sealing wax, grease pencil, etc. Contamination control Once the crime scene team os confident of the scene scope, the team should act to further isolate the crime scene. Initial perimeters are often a single barrier, leaving little if any buffer between the crime scene and the on-looker. Single Barrier Perimeter A single barrier is fine for initial purposes. It does not provide a sufficient buffer for long term scene effort. Multi-level Containment Multi-level containment involves two barrier which creates three areas of access. This keeps support police out the actual scene and others at a safe distance. They are following: 1. Inner scene. It is the actual crime scene, where only authorized investigators and crime scene technecians operate. 2. Working Area. It is an area surrounding the inner scene, where other support police may enter, and equiment is staged and evidence is brought to. 3.Outer Area. It is everything on the outside of the second barrier, where on-lookers, media and others may gather. Managing Access to then Scene Once the perimeter is established, a decision mest be made on how the team will manage access tomthe scene. This involves identifying actual access points for the team and establishing entry control points. Determining how to access the scene isn’t always difficult, but it isn’t always simple either. Access Points to the Scene Determining how to access the scene is a function of three factors: 1. What avenues of approach or exit did the offender use? 2. Will these points expose operations to media scrutiny? 3. What avenues of approach are available? (WPD Investigator’s Handbook, 2006) Entry Control Log The scene often requires multi-level containment, with several perimeters. Entry control logs can certainly be used at any perimeter, but they become a hindrance to operations. The inner perimeter (the true crime scene) requires an entry control log (see below). Time In Name/Unit 1750 Diego,H.A –Homicide 1759 Pedro/ME Investigator 1800 Dela Cruz, A. – CS Unit 1800 Martin, J – CS Unit 1817 Insp. River,H - PIO Reason at Scene Time Out Scene Processing Scene Exam 1823 Scene Processing Scene Processing 1833 Update by Homicide 1833 The entry control log keeps track of who entered the scene, when, why and when they left. It serves to validate scene integrity. Crime Scene Team Approach 1. By Area – single group of investigators is responsible for all activity in the scene. 2. By function – specific groups are formed to handle different scene processing aspects (e.g. Photo team, sketch team, latent team). In normal scenes, custom and size of the organization will often determine the approach. In complex scenes, issues of size or resources may require the organization to alter its approach. Lack of equipment resources to handle multiple scenes, may force a functional approach. If equipment resources are not issues but size is; area teams may be necessary to handle small zones with a larger scene. The need for specialty examinations on scene may force a functional approach. Managing the Crime Scene Team Proper management of the crime scene is as follows: 1. Crime scene teams have to mann properly. 2. It is difficult to manage crime scene activity if the teams are under staff. 3. Different stages of the processing methodology demand different levels of minimum manning. 4. Photography team requires two individuals suc as: a. One who operates the camera. b. The other maintains the photo log and assists the first one 5. Sketch team requires three individuals such as: a. One that takes measurements. b. One who annonates the sketch and takes notes. c. In a pinch, two can do the job, but be careful as notes and measurements get mixed up. 6. Evidence collection team requires two individuals such as: a. One who physically collects the items; and b. The other maintains the evidence log. 7. Search team is a matter of circumtance, but always require a minimum of two individuals. No two people perceive in the same way, so two sets of eyes prevent items from being overlooked (WPD Investigator’s Handbook, 2006). Crime Scene Search Consideration The following are factors to consider during the conduct of a crime scene search: 1. Ultimately, some form of search must be conducted at the scene to locate evidence. 2. The particular search pattern chosen is a function of the situation. 3. No matter what search pattern is chosen, the crime scene team must decide on a search swathe size (WPD Investigator’s Handbook, 2006). Initial Steps during Crime Scene Response The following must be observed by the first responder to a crime scene: 1. Record the date, arrival time and weather condition. 2. If an injured person is in the scene, arrange for medical attention, identification and removal. The scene should not be disturbed only to the extent necessary to have medical aid rendered to yhe injured or to have a doctor examined a deceased victim. Each alteration should be accurately recorded. 3. If the offender is at the scene, apprehend him. 4. If the scene is not fully, protected, ensure its protection by using other policemen or other responsible person to keep witnesses, suspects, and victim/s whon are present from disturbing the scene. a. It may be necessary to re-route traffic, to prohibit employees from entering their place of employment or to take other action to prevent any disturbance of the scene until a complete examination is made. The body of a deceased victim (if there is any) should not be covered until thoroughly processed for evidence. b. Early action is taken to protect items of possible evidentiary value that may be destroyed by rain, fire or other cause before collection can be effected. For example, a raincoat or piece of canvass may be used to over compression on the ground that is exposed to rain. Items that will melt should be shielded from the sun or other heat sources. Objects such as food and blood should be covered to protect them from contamination. 5. Determine and record the names of those person at the scene who may be witness, and seperate them. These persons shall be removed from the immediate area of the scene as soon as practicable. 6. Conduct preliminary questioning of witnesses, suspects and victim(s) to determine in general the extent of the incident or crime (WPD Investigator’s Handbook, 2006). Note: Those present within the immediate area of the scene should only be the minimum number needed to assist the investigator. It may be necessary to request other policemen or officials present to refrain from examining or disturbing objects of these scene. Crime Scene Integrity Threats A critical aspect in crime scene processing is to understand the crime scene integrity threats. There are three basic threats the crime scene technician must recognize and they are as follows: 1. Addition of Material. Investigators and others end up creating evidence that didn’t exist. Addition includes: a. shoe prints b. fingerprints c. fibers and hairs d. cigarette butts e. pop cans f. coffe cuos, etc. 2.Destruction of Material. Investigators and other end up destroying evidence or damaging its value. Destruction includes: a. Trampled dust prints in avenues of approach b. Bloodstains on the victims clothing c. trampled dew trails in outdoor scenes d. loss of evidence on the perimeter of the scene e. loss of hairs and fibers on the body 3. Movement of Material. Investigators and other end up moving material in the scene changing its context. Movement includes the following: a. weapons moved away from suicide victims b. lights turned on or doors and windows opened c. staging actions by relatives e.g suicides or auto- erotic deaths (Talplacido, 2009). Crime Scene Processing Methodology Every investigator should remember that there is no single right way to process a crime scene. Each scene is unique and each scene has its own challenges. There are however basic key ingredients that make up a “good” processing methodology. Part of the purpose behind a methodology for crime scene processing is to eliminate whenever possible these crime scene integrity threats. Remember that every action taken in the scene has in someway destructive aspect to it. To reduce the impact, processing always start with the least intrusive action (those least likely to create problems) and ends with the most intrusive. These crime scene methodologies are as follows: Step 1: Initial Notification As the initial responder, the investigator must document the information that is presented to him/her. a. Who contacted them? b. What were they told of? c. How did that individual come to know the information? Remember that the call you got isn’t the call you get! Expect the unexpected, but also know where the discrepancies began. Upon notification that crime transpired, first responder must perform the following: P –proceed to the scene promptly and safetly (ASAP); R –render assisstance to the injured party; E –effect arrest of the criminal; L –locate and identify witnesses; I –interview complainant,victim,witnesses; M –maintain the integrity of crime scene and protect evidences; I –interrogates suspects if necessary; N –note conditions,events and remarks; A –arrange for collection of evedinces; R –report the entire incident fully and accurately;and Y –yield responsibility to follow-up investigator of superior officer. Step 2: Coordination,Assessment and Team Callout Assess the situation.Is this “my”jurisdiction? How complex is the scene?What are needed here? Assessment includes verifying the scene location; making note of environmental conditions; and seeking out the initial responder. Step 3: Conduct Initial Observations Conduct an initial scan of the scene,specifically look for the central theme items (primary focal points); victims; fragile evidence; avenues of entry or exit; secondary scenes.Act on fragile evidence immediately,take action before it is lost. Step 4: Deal with the Diceased Check apparent deceased victims for signs of life. Identify anyone who may have already examined victims.Coordinate