Biogeography Study Guide PDF

Biogeography (생물지리학) • Biogeography (생물지리학), the scientific study of the geographic distribution of species, provides evidence of evolution (생물지리학은 종의 지리적 분포에 대한 과학적 연구로 진화의 증거를 제공함) • An understanding of continent movement and modern distribution of species...

Biogeography (생물지리학) • Biogeography (생물지리학), the scientific study of the geographic distribution of species, provides evidence of evolution (생물지리학은 종의 지리적 분포에 대한 과학적 연구로 진화의 증거를 제공함) • An understanding of continent movement and modern distribution of species allows us to predict when and where different groups evolved (대륙 이동과 현대 종의 분포에 대한 이해를 통해 다양한 집단이 언제, 어디서 진화했는지 예측할 수 있다.) • Endemic (고유종) species are species that are not found anywhere else in the world (고유종은 전 세계 어디에서도 발견되지 않는 종) • Islands have many endemic species that are often closely related to species on the nearest mainland or island (섬에는 가까운 본토나 섬에 있는 종과 밀접한 관련이 있는 고유종이 많다.) • Darwin explained that species on islands gave rise to new species as they adapted to new environments (다윈은 섬에 서식하는 종들이 새로운 환경에 적응하면서 새로운 종을 탄생시켰다고 설명했다.) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved What Is Theoretical About Darwin’s View of Life? (다윈주의 생물관에서 학설적인 것은 무엇인가?) • In science, a theory accounts for many observations and explains and integrates a great variety of phenomena (과학에서 이론은 많은 관찰을 설명하고 매우 다양한 현상을 설명하며 통합한다) • The predictions of a scientific theory must stand up to continual testing by experimentation and observation (과학 이론의 예측은 실험과 관찰을 통한 지속적인 테스트를 견뎌내야 한다) • Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection integrates diverse areas of biological study and stimulates many new research questions (다윈의 자연 선택에 의한 진화론은 다양한 생물학적 연구 분야를 통합하고 많은 새로운 연구 질문을 자극한다.) • Ongoing research adds to our understanding of evolution (진행 중인 연구로 진화에 대한 이해가 더해지고 있다.) Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved Forming and Testing Hypotheses (가설의 설정과 검증) • In science, a hypothesis (가설) is an explanation based on observations and assumptions that leads to a testable prediction (가설은 관찰과 추론에 근거한 설명이며, 검증 가능한 예측을 낳는다) • A scientific hypothesis must lead to predictions that can be tested with additional observations or an experiment • An experiment (실험) is a scientific test, often carried out under controlled conditions Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved Questions That Can and Cannot Be Addressed by Science (과학에 의해 해결되지 않는 질문) • A hypothesis must be testable (검증가능성) and falsifiable (반론가능성) – For example, hypotheses involving supernatural explanations cannot be tested (초자연적 현상을 포함한 가설은 검증할 수 없다) • Such explanations are outside the bounds of science Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved Karl Popper (1902 –1994) • According to Popper, a theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can (and should) be examined with decisive experiments • Popper에 따르면 경험 과학의 이론은 결코 증명될 수 없지만 반증될 수 있다 • Testable and Falsifiable Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved