Chapter 1 - Introduction to Biomedical Engineering PDF

Chapter 1-Introduction ELEG 305-Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Dr. Amro Nour Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 1 Engineering  Overview What is Biomedical Engineering? Responsibilities of bi...

Chapter 1-Introduction ELEG 305-Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Dr. Amro Nour Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 1 Engineering  Overview What is Biomedical Engineering? Responsibilities of biomedical engineers. ❑Example: Study of Cardiac Function. Evolution of the Health Care System. Recent Advances: ❑Prosthetics. ❑Tissue Engineering. ❑Stem Cells. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 2 Engineering  FIGURE 1.1 A sick child brought to the Temple of Aesculapius. Courtesy of http://www.nouveaunet.com/images/art/84.jpg. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 3 Engineering  FIGURE 1.2 A portrait of Florence Nightingale. Courtesy of http://ginnger.topcities.com/cards/computer/nurses/765x525nightengale.gif. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 4 Engineering  FIGURE 1.3 (a) An early electrocardiograph machine and (b) a modern ECG setup. Computer technology and electronics advances have greatly simplified and strengthened the ECG as a diagnosis tool. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 5 Engineering  FIGURE 1.4 Changes in the operating room: (a) the surgical scene at the turn of the century, (b) the surgical scene in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and (c) the surgical scene today From J. D. Bronzino, Technology for Patient Care, St. Louis: Mosby, 1977; The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, 1995; 2000; 2005. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 6 Engineering  FIGURE 1.5 (a) A modern fMRI medical imaging facility and (b) an fMRI scan image. http://neurophilosophy.wordpress.com. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 7 Engineering  FIGURE 1.6 Robotic surgery—a new tool in the arsenal of the physician. http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/00760/steve.jpg. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 8 Engineering  What is Biomedical Engineering? Health problems today are of extreme importance to the engineer because they involve the fundamental aspects: ❑ Device and systems analysis ❑ Design ❑ Practical application Medically relevant design problems: ❑ Very complex large-scale constructs: hospital information systems. ❑ Creation of relatively small and “simple” devices: recording electrodes and transducers used to monitor the activity of specific physiological processes. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 9 Engineering  What is Biomedical Engineering? Biomedical Engineering involves applying Concepts, Knowledge, and Engineering Approaches to solve specific healthcare-related problems. Biomedical Engineers apply concepts from different disciplines: ❑ Electrical ❑ Chemical ❑ Optical ❑ Mechanical The concepts from different disciplines are applied to: ❑ Understand, ❑ Modify and ❑ Control biological human systems. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 10 Engineering  What is Biomedical Engineering? In the 1950s and 1960s: the field was concerned primarily with the development of medical devices. Now, biomedical engineering includes many specialties. Biomedical engineering involves training 3 types of individuals: ❑ Clinical engineers in health care. ❑ Biomedical design engineers. ❑ Research scientists. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical FIGURE 1.7 11 Engineering The world of biomedical engineering.  FIGURE 1.8 The range of interactions that a clinical engineer may be required to engage in a hospital setting. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 12 Engineering  What is Biomedical Engineering? Biosensors and biomedical instrumentation: Detection, measurement, and monitoring of physiologic signals. Signal-processing: Diagnostic interpretation of bioelectric data. Artificial organs: devices for replacement of bodily functions. Medical informatics and artificial intelligence: Computer analysis of patient-related data and clinical decision-making. Medical imaging: graphical display of anatomic detail or physiologic function. Biotechnology and tissue engineering: creation of new biologic products. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 13 Engineering  Roles of Biomedical Engineers Research in new materials for implanted artificial organs. Development of new diagnostic instruments for blood analysis. Writing software for analysis of medical research data. Analysis of medical device hazards for safety and efficacy. Development of new diagnostic imaging systems. Design of telemetry systems for patient monitoring. Design of biomedical sensors. Development of systems for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Modeling of the physiologic systems of the human body. Design of communication aids for individuals with disabilities. Study of the biomechanics of the human body. Development of material to be used as a replacement for human skin. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 14 Engineering  Roles of Biomedical Engineers Provide an opportunity to increase our knowledge of living systems: ❑ Understand biological problem ❑ Apply knowledge toward the solution ❑ Interaction with health care professionals. Responsible for the conversion of knowledge into effective action: ❑ Construct a physical or mathematical model of the specific biological system under study. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 15 Engineering Example – Study of Cardiac Function Explores the fluid flow through the human heart. Creates a mathematical model to define the kinematics of the heart and the behavior of the fluid flow. Creates simulations: 1. understand features that are too complex. 2. design experiments to be performed on the actual biological system. 3. amend the created model based on the results of the experiments. 4. predict the effect of these changes on a biological system (if actual experiments are very difficult or dangerous). Outcome: increased understanding of the biological mechanism at hand. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 16 Engineering Evolution of Health Care System Before 1900: illnesses not cured by home remedies were left to run their fatal course. 20th century: advances in the basic sciences (chemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and so on) began to occur much more rapidly. In 1903: 1st electrocardiograph was created (measurement of electrical changes that occur during the beating of the heart). 1930s: x-ray visualization of all the organ systems of the body. 1930s: hematology developed (blood type differentiation, use of sodium citrate to prevent clotting, blood banks). 1950s: electron microscope (visualizing small cells). Body scanners that use PET (positron-emission tomography) to detect tumors. 1950s: after WWII, the use of electronics came into the healthcare system. Study the electrical behavior of the central nervous system and monitor the beating heart of a patient. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 17 Engineering Evolution of Health Care System After WWII: rehabilitation engineering and prosthetics fields were developed. 1954: 1st successful kidney transplant. 1970s: new medical imaging techniques (computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI. 21st century: surgery using robotics. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 18 Engineering Evolution of Health Care System After the 1st successful kidney transplant: ❑ The concept of artificial organs gained acceptance. ❑ technology to provide prosthetic devices developed. Transplantations that are performed today are shown in the figure. FIGURE 1.9 Transplantations performed today. http://www.transplant.bc.ca/images/what_organs.gif. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 19 Engineering  Recent Advances Today there is not a branch of medicine untouched by the problem- solving skill set of engineers. Future directions: ❑ Prosthetics: any internal or external device that replaces lost parts or functions of the neuro-skeletomotor system. ❑ Tissue engineering: manufacture of biological tissue or helping in the repair and growth of existing tissues. ❑ Stem Cell: potentially replace and regenerate damaged tissue in the body. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 20 Engineering  Recent Advances – Prosthetics 1. Orthopedic Prosthetics: replacement limb for the human body. Imitating the human body has a great amount of difficulty in development and implementation. Example: C-Leg. Paralympic sprinter Oscar Pistorius with a prosthetic leg. Designing for overall function, as opposed to mirroring the human body, is often the more practical approach. Compliments of http://www.thefinalsprint.com/images/20 08/05/oscar-pistorius-double-amputee- sprinter.jpg. FIGURE 1.10 Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 21 Engineering  Recent Advances – Prosthetics 2. Neural Prosthetics: ❑ powered by the human body. o Using electrical signals sent via electrodes from an external source to the peripheral muscle neuron o or they may be powered externally. Dean Kamen's Luke Arm, the most advanced neural prosthetic to date, which uses myoelectric signals. Clinical trials are presently underway. Courtesy of http://medgadget.com. Chapter 1 FIGURE 1.11 Introduction to Biomedical 22 Engineering  Recent Advances – Prosthetics Stimulation via electrodes must reach a threshold frequency. ❑ achieve the smooth motion contraction of a muscle. As opposed to the leg, where a series of fairly simple joints and large motor units provide sufficient function, the upper extremities prove a significant challenge in fine-tuned control requirements. The incredible strength and flexibility of complex hand functions are difficult to reproduce. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 23 Engineering Recent Advances – Tissue Engineering Manufacture of biological tissue, ex vivo or in vitro (outside the body). Incorporation of new advancements to aid in the repair and growth of existing tissues in vivo (inside the body). In ex vivo applications, bio-artificial tissues are used as an alternative to organ transplant or developed to study tissue behavior in vitro. Controlling cell organization and regeneration. ❑ The more control the researcher has over cell development, the greater the capabilities and the wider the range of applications of the bioartificial tissue. Examples: ❑ Joint replacements. ❑ Liver cancer. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 24 Engineering  Recent Advances – Stem Cell Cells may be used to: ❑ test drugs on different types of tissues. ❑ understand how to prevent birth defects. ❑ potentially replace and regenerate damaged tissue in the body. Stem cell research—potential applications made possible. http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/m edia/promise.htm. FIGURE 1.12 Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 25 Engineering  Recent Advances – Stem Cell Embryonic stem cells come from embryos. The 2 most common types of adult stem cells come from: ❑ blood renewal. ❑ the intestines. Researchers control stem cell development and differentiation within cultures. Future direction for heart failure solutions is the use of stem cells. ❑ involves tissue and cellular level treatments. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 26 Engineering  Conclusion Define what is meant by the term biomedical engineering. Roles biomedical engineers play in the health care delivery system. Evolution of the Health Care System. The recent advances in this field. Chapter 1 Introduction to Biomedical 27 Engineering