the ME investigators examination.Make note of any actions taken during these examinations (ME oe EMS) that altered the body. Step 5: Photograph the Scene Once “life-saving”or death verifying is complete, the scene is stable,with no further reason to violate or alter it. Photograph the scene as it is, with both still and video. Concentrate on photographs that let the viewer see the overall context and conditions. Chapter 6 describes in detail the photography process. Step 6: Document Overall Observations Unlike the initial scan, this is an in-depth observation and description of the scene. Requires a walk-through, but without altering anything, scenes sketching and mapping have have not been completed. Use an eight step descriptive set: quantity, item, color, type of construction, approximate size, identifying features ,condition and location. Step 7: Sketch the Scene Create a rough sketch of the scene that includes room and openings with dimensions; furniture with dimensions; evidence items, with fixing measurements and support the actual sketch with written notes of measurements. Step 8: Conduct a first Re- check Up to this point all obvious evidence and scene features have been noted, photographed and sketched. Visually re-check the scene to ensure that no items or critical observations were overlooked. Step 9: Release the Body Release the body from the scene to appropriate authorities as it is moved examine the body, being sure to: document all surfaces before post incident bleeding occurs (e.g. bleeding in a body bag); check the body with an ALS for easily dislodged hairs, fibers or other trace evidence; preserve fragile evidence by bagging exposed hands or feet. Step 10: Collect the Evidence Collect all evidence items that were already located and documented. Examine each item for additional trace evidence. If necessary, take additional photographs to document close-up detail. Ensure each items is fully documented on an evidence custody form. Step 11: Conduct a Second Check All known evidence has been safety containerized and removed from the scene. Second recheck involves far more intrusive actions including. Checking surface with ALS; fingerprinting walls and other scene surfaces; and exploratory searchers and movement of furniture. The crime scene ivestigator is constantly encountering new evidence. This requires stepping back in the process to play catch up. “Going back” is an integral part of the second rechecking as new evidence may be discovered. This “going back” is a constant behavior. In both the search and collection phases it is a routine to encounter new evidence. A failure to stop and go back, results in partial documentations where critical information is lost and not documented. Step 12: Conduct a Third Check Verify all areas of scene which were perhaps overlooked. Conduct rechecks until these are negative. This is a good time to review checklists. Conduct extremely intrusive actions like chemical enhancements of floors, bullet trajectory analysis or bloodstain pattern analysis. Step 13: Check beyond the Scene Check the scene perimeter and outlyng areas to ensure that no secondary scenes were overlooked. Good time to follow bloood trails, if represent, using both visual and chemical (e.g. luminol) techniques. Step 14: Conduct an On-site Debriefing Before realising the scene, spend a few moments with the entire team reviewing and discussing the actions taken. Make sure that no assignments were forgotten or overlooked by the team. Check individual documentation to ensure everyone is clear on directions and other scene aspects. This prevent later contradictions. Step 15: Release the Scene Release the scene to an appropriate individual.this can only be done after you are confident that all activities are complete. The only way back is with an additional search warrant. Remember, if you are ensure, it only takes manpower to hold a scene. Step 16: Process and Package All Evidence On-scene collection may require temporary evidence containers, package all evidence for the long term as soon as practical, which against scene documentation. If errors are noted, correct if possible and note any contradiction. Step 17: Conduct a Formal Debriefing The debriefing should involve all available parties including the ME investigator, initial responding officer,investigators and crime scene technicians. Revisit basic information and actions taken, This briefing helps eliminate investigative “red herrings” and focus investigative efforts (WPD Investigator’s Hnadbook , 2006). PNP Operational Procedures Manual (2010) If the Scene of Crime Operation (SOCO) is responsible in investigating the crime scene, the procedures would be as follows: 1. Mandatory briefing; 2. Initiation of preliminary survey; 3. Conduct of interview; 4. Preparation of narrative report; 5. SOCO teaqm detailed search; 6. Final survey; and 7. Release the crime scene Crime Scene Responders’ Specific Functions’ Responsibilities and Procedures The following are the functions and responsibilities of the different players during the crime scene investigation as well as procedures to be observed based on PNP SOP Number ODIDM-2011- 008: 1. First Responder/s (FRs) a. The first police officers tnarrive at the crime scene are the FRs who are dispatched by the local police station/ unit concerned after receipt of incident/flash/alarm report; b. Immediately, the FR shall conduct preliminary evaluation of the crime scene. Ths evaluation should include the scope of the incident, emergency services required,scene safety concerns, administrations of life saving measures, and establishement of security and control of the scene; c. The FR is mandated to save and preserve life by giving the necessary first aid measures to the injured and medical evacuation as necessary. The FR shall likewise secured and preserved the crime scene by cordoning the area to prevent unauthorized entry of persons; d. The FR shall take dying declaration of severely injured person/s, if any. The FR shall make the initial assessment on whether a crime has actually been committed and shall conduct the preliminary interview of witnesses to determine what and how the crime was committed. e. If and when there is a suspect present in the area, the first responder shall arrest,detain, and remove the suspect from the area;and f. The FR, upon the arrival of investigator-on -Case (IOC), Shall turn-over the crime scene to the duty investigator/ IOC after the former has brief the investigator of the situation. The FR shall prepare and submit CSI form “1” -First Responders Reportb to the IOC and be prepared to assist the IOC in investigation (See Appendix, Annex B);. 2. Investigator-on-Case/Duty Investigator a. Upon arrival at the crime scene, the IOC shall request for a briefing from the FR and make a quick assessment of crime; b. At this stage, the IOC shall assume for responsibility over the crime scene and shall conduct a thorough assessment of the scene and inquiry Into incident. If necessary the IOC may conduct crime scene search outside the area where the incident happened employing any of the various search method. c. Based on the assessment, if the IOC determined that a SOCO team is required, he shall report the matter to his/ her COP And request for a SOCO, otherwise, the IOC shall proceed with the CSI without the SOCO team and shall utilize CSI Form “4” –SOCO Report Forms in the conduct of the CSI (See Appendix,Annex E). d. The IOC may by himself/herself if the situation so demand, conduct CSI if, there is no Provincial Crime Laboratory Office in the provincel. The IOC must, however, ensure that the correct procedures in the collection of evidence are observed to ensure the admissibility of the evidence. e. The Police Station Operation Center, upon directive of the COP, Shall make the request for the SOCO team through the Provincial/City Operations Center. f. It shall be responsibility of the provincial/City Operations Center to facilitate the request for the SOCO team. g. Upon the arrival ot the SOCO team, the IOC shall accomplish the CSI form “2” (See Appendix, Annex C); to the SOCO team leader. The SOCO team shall not enter the crime scene unless the IOC makes the official written request wherein he assures the SOCO team of his presence and support. h. The IOC shall brief the SOCO team upon their arrival at the crime scene and shall jointly conduct the preliminary crime scene survey. 3. SOCO Team a. The SOCO team shall not join an‘operation conducted by the local police or accompany the FRs or the IOC in going to the crime scene. They will only respond upon request through the Operations Center and after the IOC has already made proper assessment of the crime scene. b. Upon receipt of the request of SOCO, the SOCO team shall then conduct the scene of the crime operations which include among other the narrative description of the crime scene, photography, videography, crime scene search, crime scene sketch, crime scene location sketch, physical evidence recording and collection, and other procedures necessary. c. In case the SOCO team needs to temporarily suspend the processing, the Chief of Police shall be primarily responsible and accountable for securing the crime scene and ensuring its integrity until the return of SOCO team and the conclusion of the CSI. d. After the termination of the SOCO, the SOCO team leader shall brief the IOC on the initial result and thereafter conduct the final crime scene survey together with the IOC. e. The SOCO team shall accomplish te Csi Form “4” - SOCO Report Forms and furnish the IOC of copies of the same before leaving the crime scene (See Appendix, Annex E). 