Chapter 11 Evidence-Based Delinquency Risk Prevention

Chapter 11 Evidence -Based Delinquency Risk Prevention - Decreasing the impact of these child and adolescent problems also decreases significant risk factors for delinquency - Earlier the problems are identified, better the chance that harm can be minimized Maltreatment Victimization...

Chapter 11 Evidence -Based Delinquency Risk Prevention - Decreasing the impact of these child and adolescent problems also decreases significant risk factors for delinquency - Earlier the problems are identified, better the chance that harm can be minimized Maltreatment Victimization - Early identification and Assessment o Parents are guardians are often the focus because they comprise 90% of abuse and neglect perpetrators o Family assessment approach ▪ Designed to be used with families without maltreatmen t substantiation ▪ Pose high risks for maltreatment in the future o Structured decision making model (SDM) ▪ Set of assessment tools that identifies key decision points within child protection agency cases and provides intervention directives o CIVITAS/CCCC Core A ssessment ▪ Same domain as the SDM model ▪ Medical needs, family, social areas, life history of traumatic events, emotional difficulties, academic challenges Prevention - Home Visiting Programs o Often delivered by nurses or related paraprofessional staff, may fo cus on one primary role or service, or may offer more complete family support services to parents in their home o Nurse -Family Partnership ▪ Connects each low -income, first -time mother with a registered nurse prenatally up to two years of the child’s age ▪ Teach health behaviors to parents and developmental skills to child o Healthy Families America ▪ Employs trained paraprofessionals (up to five years of the child’s age) ▪ Parenting skills, child development to disadvantaged mothers, and maltreatment prevention effort s o Early Head Start ▪ Federally funded program ▪ Both in -home parent training and center -based early care and education for children o Improve the home environment, parenting, and child development o Two additional similar programs as of NFP o ChildFirst program ▪ Assessment, consultation, and intervention services with a care coordinator o Project 12 -ways/safecare program ▪ Parent training in specific risk areas with specialized staff - Parent Training/Education Programs o Based on the idea that child maltreatment can be reduced if parents modify their attitudes on child rearing, improve skills in taking care of their children, they rely less ono coercive parental techniques ▪ Anger management ▪ Stress control ▪ Emotional management ▪ Psycho -educational mental health servic es o When programs address a wide array of maltreatment risk factors, impact decreases or neglected o Meta -analysis study ▪ Subset of other systematic research studies that combines the results and produces a cumulative finding or impact o Family connections progr am ▪ Works with parents, grandparents ▪ Prevent child maltreatment via in -home training o Triple P (social learning theory) ▪ Five levels • Media campaign • Specific topic training • Childhood development programming • Serious child behavior programming • Family dysfunction o Parent -Child Interaction therapy ▪ Teaches parenting behavior -management techniques ▪ Regulate emotions, maintain limits o Incredible Years program ▪ Different settings, different behavioral techniques - Family/Parent Support Groups o Parent suppor t groups ▪ That provide formal peer -supported and facilitator -led programming, and typically meet on a regular, often weekly, basis - Public Education and Information o Public awareness activities may be important in promoting positive parenting and decreasing m altreatment victimizations o Public service announcements, press releases, information brochures, TV/radio documentaries - Child Sexual Abuse o Improved public recognition and awareness of the problem o The impact of federal and state laws o Lack of clear evidence o f the effectiveness of these interventions o Sexual offender registration ▪ Law requirements that youthful and adult offenders convicted of certain sex crimes must be registered in their localities - Interventions for Maltreatment Victims o Interventions vary acco rding to the victimization type of maltreatment effects and may include individual or family counseling ▪ Short -term intervention ▪ Stabilization of crisis situations o Effective treatment for recovery has been identified ▪ Increased problem -solving skills ▪ Peer re lationships ▪ Positive activities - Trauma Assessment o Rely on self -reports by the young person o Professional and clinical personnel to interview - Trauma -Informed Care o Treatment framework that involves understanding, recognizing, and responding to the effects of all types of trauma o 4 to 36 sessions or weeks and take place in the community family setting Mental Health Problems - Will not dissipate on their own over time - Children o ADHD ▪ Neuroleptics and Adrenergic Agonists: class of stimulant drugs ▪ ADHD is c haracterized by symptoms of hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity that impair in several areas ▪ Medications do not cure ADHD, but they control the symptoms o Anxiety disorders ▪ Cognitive -behavioral therapy: type of psychotherapy in which negative pattern s of thought about the self and the world are challenged to alter unwanted behavior patterns or treat mood disorders such as depression ▪ Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: one of the commonly prescribed drugs for treating depression and other related problems o Behaviorally Based Disorders ▪ Targets both children and parents ▪ Short -term improvements ▪ Teach broad behavioral principles ▪ High quality and effective in decreasing children’s behavior problems ▪ Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS): comprehensive program for promoting emotional and social competencies and reducing aggression and acting -out behaviors in elementary school -aged children, while simultaneously enhancing the educational pro cess in the classroom . - Adolescents o ADHD ▪ Not identified until later developmental stage o Behaviorally Based Disorder ▪ Cognitive behavioral interventions • Designed to identify cognitions thoughts, expressions, perceptions ▪ Functional Family Therapy (FFT): intervention that attempts to modify individual behaviors and cognitions, with an emphasis on the larger family or groups as the focal area needing change rather than only on the adolescent ▪ Multisystemic Therapy (MST): designed for adolescents with severe psychological and behavioral problems through short -term multifaceted, and home -and community -based interventions ▪ MST reduces offending and delinquency recidivism significantly o Depression and Suicide Prevention ▪ Psychopharmacology • Branch of psychology conce rned with the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior ▪ Psychotherapy • Treatment of mental disorders by psychological rather than by medical means ▪ Psychoanalysis • System of psychological theory and therapy that aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious an unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind o Substance Abuse Prevention ▪ Easier and less costly than providing substance use treatment ▪ Universal • To all young people ▪ Sele ctive • Families at high risk ▪ Indicated • Certain adolescent o Substance Abuse Treatment ▪ Cognitive -behavioral therapy ▪ Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT) • Targets family communications, social competence, and parental involvement with their children across hom e, community, school environment ▪ Motivational Interviewing (MI) • Psychological intervention that tries to enhance an adolescent’s motivation to change and to decrease his or her ambivalence to change o Mentoring Programs ▪ Programs that are focused on minimizing child and adolescent problem risk factors by using adult mentors who spend time with the young person, sharing skills, abilities, and experiences o Tutoring Programs ▪ Programs that are offered during non -school hours ▪ Benefit from nonteacher driven or taught tutoring programs