Chapter_10.pdf

Chapter 10 Issues and Trends ITIF0014 Fundamentals of Information Technology 1 Objectives Overview Define the term, computer security risks, and briefly describe the types of cybercrime perpetrators Describe various types of Internet and ne...

Chapter 10 Issues and Trends ITIF0014 Fundamentals of Information Technology 1 Objectives Overview Define the term, computer security risks, and briefly describe the types of cybercrime perpetrators Describe various types of Internet and network attacks, and identify ways to safeguard against these attacks Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized computer access and use Identify safeguards against hardware theft and vandalism Explain the ways software manufacturers protect against software piracy Discuss how encryption works, and explain why it is necessary 2 Objectives Overview Discuss the types of devices available that protect computers from system failure Explain the options available for backing up computer resources Identify risks and safeguards associated with wireless communications Discuss ways to prevent health-related disorders and injuries due to computer use Recognize issues related to information accuracy, intellectual property rights, codes of conduct, and green computing Discuss issues surrounding information privacy See Page 555 3 for Detailed Objectives Computer Security Risks A computer security risk is any event or action that could cause a loss of or damage to computer hardware, software, data, information, or processing capability A cybercrime is an online or Internet-based illegal act Hackers Crackers Script Kiddies Corporate Spies Unethical Cyber extortionists Cyber terrorists Employees 4 Computer Security Risks 5 Internet and Network Attacks Information transmitted over networks has a higher degree of security risk than information kept on an organization’s premises An online security service is a Web site that evaluates your computer to check for Internet and e-mail vulnerabilities 6 Internet and Network Attacks Computer Worm Trojan Horse Rootkit Virus Affects a Copies itself A malicious Program that computer repeatedly, program that hides in a negatively by using up hides within computer and altering the resources and or looks like a allows way the possibly legitimate someone computer shutting down program from a works the computer remote or network location to take full control 7 Internet and Network Attacks An infected computer has one or more of the following symptoms: Operating system Available memory Screen displays Files become runs much slower is less than unusual message corrupted than usual expected or image Unknown Music or unusual Programs or files Existing programs programs or files sound plays do not work and files disappear mysteriously randomly properly appear Operating system System properties Operating system shuts down change does not start up unexpectedly 8 Internet and Network Attacks 9 Internet and Network Attacks 10 Internet and Network Attacks Users can take several precautions to protect their home and work computers and mobile devices from these malicious infections 11 Internet and Network Attacks A botnet is a group of compromised computers connected to a network A compromised computer is known as a zombie A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts computer access to Internet services Distributed DoS (DDoS) A back door is a program or set of instructions in a program that allow users to bypass security controls Spoofing is a technique intruders use to make their network or Internet transmission appear legitimate 12 Internet and Network Attacks A firewall is hardware and/or software that protects a network’s resources from intrusion 13 Internet and Network Attacks Intrusion detection software Analyzes all network traffic Assesses system vulnerabilities Identifies any unauthorized intrusions Notifies network administrators of suspicious behavior patterns or system breaches Honeypot Vulnerable computer that is set up to entice an intruder to break into it 14 Unauthorized Access and Use Unauthorized access the use of a computer or network without permission Unauthorized use the use of a computer or its data for unapproved or possibly illegal activities 15 Unauthorized Access and Use Organizations take several measures to help prevent unauthorized access and use Acceptable use policy Disable file and printer sharing Firewalls Intrusion detection software 16 Unauthorized Access and Use Access controls define who can access a computer, when they can access it, and what actions they can take Two-phase processes called identification and authentication User name Password Passphrase CAPTCHA Unauthorized Access and Use A possessed object is any item A biometric device that you must carry to gain authenticates a person’s identity access to a computer or by translating a personal computer facility characteristic into a digital code Often are used in combination that is compared with a digital with a personal identification code in a computer number (PIN) 18 Unauthorized Access and Use Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and analysis of evidence found on computers and networks Many areas use digital forensics Law Criminal Military enforcement prosecutors intelligence Information Insurance security agencies departments 19 Hardware Theft and Vandalism Hardware vandalism Hardware theft is the is the act of defacing act of stealing or destroying computer equipment computer equipment 20 Hardware Theft and Vandalism To help reduce the of chances of theft, companies and schools use a variety of security measures Physical access Cables to lock Alarm systems controls equipment Real time location Passwords, possessed system objects, and biometrics 21 Software Theft Software theft occurs when someone: Steals software media Intentionally erases programs Illegally copies a program Illegally registers and/or activates a program 22 Software Theft A single-user license agreement typically contains the following conditions: Permitted to Install the software on one computer Make one copy of the software Remove the software from your computer before giving it away or selling it Not permitted to Install the software on a network Give copies to friends or colleagues while continuing to use the software Export the software Rent or lease the software 23 Software Theft Copying, loaning, borrowing, renting, or distributing software can be a violation of copyright law Some software requires product activation to function fully 24 Information Theft Information theft occurs when someone steals personal or confidential information Encryption is a process of converting readable data into unreadable characters to prevent unauthorized access 25 Information Theft 26 Information Theft A digital signature is an encrypted code that a person, Web site, or organization attaches to an electronic message to verify the identity of the sender Often used to ensure that an impostor is not participating in an Internet transaction Web browsers and Web sites use encryption techniques 27 Information Theft Popular security techniques include Digital Certificates Transport Layer Security (TLS) Secure HTTP VPN 28 Information Theft 29 System Failure A system failure is the prolonged malfunction of a computer A variety of factors can lead to system failure, including: Aging hardware Natural disasters Electrical power problems Noise, undervoltages, and overvoltages Errors in computer programs 30 System Failure Two ways to protect from system failures caused by electrical power variations include surge protectors and uninterruptable power supplies (UPS) 31 Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or disk that can be used if the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed To back up a file means to make a copy of it Offsite backups are stored in a location separate from the computer site Cloud Storage 32 Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard Two categories of backups: Three-generation backup policy Full backup Selective backup Grandparent Parent Child 33 Wireless Security Wireless access poses additional security risks About 80 percent of wireless networks have no security protection War driving allows individuals to detect wireless networks while driving a vehicle through the area 34 Wireless Security In additional to using firewalls, some safeguards improve security of wireless networks: A wireless access Change the default point should not SSID broadcast an SSID Configure a WAP so that only certain Use WPA or WPA2 devices can access security standards it 35 Health Concerns of Computer Use The widespread use of computers has led to health concerns Repetitive strain injury (RSI) Tendonitis Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) Computer vision syndrome (CVS) 36 Health Concerns of Computer Use 37 Health Concerns of Computer Use Ergonomics is an applied science devoted to incorporating comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of items in the workplace 38 Health Concerns of Computer Use Computer addiction occurs when the computer consumes someone’s entire social life Symptoms of users include: Overjoy when Unable to stop Craves at the computer computer time computer activity Irritable when Neglects Problems at not at the family and work or school computer friends 39 Ethics and Society Computer ethics are the moral guidelines that govern the use of computers and information systems Information accuracy is a concern Not all information on the Web is correct 40 Ethics and Society Intellectual property rights are the rights to which creators are entitled for their work A copyright protects any tangible form of expression An IT code of conduct is a written guideline that helps determine whether a specific computer action is ethical or unethical 41 Ethics and Society 42 Ethics and Society Green computing involves reducing the electricity and environmental waste while using a computer 43 Ethics and Society Information privacy refers to the right of individuals and companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them Huge databases store data online It is important to safeguard your information 44 Ethics and Society 45 Ethics and Society When you fill out a form, the merchant that receives the form usually enters it into a database Many companies today allow people to specify whether they want their personal information distributed 46 Ethics and Society A cookie is a small text file that a Web server stores on your computer Web sites use cookies for a variety of reasons: Assist with Allow for Store users’ online personalization passwords shopping Track how Target often users advertisements visit a site 47 Ethics and Society 48 Ethics and Society Spam is an unsolicited e-mail message or newsgroup posting E-mail filtering blocks e-mail messages from designated sources Anti-spam programs attempt to remove spam before it reaches your inbox 49 Ethics and Society Phishing is a scam in which a perpetrator sends an official looking e-mail message that attempts to obtain your personal and financial information Pharming is a scam where a perpetrator attempts to obtain your personal and financial information via spoofing 50 Ethics and Society The concern about privacy has led to the enactment of federal and state laws regarding the storage and disclosure of personal data See Figure 11-36 on page 589 for a listing of major U.S. government laws concerning privacy The 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act limits the rights of others viewing a credit report to only those with a legitimate business need Ethics and Society Social engineering is defined as gaining unauthorized access or obtaining confidential information by taking advantage of trust and naivety Employee monitoring involves the use of computers to observe, record, and review an employee’s use of a computer Ethics and Society Content filtering is the process of restricting access to certain material on the Web Many businesses use content filtering Internet Content Rating Association (ICRA) Web filtering software restricts access to specified Web sites 53 Thank you u n i t a r. m y