4. Release of The Crime Scene a. The IOC shall decide on the lifting of the security cordon and the release of the crime scene upon consultation wth the SOCO Team leader and he/she shall be responsible in ensuring that all pieces of potential evidence were collected by the SOCO tam as any re-entry into the crime scene after it release to the owner will require a search warrant issued by the court. b. The IOC shall accomplish the CSI form “6” –IOC/ investigator’s CSI form before the the cordon shall be lifted (See Appendix, Annex G). c. The IOC shall ensure that appropriate inventory has been provided by the SOCO team and shall only lift the security cordon and release the crime scene only after completion of the documentation process. d. The IOC or the COP shall turn-over he crime scenbe to the owner of the property of where the crime scene is a public place, to any local person in authority. e. The IOC as well as the SOCO team shall completely fill-out the forms specified in this SOP. The IOC shall accomplish and submit the investigator’s report with all the required attachments to the COP within two (2) working days from the date of incidence (See Appendix C, Annex H). f. The CSI Report shall be the first entry in the Case Folder for the investigation of the incident. Standards CSI Forms a. CSI Form “1” – (First Responder’s Report Form) to be accomplished by the FR detailing among other things, his/her rank,name,initial information gathered and anything that was moved in the crime scene prior to e arrival of the investigator. Further, form 1 should be signed by a witness. Form should always be included as part of the FRs kit (See Appendix, Annex B); b. CSI Form “2” – (Request for the conduct of SOCO) To be accomplished by the IOC and submitted to the SOCO team leader at the crime scene (See Appendix, Annex C); c. CSI Form “3”- (turn-over of collected evidence from IOC to SOCO TEAM) To be accomplished by the IOC certifying that the items/physical evidence found, collected and initially marked and inventoried by the investigator at the crime scene were properly turned over to the SOCO Team Evidence Custodian (See Appendix, Annex G); d. CSI Form “4” – (SOCO Report Forms 1-4) the initial findings of the SOCO team shall be contained in the SOCO report Forms 1 to 4 will should be accomplished immediately after the completion of the SOCO. A copy of the said reports shall be provided to the IOC within 24 hour after release of the crime scene. The IOC may also use those forms in the absence of SOCO team (See Appendix, Annex E); e. CSI Form “5”- (Release of the crime scene form) this shall be accomplished by the IOC of the COP and witnessed by the SOCO team leader and conformed by the owner of the property or representative of local authority. A copy of the crime release shall be provided to the owner (See Appendix, Annex F); f. CSI Form “6”- (IOC Investigator’s CSI form) - this shall be accomplished by the IOC at the On-Scene- Command Post (OSCP) prior to the lifting of security cordon (See Appendix, Annex G); Crime Scene Investigation Flow Chart  Evaluate the situation  save and preserve life and provide emergency first aid for those injured at the scene  Prepare to take the dying Incident Refort decleration of severely injured person if any. Arrest, detain, and remove any suspects present in more than on (1),isolate Cordon the area to secure and preserve the crime scene. Prevent entry of persons First responders into the cordoned area. proceed to the crime Conduct preliminary scene evaluation at the crime scene and interview witnesses to determine what and how crime was committed and write down details. Turn-over the crime scene to investigator. Assume responsibility over the crime scene. Conduct assessment of the Investigator on-case crime scene. arrived at the rime scene Conduct interviews. Conduct crime scene investigation  Request for technical assisstance in processing of the crime scene from CL SOCO and ensure the following. 1. Evaluation of pieces of evidence at the crime scene 2. Documentation (Photography, Sketching, Note taking, Videography) 3. Collection and handling of pieces of evidence. 4. Custody and transport of pieces of evidence. 5. Request laboratory examination of recovered physical evidence to PNP crime laboratory. Preparation prior to conduct of SOCO, Crime scene approach. Conduct of SOCO by Preliminary crime scene survey crime laboratory with investigator on-case. Evaluation of physical evidence Narrative description of the crime scene. Detailed crime scene search. Physical evidence recording and collection, Final crime survey with investigator-on-case. Submit result of SOCO to investigator-on-case. Investigator on- Ensure the appropriate case heck crime inventory has been provided. scene before Release is accomplished cordon is lifted only after completion of the final survey and proper documentation. Release the crime scene in writing with the notion that there is only one chance to perform job correctly and completely. Crime Scene Documentation Most law enforcement agencies used forms (pre- printed documents) design to record certains aspects of CS investigation. These resulted from a trial-and-error approach based on actual case experiences. There is an important point to consider when forms are beind drafted for routine use during the CSI proceeding. Often, there is a tendency to consider forms as means to cover every possibility that the investigator may confront. Take note that such documents normally serve only as reminders of the minimum information needed to perform a task. Each CS requires some degree of deviation from the normal or standards operating procedures. Remember that forms are not substitutes for thinking. These are merely tools to assist investigators to fully exercise training and experience to meet the needs of a given situation. Six Important Forms of CS Documentation: According to the crime scene investigator net as cited in King-eo (2008), the following are the six important forms of documentation: 1. Administrative Worksheet. This is used in documenting majoe events, times and movements relating to the search efforts. It is also appropriate in recording initial and continuing management and administrative steps which are taken to ensure that an organized search is accomplished. 2. Narrative Description. This involves rcord of the crime scenes general appearance as first observed.However, exteme detail regarding evidence or actual collection of evidence is beyond the scope of the narrative description. 3. Evidence Recovery Log. It consists of the record of how physical evidence was recognized,collected,marked,and packaged for administrative and chain-of-custody’purposes. 4. Latent-Print Lift Log. It refers to the record of how fingerprints and other prints at the CS were discovered, colected (lifted), marked, and packaged. 5. Photographic Log. It refers to the record on how the CS was systematically documented using still and video cameras.the log shows the overall,medium, and close-up viewes of the scene. It cotains a series of photographs of the CS taken in a systematic manner based on SOP. The progression of CS photographsis useful in reconstructing the crime. The following should be the progression of shots which the CS photographer should observe: a. Take long-range photos of the locality,points of ingress and agress, normal entry to the property, exterior of the buildind/primises,and street signs or other identifiable that will establish. Location which is taken to portray the areas as if a person viewing the scene is seeing it from the standing position.the photographer takes the photograph with the camera at eye level. b. Take mid-range photos of the immediate CS and the location of objects of evidence within the area or room which portrays the scene from approximately 10-20 feet from the subject matter. c. Take close-range photos of specific evidence (strands of hair,fibers,footprints,and bloodstains) approximately 5 feet or less from the subject matter. Three Common Methods of Documenting the Crime Scene According to leysak,(2010), the following are the most common methods of documenting the crime scene: 1.Note Taking a. It serves as a personal record of the search the evidence. b. It should be detailed so as to be understood as well. c. It should begin with the crime scene specialist’s name and assignment to the case. d. It should be supplemented by sketches and photographs of the scene. e. It should be recorded in a sequential order. f. It should be complete Essential items of information to be included during Note Taking a. Date, time, and location b. Detailed description of the victim and his/her clothing c. Wounds the victim sustained d. A general description of the crime scene e. The type of camera and film used in photographing the crime scene f. Discovery of each significant item of evidence g. The failure to locate items Note: Notes are vaulable not only as an aid to an accurate recall of events to be testified to in court, but also to furnish the raw material needen in the written formal report of the case. A different notebook should be used for each seperate case and the notebooks should be kept permanently in a safe place. 2. Sketching It refers to the process of recording of information with respect to its location, position, measurement, orientation an details of findings in a sketch pad through symbols, arts and figures (See Unit 3). 3. Photographing th crime scene Importance of Photography 1. Permanent record of the crime scene. 2. The first step in the investigationof any crime is tophotograph all aspects of the crime scene competely and accurately before any of the objects of evidence is removed or disturbed. It is better to take too may photographs than too few. 3. Reconstruction of the crime scene. What is Field Inquiry? Refers to the general questioning of all persons at near, or around the crime scene for purpose of gathering information about the crime. The moment that the investigator sets his/her foot at the crime scene, he/she must immediately conduct the general questioning of all people present thereat or he/she may assign his/her assisstant or any member of the investigating team. Most often, the members of the Mobile Patrol Bureau who arrived at the scene earlier had already conducted the field inquiry and have in thier custody tha witnesses and/or the suspect. The investigator should not stop here but conduct further field inquiry at the remaining people or those who will arrive at the scene (Cael &Agas, 2000). How should witnesses and suspect retained at the crime scene be treated? The witnesses and/or suspect retained at the crime scene shall be immediately transported to headquarters with the basic guideline that they should be immediately seperated with each other upon arrival at the station. The purpose why there is need to seperate each witness from the others which also applies to suspects is to preserve the independence of their respective accounts about the commisson of the crime scene. Their conflicting statements may be used to interrogate them in the proper time of the investigation. Importance of going back to the crime scene In some instances, crimes are committed during nighttime and the investigator arrives at the scene ay daytime due to late of discoveryor delayed report about the commission of a crime. The investigator ges back to the scene at the exact time when the crime occured, in order to see for himself/herself the order or things at the precise moment. His note of concern shall be the lighting conditions, the distance of normal visibility, the volume of pedestrian and vehicle traffic and other things and conditions relevant to his investigation. The other reason is that during the progress of the investigation, new matters may crop up which maybe inadvertently considered irrelevant during the crime scene investigation. Thus, there is a need to go back (Montojo, 2007). UNIT 2. METHODS OF CRIME SCENE SEARCH Five Critical Ingredients of Good Crime Scene Processing Excellent crime scene processing is characterized by the following factors: 1. Knowledge. This refers to the basic understanding of the crime scene technicians about what they are trying to accomplish and why. 2. Skills and Tools. The technician must have the appropriate equipment and be skilled with it in order to collect the various types of evidence he/she may encounter 3. Methodical Approach. The methods employed by the technician must be encompassing and purposefully regular 4. Flexibility. Although methodical, the technician must also be flexible in order to deal with unique situations. 5. Coordinated Effort. The entire team must coordinate their efforts in order for everyone to pursue the same goal Six(6) Crime Scene Actions The six crime scene activities and their basic order are: assessing observing, documenting, searching, collecting, and analyzing. Lets consider them one by one. 1. Assessing. The assessment of the scene assists the invistigator in making a decision on what to do,when to do, when to do it,and what resources may bpe required.Assessment must be accomplished before taking any action,but assessment is an on-going activity as well.The investigator is constantly assessing the scene throughout processing. Five Issues of Assessment The purpose of the assessment and debriefing with initial responding officer is to consider the five basic issues, to wit: A. Scope and complexity of the scene; B. Scene Integrity and contamination control; C. Team approach and composition; D. Search methods to be used; and E. Personal protective measures Assessment by the crime scene team always involves a debriefing of the initial responders. Assessment by the crime scene team always involves a debriefing of the initial responders. 2. Observing. The most common activity involved in crime scene processing is observing. Critical observing is the act of mentally registering the condition of the scene and artifacts found in it.Observation is inclusive in assessing the scene but always precedes the other activities. Observing by itself is a non-intrusive action but it often leads to ad-hoc "search" behavior. In the initial stages, observing is always conducted in a non-intrusive fashion. The investigator consciously acts to only observe and not move or alter items in the scene as he/she observe them. 3. Documenting. The scene involves a variety of actions. These include: A. Creating a written notes of observation B. Obtaining photographs of the scene in-situ C. Videotaping the scene D. Creation of the crime scene sketches Documenting the scene involves both non-intrusive and intrusive actions, hence, in the documentation, step there is an order as well. This order goes from least intrusive to most intrusive, typically following this sequence: A. An investigative walk,creating written notes of basic observations B. Photographing the scene in-situ,without altering or changing it C. Video-taping the scene D. Sketching and measuring the scene E. Close-up photography of specific details and artifacts that may require manipulation This order allows the investigator to capture the complete scene context,without altering that context. For Example: A. The investigator makes written notes of a revolver on the floor (e.g. brand, caliber, location) B. The unaltered revolver is captured in the photographs in its exact positions C. The unaltered revolver is included in the sketch and measurements are taken documenting its exact position. D. It is then handled and photographed to show cylinder condition and other details. 4.Searching. The nature of the crime scene searches is always intrusive, searchers may alter the original condition of the scene. To properly search, the investigator must move through the scene, move the items and examine all surfaces. Because of this, searches are accomplished in stages. The initial observation is a form of visual search. True initial searches are done with limited alteration of the scene to prevent disturbing any unobserved evidence. Later searches are extremely intrusive, often requiring dismantling and movement of objects in the scene. 5. Collection. Collecting evidence is a very intrusive action. Once collected, the context of the item and scene are already disturbed. There is no undoing the act of collection. Unless there are issues of fragile evidence, collection of evidence is accomplished only after all scene context is documented. Different forms of collecting evidence result in different levels of alteration.Extremely intrusive collection activities are always conducted last in the collection stage. Thus, collection may be sequenced as well. EXAMPLES a. Recovering a revolver or casing from the floor has to impact on the remaining scene context. It creates to further harm. b. Recovering a bullet from a wall requires damaging the wall and may introduce wall board dust into the scene, affecting other areas. 6. Analyzing/processing. This often involves significantly intrusive behaviors, including: a. large scale latent print processing of walls and furniture. b. chemical enhancement or latent prints or bloodstains on floors, wall, or objects. c. forensic analysis of specific objects of evidence at the crime laboratory. INVESTIGATIVE ETHICS The function of an investigation is to discover the truth. There should be no other agenda and personal involvement will wrap the investigator's perspective. The investigator must remain neutral and impartial professional. To remain neutral and impartial, the investigator must: a. a investigate completely and thoroughly; b. consider and report all evidences & information; c. consider all viable hypotheses to explain the evidence; d. not be swayed by any lawer. THOROUGH RECORDING AND SEARCHING EVIDENCE The investigator begins the process of recording pertinent facts and details of the investigation the moment he/she arrives at the crime scene. (Of course, he/she records the time when he was initially notified prior to the arrival.) He/she writes down the identification of persons involved and what he/she initially sees. He/she also draws a basic sketch of the crime scene and takes the initial photographs (if a photographer is available.) This is to ensure that image of the crime scene is recorded before any occurence that disturbs the scene. As a rule, do not touch, alter or remove anything at the crime until the evidence has been processed through notes, sketches and photographs, with proper measurements. The physical nature of the scene or offense is must have to be protected. Consequently, the scene is processed in accordance with prevailing physical characteristic of the scene and with the need to develop essential evidentiary facts peculiar to the offense. A general survey of the scene is always made, however, to note the location of obvious traces of action, the probable entry and exit points used by the offender(s) and the size and shape of the area involved. In rooms, buildings and small outdoor areas, a areas, a systematic search of evidence should be initiated. (In the interest of the uniformity), it is recommended that the “clockwise movement” shall be used. The investigator examines each item encountered on the floor, walls, and ceiling to locate anything that may be of evidentiary value. Investigator should do the following: 1. Give particular attention to fragile evidence that may be destroyed or contaminated if it is not collected when discovered. 2. If any doubt exists as to the value of an item, treat it as evidence until proven otherwise. 3.Ensure that the item or area where latent fingerprints may be present is closely examined and that action is taken to develop the prints. 4. Note any peculiar odor emitting from the crime scene. 5. Treat as evidence all other items, such as hair, fibers, and earth particles, foreign to the area in which they are found. For example, matter found under the victims fingernails. 6. Proceed systematically and interruptedly to the conclusion of processing of the scene. The search for evidence is initially completed when after a thorough examination of the scene, the rough sketch and necessary photographs and investigate notes have been completed and the investigator has returned to the point from which the search began. Further search may be necessary after the evidence and the statements obtained have been evaluated. 7. In large outdoor areas, it is advisable to divide the area into strips about four(4) feet wide. The policeman may first search the strip on the left as he/she faces the scene and the adjoining strips. 8. It may be advisable to make a search beyond the are considered to be the immediate scene of the incident of crime. For example, evidence may indicate that a weapon or tool was used in the crime that may be discarded or hidden by the offender somewhere within square-mile area near the scene (WPD Investigator's Handbook, 2006. CRIME SCENE PATTERNS The methods of search include: spiral method, strip method, line method, double strip/grid method, zone or sector method, and wheel method. If the area to be searched is limited indoors with few contents or any other situation, which will preclude a systematic search, no choice will do, provided that alertness, knowledge and experience of the participating investigators are present. If the area to be searched is quite extensive, a more systematic scheme of approach is recommended. the following are illustrations of the different methods of crime scene search: 1. Spiral/Circle Method. The searchers follow each other the path of a spiral, beginning from the outside and spiraling in towards the center. Wheel method can be conducted in two ways: The inward Spiral or Centripetal Method is usually employed by one or two investigators and is done slowly and methodically; Outward Spiral or Centrifugal Method is a good method used by one officer to avoid damage of evidence at the center; the beginning tight spiral should be made visually, while standing in a fixed position. 2. Strip Search. The searches (A,B< and C) proceed slowly at the same pace along the path parallel to one side of the rectangle. At the end of the rectangle, the searchers turn and proceed back along new lanes but parallel to the first movement. 3. Line Search. This is a variation of the strip search, where multiple searchers follow a single strip in one direction, while on-line with each other. This is excellent for exterior scenes over rough terrain. It usually requires supervisors to maintain the direction and alignment of the involved searchers. 4. Double strip/Grid Search. This is another variation on the strip search. Searchers follow strips in one direction, then cut across the scene in another set of strips, oriented 90 degrees to the first. It provides for multiple views of the same ground by the same searcher from different perspectives. 5. Zone or Sector Method. The area to be searched is divided into quadrants and each searcher or a group of searcher is assigned to the quadrant. 6. Wheel Method (also known as Pie or Spoke Method). This type of searching the crime scene is applicable to areas which are circular in size or area. The searchers shall assemble at the center and proceed outward along radii or spokes. One short coming of this method is the great increase in the area to be observed as the search departs from the center. UNIT 3. SKETCHING THE CRIME SCENE Sketch is the graphic representation of the scene of the crime with complete measurement of the relative distances of relevant object and conditions obtaining therein. The word sketch means to draw or to scale, with important dimensions at the scene being shown to a good degree of accuracy, Legally, for a sketch or diagram to be admissible in court, it must: 1. Be part of some qualified testimony; 2. Be related to the observed situation (the person must have seen the area express it (the crime scene) correctly (Garcia,2004). Why is sketching crime scene vital? The following are reasons for sketching the crime scene: 1. To refresh the memory of the investigator 2. To express the precise location of objects and their relationship to other objects and surroundings. 3. To assist the prosecutor and the judge in understanding the conditions at the crime scene. 4. To supplement photographs. 5.To assist in the questioning of witness and suspects. Parts of sketch The following are parts of sketch; this may vary depending on the sketcher ang purpose of sketch. 1. Title refers to the crime committed or the incident happened such as vehicular accident, homicide case, drowning, rape case and others. 2. Body refers to the sketch proper to include the position of the victim and other items in the crime scene. It includes proper measurements of distances of objects in the crime scene. 3. Compass Direction (Orientation) refers to the standard arrow to indicate the north direction. To find the north without compass, determine the east where the sun rises, Facing east, your left side is the north direction. 4. Nature of Case refers to the status of the case whether currently committed or days had passed after its discovery. 5. Location of Incident refers to the place where the incident happened. 6. Date/Time of Incident refers to the exact time and date of the incident. This canbe gathered through interviews from eyewitnesses and other person in the area. 7. Name of Victim is the part of the sketch where name of the victim is written. 8. Name of Suspect refers to the part of the sketch where the name of the suspect is written. 9. Measurements is an elementof sketch with measurements showing accurate spaces and distances of relevant objects to their point of reference. Example: The diatance of a loaded pistol to the body of the victim and the nearest wall. Point of Reference must always be on two points to give the exact location of the object by way of latitude and longitude. The room area must be measured by width ang length, together with the heights of the walls, the size of the door and the direction of its swing. 10. Essential Items. All itmes in the scene must be included, Never decide outright that some items are irrelevant. As you proceed in the investigation, these seemingly irrelivant items will become relevant or material in the investigation. 11. Scale of Proportion is the element of the finished sketch. It is the essential of the finished sketch to the actual size ot measurements at the scene. The scale of 1:50 means that one inch in the sketch measurements is 50 inches in the actual scene measurement. 12. Legend is usually placed at the bottom of sketch outside the sketch of the scene. Numbers respect the objects in the crime or letters in order not to unnecessarily crowd the graphic presentation. Their descriptions are found in the legend. 13. Sketcher’s Name and Signature is where the name of the sketcher and the team leader or the officer in charge are written and signed. 14. Date and Time refers to the exact time the sketch was made (Montojo, 2007). General Kinds of Sketch The two general kinds of sketch are the rough and finished sketches: 1. Rough Sketch. This is a sketch made by the investigator at the crime scene, which is full of important details but without the scale of proportion. This is used as the basis for the finished sketch. 2. Finished Sketch. This is a sketch with a scale of proportion. Drawn by draftsman, it can be used for court presentation. Rough and Finished sketches if requested by the court shall be presented by the draftsman to clear doubts of the jury. Legend/Evidence List Item no. 1-Fingerprints lifted from front and side doors Item no. 2-A small plastic baggy of marijuana Item no. 3-Fabric sample with bloodstain Item no. 4-A receipt and innkeeper key card in bag Item no. 5-Two disposable cameras Item no. 6-A receipt and envelope found in trash Item no. 7-Plastic cup Item no. 8-Sample from the cup Item no. 9-Letters and a camera Item no. 10-Telephone Item no. 11-Pictures and an address book Item no. 12-Personal computer Item no. 13-A flash drive Item no. 14-Documents in drawer Item no. 15-Two cellphones Item no. 16-Wallet with $190 and credit cards Item no. 17-Documents ang paperwork Specific Kind of Sketch In particular, the following are the kinds of sketch: 1. Sketch of Locality. This deals with the vicinity of the crime scene in relation to the environs, to include neighboring buildings, structures, or means of access leading to the scene. This kind of sketch is applied in conflagrations, suspected to be arson indicating the origin of the fire and how is spread naturally or unnaturally against the wind. 2. Sketch of Grounds. This is a kind of sketch which illustrate the scene of the crime with the nearest physical surroundings, such as the room adjacent or opposite the room of the crime scene, the number of floor of a building or house, the yard and the other natural structures. 3. Sketch of Details. This includes the positions and exact locations of the physical evidence in the crime scene. It describes the immediate scene only like the room where the crime was committed and the details of items in the room. 4. Cross Projection/ Exploded View. It also describes the immediate scene only, specifically inside a room as the scene of the crime. The room is treated as the cardboard box where the side and the cover are collapsed to the same plane as the bottom. The bottom serves as the floor, the four sides representing the walls and the cover representing the ceiling. The pieces of evidence found on the floor, walls and ceiling are depicted or drawn with respective measurements with reference points, such as bullet holes, splatters or blood and other pertinent data (Montojo, 2007). CHAPTER 5 BASIC SURVEILLANCE The chapter deals with the knowledge of surveillance, its concepts and types, procedures in its conduct and technique in several instances. UNIT 1. PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF SURVEILLANCE Surveillance is defined as the discreet observation of persons, places and vehicles for the purpose of obtaining information concerning the identities or activities of crimnals. A surveillant is the person who conducts the surveillance or performs the observation while a subject is the person, place or vehicle being observed by the surveillant (Manwong, 2004). Types of surveillance based on the knowledge of the subject 1. Covert Surveillance. This is a type of surveillance conducted to a subject who is unaware that he/she is under surveillance. 2. Overt Surveillance. This occurs if the subject is aware that he/she is under surveillance. Kinds of Surveillance based on the location of the subject 1. Fixed Surveillance. This is usually performed when surveillance is directed to a particular building or premise. The surveillant is immovable in place while observing his/her subject. 2. Moving Surveillance. It is performed by foot or by the use of any transportation vehicle in order to observe the subject. The term shadowing or tailing refers to the act of the surveillant of following his/her subject to detect criminal activities, to establish the association of subject, to find a wanted person and many other purposes. Roping is a kind of undercover work wherein surveillant assumes different roles and identify in order to obtain information (Weston & Wells, 1997). Purposes of Surveillance (Garcia, 2004) 1. To get information on criminal activities as bases for future raid 2. To discover the identities of persons frequenting the place 3. To prevent the commission of crime 4. To establish legal grounds for the application of a search warrant 5. To arrest the criminal in flagrante delicto or caught in the act. Procedures in Fixed Surveillance (Garcia, 2004) 1. Use a room in a nearby house or building 2. Use a camera with telephoto lens and powerful binoculars in order to get pictures of subject, visitors and activities 3. Use listening devices, if situation allows 4. Some surveillants may remain outside, posing as carpenters, plumbers Tools Used in Fixed Surveillance (Cael & Agas, 2000) 1. Binocular 2. Telescope 3. Cameras with telephoto lens 4. Wiretapping devices 5. Listening devices 6. In case there is difficulty in wire tapping device, an expert in lip reading must be employed Personal Appearance of Surveillant 1. He/she must be of an average height, built and general appearance of a person who could easily mingle with the crowd without being conspicuous. 2. Adapt an inconspicuous clothes and jewelry. 3. Grooming and body accessories must blend with the crowd to avoid unnecessary attraction or attention or to avoid him/her being fixed in the mind of a very observant person. 4. Avoid noticeable peculiarities in appearance and mannerisms. 5. He/she must be resourceful, alert, quick- witted, and versatile to reason out once accused by others. 6. A good actor by being able to avoid suspicion in an embarrassing situation. 7. Be prepared for a “cover story.” The cover story must be believable regarding hi/her personal appearance. If he acts as a vendor, he/she must look as one without the display of manicured fingernails or attire at odds with fictitious personality (Garcia, 2004). Purposes of Foot Surveillance 1. To detect pieces of evidence of criminal activities 2. To establish the associates of the subject 3. To establish places frequented by the subject and his place of operation or temporary residence 4. To locate a wanted person 5. To protect witnesses or complainants 6. As part of background investigation of a certain person for a lawful cause in promotion, appointment or award 7. As a form of loyalty check for suspected employees in cohorts with criminals or shady characters (Vince & Sherlock, 2005) Don’ts in Foot Surveillance 1. Never meet the eyes of the subject to avoid suspicion. If the subject makes an abrupt turn, avoid a face-to-face confrontation by looking elsewhere away from the face of the subject. 2. Avoid lurking, sleuthing and creeping manner. Don’t lurk in doorways, stalking behind the subject, crouch and sneak around the corners. All of those will attract attention. 3. Don’t wear story-book disguises, false whiskers, artificial noses or scars and faked deformities and the like rarely, if ever, are convincing for any length of time even when worn by a professional make-up artist. These disguises may be good for theater but not for the street. 4. Never carry noticeable notebooks, brief case or other objects. Don’t greet fellow officers or allow them to greet you by way of signals like blocking the lips with a finger. 5. Don’t make entries or notes in your notebooks ostensibly or displayed publicly (Garcia, 2004). Preparing for Shadowing 1. If the subject is unknown to the surveillant, have somebody point to him/her or obtain a full and complete description of the subject. 2. Have a complete background of the subject such as habits, haunts, social life and places frequented. 3. Surveillant should adapt his/her attire to conform to the place where he/she expects to find the subject. 4. He/she should be casual and should not be apparently centered on the subject. Avoid nervousness and haste. Patience will count much. 5. Study the place and surroundings of the target as illustrated in his/her mental map to include transportation, entrances and exits and communication facilities. If he/she loses the subject, he/she knows how to establish the trail again. 6. It is a must that the identify of the subject be known at the start before embarking surveillance. This is important in order that the surveillant will be prepared of there will be a violent confrontation (Garcia, 2004). Methods of Foot Surveillance 1. One Man Shadow. It is conducted by one man in shadowing a subject. The surveillant should establish the contacts of the subject, place visited, girl friends and confidants. Example: In case the subject will use the telephone booth, the shadower must feign a call at the available booth. 2. Two-Man Shadow. This is easier for the surveillants to fully cover the subject. The method allows the exchange of the positions of the shadowers in order to avoid discovery. One shadower will follow behind the subject and the other may either be abreast or on the opposite side of the street or following the first shadower. 3. Three-Man Shadower or ABC Technique of Shadowing. The three shadowers are represented as A, B and C. This is how they work. A is close to the subject and follows him/her at a distance depending on the pedestrian traffic. B follows A at the same distance of A to the subject. If vehicular traffic is moderate, it may be opposite him/her on the other side of the street. B and C take turns in assuming the position of A to prevent A from becoming familiar and noticeable figure to the subject. Pre-arranged signals are encouraged. Advantages of the Three-man Shadow or ABC method 1. When the subject becomes suspicious of any of the operatives, said operative could quickly drop out of the shadowing. 2. If subject suddenly turns a corner, A may continue straight ahead, instead of rushing to the corner and anxiously looking for the subject. C then crosses the street and follows the subject, to take the positions of A, C, is in a position to view any sudden disappearance of subject towards a door or building (Garcia, 2004). Tactics and Techniques of Shadowing 1. Turning Corners. The surveillant should not rush if the subject turns to a corner. If the subject disappears, the nature of the surrounding will determine the tactics to locate the subject. It is preferable to lose the subject rather than alerts him/her in the tail. 2. Entering a Building. If the building has no back exit, the surveillant should wait until the subjects comes out. It is necessary to follow the subject inside the building if there is an exit at the back of the building. In case the subject boards an elevator, the surveillant should also board the elevator. The surveillant should tell the elevator boy the same floor as that of the subject or he/she may proceed to the top floor, If there are more than one shadower, one should alight on the floor of the subject. The other may proceed to other directions such as the first floor where they could wait for the subject. 3. Riding a Bus. The surveillant should board the same bus. Sit behind or at the side of the subject. If the shadower misses the bus, he/she should board a taxi and board the bus at a place ahead. 4. Riding a Taxi. If subject rides on a taxi, the shadower should take another taxi and note the plate number and the company name of the subject’s taxi. If he/she fails to tail the taxi, he/she should get information from the taxi company through the driver of the taxi for the disclosure of the subject’s destination. 5. Riding a Train. The shadower must fall in line towards the ticket booth, behind the subject so that he/she could overhear the destination or he/she could merely request for a timetable or a ticket for the last destination. 6. Inside a Restaurant. Shadower should allow the subject to select a table before entering the restaurant. The shadower must select the obscure table and estimates to finish his/her meal at the same time as that of the subject. 7. In a Hotel. The room of the subject could be inquired from the hotel registry. Once pinpointed, the shadower must take an adjacent or opposite room. If there are no available on this arrangement, the nearest vacant room should be the choice. 8. In a Theater. The shadower should be seated behind the subject. If the subject gets out, he/she should follow in a different exit point. 9. Inside a Private House. The shadower should wait outside at a distance to be inconspicuous, taking the address and the occupants to be verified later. 10. Inside a Small Private or Public Office. The shadower must wait outside, pretending to be a customer of nearby establishments. 11. Telephone Booth. The shadower may take the next booth or stand near the subject to hear the conversation. The telephone book used and the page number at which it was left open should be noted (Garcia, 2004). Common Tricks of the Subject in Surveillance 1. Test for Tailing. When the subject is conscious that he/she is being tailed while about to board a public conveyance, he/she usually jumps off the vehicle. If somebody also jumps off, he/she then recognizes the shadower, which will be the basis for future recognition. 2. Use of Convoy. The subject employs other partners to detect if he/she is being tailed. The convoy which may employ the ABC method would be very easy to detect shadowers. If the subject uses this, the shadower must be behind the convoy and follow them instead (Garcia, 2004). Techniques in Automobile Surveillance 1. At least two or more cars should be used with at least two persons assigned in one car. 2. The second car should follow the first car at a distance effective for tailing. 3. The second and successive cars should follow each other in the same distance of the first car to the subject. 4. If only one car is used, it should follow the subject’s automobile at a distance, which is effective to the purpose. 5. The manner of driving should be changed as often as needed by alternating between the right and the left lanes. Pre-arranged signals should guide the alternating car positions behind the subject. This is done to avoid detection. 6. If the subject employs convoys of vehicles, this must be immediately discovered so that the shadowing vehicles should be positioned behind the convoys. 7. In parking the surveillance vehicles, it should be in the next block. The building exits and the subject’s car should be kept under close observation. 8. The occupants of the surveillance car should be at the back seat and should remain inconspicuous. If considerable time is available, they should leave the car and walk back and forth in the street (Vince & Sherlock, 2005). Do’s and Don’ts in Shadowing through Vehicle 1. A popular type of ordinary or general use type of car must be used so that the licensed plates are not identified as belonging to the police department. Never use government plates. 2. Security plates, colorum cars, rented cars, borrowed cars may be used. 3. The appearance of the cars by various devices may be used to change the appearance. Placing and removing stickers on the windshields, attachments, re- arrangements, change of the occupant’s clothes, changing or removing hats, or changing the number of occupants. 4. Do not violate parking rules. 5. Never arouse suspicion by approaching the parking positions surreptitiously. 6. Be in normal movement when leaving or returning to the car. 7. Radio antennae should be concealed and radio volume reduced. 8. In the turnover of shifts, avoid the fall-in briefing or instructions. Written notes should be turned over to the incoming surveillants. 9. Full data should be turned over to the incoming surveillants. 10.Avoid using telephone repeatedly from nearby establishments. 11.Do not display the appearance of anxiety or impatience. Act naturally. 12.Do not loiter by reading newspapers in the lobby. 13. If the subject is approaching, glance at him/her briefly in a casual manner (Weston & Wells, 1997). UNIT 2. BASIC UDERCOVER OPERATION Purposes of Undercover Operation Undercover operation is presently one of the best means to solve crimes committed by professional criminals. This segment reveals the concept of undercover operations, its purposes, the do's and don'ts in the assignment and the qualities of a good undercover agent. What is the Undercover Operation? Undercover operation is a police operation wherein the investigator assumes a fictitious identify in order to infiltrate the ranks of the criminals for the purposes of obtaining information. This should be the last resort if no other effective means of obtaining information is available. This should be the last resort if no other effective means of obtaining information is available. It is a last resort because of the risk involved which may cause the loss of life or limb of the investigator (Manwong,2004). Who is an Undercover Agent? Undercover agent is a person who conducts an undercover assignment. He/she should be knowledgeable on the subject's language or dialect, customs and habit, physical appearance among others. Purposes of Undercover Operation 1. Gathering Evidence. The undercover agent can observe criminal activities, hear conversation, photographs documents and performs other activities for collating and gathering evidence. 2. Counter - Intelligence. Counter intelligence operation is means to identify the double - crossers. The undercover agent could validate the truthfulness of the information given by informants. 3. Installation of Surveillance Equipment. The agent is in a position to secretly install surveillance equipment such as hearing devices or wire tapping facilities. 4. Loyalty Check. This applies to private or government employees who are security risk personnel, especially those involved in intelligence work. 5. Penetrating Subversive Organizations. By nature of the operations of the organization, which is clandestine, the only effective method of obtaining information is by undercover operations. 6. Basis for Successful Raid. The information obtained by the undercover agents are direct, hence they are important base for the planning and execution of future raids. The agents is in a position to know the armaments of the targeted criminals (Garcia, 2004) Qualities of a Good Undercover Agent 1. He/she must be able to adapt the in the field of his/her assignment. If the assignment will be a famer, he/she must know how to plant or use the plow or machines of agriculture. 2. He/she must be a good actor and practical psychologists. 3. He/she has a knowledge above the ordinary in terms of generals information and the varied ways of life, profession and occupation. 4. He/she must have temperament or a calm, enduring and affable personality. Self – control and self – confidence are a few of the qualities desired. 5. He/she must have a photographic memory because most often, he/she could not use written notes about his/her activities and observations. Keen power of observation and sound judgment are also desired(Vince & Sherlock, 2005) Types of Undercover Assignment The following are the specific assignments of an undercover agent; 1. Work Assignment. If the agent is to be employed as a janitor, he/she must know his/her work and appear as such, focusing his/her mentality and habit to work assignment. He must avoid language of refinement in order that his/her educational background will appear to that janitor. 2. Social Assignment. These are places of amusements, such as bars, nightclubs and other places of entertainment where a subject frequently goes. Criminals throw a major part of their loot to these places and the undercover agent must know the hostesses who are girl friends of the criminals. He/she must known how to drink socially without getting drunk. 3. Subversive Organization. He/she must known the ideologists of the organization in order suit his/her philosophies and the action while inside the said organization. 4. Residential Assignment. This concern the neighborhood of the suspect where the undercover agent fits himself/herself as anew resident, without generating suspicion. The purposes are to befriend to those who could give information and possibly get closer to the subject. 5. The Fictitious Personality. The preparation should include the fictitious background of the undercover agent. He/she must discard all papers and identification cards, etc. A new set of background information should be issued to him. The agent must memorize all the detailed of his/her fictitious background (Garcia, 2004). Don’ts in the Assignment 1. Don’t drink too much. If the undercover agent will not drink, suspicion may arise. It must be controlled. Remember, that in most cases alcohol is a tongue “loosener” 2. Don’t court women. There is a possibility that one of the women is the girlfriend of the subject. It will invite jealousy and may lead to a dangerous situation. 3. Don’t use women Agent. (if not required by situation). Due to nature of the job, women should not be employed as a general rule. The subject may become interested in the women agent. The women maybe placed in a compromising situation and there is the possibility that the women will fall in love with the subject. The exception is that, if the woman is of the character that she will not compromise loyalty to the service, and she should be employed as its is easier for women, using their beauty and brain to discover the inner secrets of men rather than men themselves. Women are reason for successes and at the same time downfalls. 4. Don’t brag to other people. Bragging is the claiming of a person to be somebody of certain possessions or accomplishments in life, This may lead to the verification of his/her fictitious identity, and may lea to “burn out” of the agent. 5. Don’t spend too much. Expenditures must be moderate and commensurate with the fictitious identity, to avoid suspicion (Garcia, 2004). Communications by the Undercover Agent to the Headquarters 1. Telephone. Utmost secrecy must be the guideline in calling headquarters. Modern telephone having their caller’s ID that may trace who is calling. It is better to use a dial public booth not connected with the local switchboard operator. Different telephones must be used. If using a cellphone immediately erase the number called, a technique must be used in the cellphone so that the number of the person called will not appear in the record. Text message should be erased immediately. 2.Secret Meetings. They are pre – arranged to pass important and vital message which should be immediately acted upon. But some message decided in the meeting need to be put secretly to preserve its purpose; therefore several techniques are used. An invisible ink cam be used. 3.Coded Message. The coded message should be written in inconspicuous writing materials such as napkins, wrappers these should be discarded later. Serial numbers and business names, which are difficult to memorize, should be noted. These message should be placed secretly in drop boxes such as trashcans for collection of the supporting agent (Garcia,2004) Tracing and Arresting the Criminal Several methods in tracing the location of the suspects are employed by the law enforcers; some of the methods are the following: 1. By Informers. The informers must be given the picture of the criminal together with his/her last known address and acquittances or his/her possible hang outs. If no picture is available, the full descriptions of the criminal has no acquaintances in the Metropolitan area, the likelihood is that he/she will flee to his/her hometown or province where he/she has the relatives to guide him/her. 2. By Informants. Informants must be contacted to secure possible information as to the whereabouts of the criminal. 3. Grapevine Sources. These grapevine informants or informers have easier access to the underworld where vital information could be gathered as to the whereabouts of the particular criminal. The prisoners or inmates are most often knowledgeable on crime and criminals more than the police, especially on major crimes. 4. By Tailing. The surveillant may tail the wife, relatives and friends of the criminal who will deliver provisions to the hiding place. 5. Using Children of the Same Age. The children of the criminal maybe used as source of information as to whereabouts of the subject. 6. Courting the Girlfriend of the Criminal. This can be done by showering them with gifts and expressing passionate love. Money and love have proven in the past as a major consideration of betrayal. Most of the girlfriends of the criminals are hostesses, prostitutes or dancers. 7. Harassing the Associates and Friends of the Criminal. These people will give the desired information in exchange for peace, or by befriending or helping them to get out of the mess of minor violations of law. 8. Arrested Criminals Known to the Subject. These persons must be interrogated with the false information that the one responsible for their arrest is the information coming from the criminals being sought. The underworld character should be intrigued about this technique so that they would betray each other. There is always a power struggle among the criminal syndicates for their continued existence. 9. In fresh cases, the bloodhound dogs or K – 9 are used to track down the suspect in squatters areas, open field or wooded terrain. This is most effective if a piece of article belonging to the criminal, left at the crime scene is sniffed by the dog as a sample of the odor of the criminal. 10. In very recent cases, find out the ethnic origin of the criminal. If he/she is from Baguio City, there is a great possibility that they will go home to his/her place. In the past, there were successes in arresting the criminal at the pier or at the domestic airport within a 3 – day stick out. 11. Disguises. Beware of disguises employed by the criminal. Many suspects had eluded police cordon or dragnet by pretending to be abnormal persons greased with the dark oil and acting the mannerisms of the abnormal. Some suspects also attired themselves with wigs and feminine dresses. In company with some women, they had easily passed the police cordon. 12. Corrupting the know associates of the criminal through money. In the underworld, money talks louder than other things. 13. Publication of Rewards. Done in newspaper of general circulation mostly read by the messes. This is effective for the capture of the criminal. A weeklong publication together with the criminal’s picture will pay off (Garcia, 2004) (see fig 14). Figure 14 A Sample of Publication for Wanted Criminals UNIT 3. INFORMANT AND INFORMER A. The Informant The solution of a crime sometimes depends on the information furnished by the informants and informers. Informers and informants are in generally synonyms for they provide information to the police authorities. The word informant is a general term that refers to any person who gives information to the police authorities relative to a crime (Cruz, et, al, 2003). Who is an Informant? Strictly speaking, an informant is any person who furnishes the police information relevant to a criminal case about the activities of criminals or syndicates. This is done without any monetary consideration. The informant may openly give information or may serve as a witness voluntarily (Cruz, et, at., 2003) Types of Informant 1. Anonymous Informant. He/she maybe an anonymous phone caller, letter writer or a text sender. The duty of the investigator is to receive the information, not to reveal any other information to caller about facts already known. 2. Confidential Informant. This is a person who provides the police with confidential information concerning a previous crime or a projected and planned crime. He/she does not want to be identified as the source of information. Under the law, these informants are protected and their identity could not be revealed by the police even under the order of the court unless on exceptional case where there is a claim of the defence that the informants framed up the accused. 3. Rival-Elimination Informant. This kind of informant mostly maintains to be anonymous. His/her purpose is to eliminate the rival person or gang due to competition or other motives such as revenge, etc. 4. False Informant. This informant usually revels information of no consequence, value or stuff connected with thin air. His/her purpose is to appear to be on the side of the law and for throwing out the suspicion from himself/herself or from gang or associates. 5. Frightened Informant. He/she is prodded by fear or self interest in giving information to the police. He/she maybe one of the lesser gang member who runs to the police when his/her gang mates are about to be involved in dangerous situations or when the gang he/she belongs is hot on the police trail. Motivated by anxiety and self-preservation of his/her well being he/she furnishes the information to protect himself and as a means of sustaining self-importance. This type is the weakest link in the composition of the criminal chain 6. Self-Aggrandizing Informant. This kind of informant moves around the centres of criminals, group or syndicate and delights in surprising the police about bits of information. His/her information may be of value by way of authentication in intelligence operation. 7. Mercenary Informant. The informant has information for sale. He/she may have been victimized in a double-cross or little share in the loot or given a dirty deal and seeks revenge as he/she will profit in disclosure (Maglinao, 2009). 8. Double-Crosser Informant. He/she uses his/her seeming desire to divulge information as an excuse to talk to the police in order to get more information from them more than what is given. To counter this kind of informant, the police applies the deception method by giving false information that will lead to his/her capture. 9. Women Informant. She maybe the female associate of the criminals, who was roughed up, marginalized in the deal or being eased out from the group. Care must be given to this kind of informant because women, given the skills and expertise, are more dangerous then men. They often give free romance that will result in blackmailing the investigator or will result to an extended family for support. Women are said to be most effective among informers because they could easily penetrate the rank of criminals with less suspicion. Besides, they could mingle with the crowd easily and could obtain information more than their male counterparts, especially if their beauty attracts attention. They have easier access to women associates of male criminals. However, care should be employed as they could easily double-cross the police once they fall in love with criminals (Garcia, 2004). Motives of Informants 1. Vanity. The motive is for self-aggrandizement by gaining favourable attention and importance by police. 2. Civic Mindedness. Informants provide information because they are imbued with the sense of duty and obligation to assist the police in their task. 3. Fear. It is the engendered illusion of oppression from enemies or from impending dangers. 4. Repentance. Those lesser criminals such as accomplices or accessories will have a change in heart to unburden their conscience. B. The Informer An informer is a person who provides information to the police on a regular basis, or none at all. They are cultivated and established by the police on a more or less permanent character as long as they are loyal and useful to the police organization. Selection of informers There is no hard and fixed rule in the selection of informers. This is addressed to the sound discretion of the investigator. The informers must be indoctrinated that they are not immune from arrest and prosecution if they commit crimes. They should not bring shame and dishonour to the police service. When they will commit crimes, they should be punished like the rest. All the sectors of the society must be covered, and their composition included but not limited to taxi drivers, jeepney and bus driver, vendors, conductors, waiters, dancers, ec-convicts, shady or underworld characters, hostesses bankers security guards, businessmen, prostitutes, the elite in the society an others. They should be planted as moles or stole pigeons practically in all the comers of the social order. Critical areas in the Deployment of Informers Within the ranks of criminals and criminal syndicates Associates and friends of criminals Places of hang-outs of criminals such as night clubs, bars, hotel, billiard halls and other places. Slums and residential places where criminals have their contacts Detention centres such as jails, prisons, temporary detention centres, etc. Places where criminals dispose their loots. Two Classical System of Gathering Information 1. English System. This system involves gathering information that has a little consideration on paid informants. This system relies more on the information provided voluntarily or willingly by patriots or civic- minded informants. 2. French System. This involves the practice of obtaining information that relies heavily on buying informants; this advocates the extensive use of informers (King-eo, 2010, p.2-6).

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